Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 58
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
February 2016
Print publication year:
2016
Online ISBN:
9781316459508
Subjects:
Sociology of Religion, Religion, Religion: General Interest, Sociology

Book description

Religious discrimination is the norm in many countries around the world, and the rate is rising. Nearly every country which discriminates does so unequally, singling out some religious minorities for more discrimination than others. Religious tradition does not explain this complex issue. For example, Muslim majority states include both the most discriminatory and tolerant states in the world, as is also the case with Christian majority states. Religious ideologies, nationalism, regime, culture, security issues, and political issues are also all part of the answer. In The Unfree Exercise of Religion Jonathan Fox examines how we understand concepts like religious discrimination and religious freedom, and why countries discriminate. He makes a study of religious discrimination against 597 religious minorities in 177 countries between 1990 and 2008. While 29 types of discrimination are discussed in this book, the most common include restrictions in places of worship, proselytizing, and religious education.

Reviews

‘The Unfree Exercise of Religion, Jonathan Fox's latest global analysis of the status of religions, solidifies his standing as the leading empirical scholar on the subject. He shows that discrimination against the practices and institutions of 597 minority religions is ubiquitous. More than six out of ten minorities in this new study faced discrimination on one and usually many of 29 indicators. Causal analyses show that no one or handful of conditions can explain why. Whether the state has an official religion, and whether the minority is seen as a security threat, are relevant but so are many other factors. It may be unsurprising that discrimination against religious minorities of every major sect, in every world region, has increased since 1990. But who would have thought that the prosperous Christian democracies would be more discriminatory than their democratic counterparts in the Third World? Could we have anticipated that, globally, Christian religious minorities are most likely to be subject to discrimination and Muslim minorities least so? Unfree Exercise is a remarkable data-based study that spans the entire range of questions, both descriptive and casual, about the nature, causes, and impact of discrimination against religious minorities in 177 countries.'

Ted Robert Gurr - University of Maryland, College Park

‘Political scientist Jonathan Fox brings his characteristic blend of analytic acuity, encyclopedic coverage, and moral concern to the phenomenon of religious discrimination. Drawing from the extraordinary dataset that he has constructed over several years, he brings striking results to bear: all across the globe, religious discrimination is widespread and is getting worse.'

Daniel Philpott - Center for Civil and Human Rights

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Bibliography

Abouharb, M. Rodwan and Cingranelli, David L.The Human Rights Effect of World Bank Structural Adjustment, 1980–2001International Studies Quarterly, 50 (2), 2006, 233262.
Abu-Nimer, MohammedConflict Resolution, Culture, and Religion: Toward a Training Model of Interreligious PeacebuildingJournal of Peace Research, 38 (6), 2001, 685704.
Akbaba, Yasemin and Tydas, ZeynepDoes Religious Discrimination Promote Dissent? A Quantitative AnalysisEthnopolitics, 10 (3), 2011, 271295.
Almond, Gabriel, Appleby, R. Scott, and Sivan, Emmanuel Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalism Around the World, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Amore, AbdelfattahImplementation of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or BeliefUnited Nations Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights, 1995.
Anderson, John Religious Liberty in Transnational Societies: The Politics of Religions, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Anderson, JohnThe Catholic Contribution to Democratization’s Third Wave: Altruism, Hegemony, or Self-Interest?Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 20 (3) 2007, 383399.
Appleby, R. Scott The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation, New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000.
Bader, VeitReligious Pluralism: Secularism or Priority for DemocracyPolitical Theory, 27 (5), 1999, 597633.
Bagby, IhsanThe American Mosque in Transition: Assimilation, Acculturation and IsolationJournal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 (3), 2009, 473490.
Baradaran-Robison, Shima, Scharffs, Brett G., and Sewell, Elizabeth A.Religious Monopolies and the Commodification of ReligionPepperdine Law Review, 32, 2004–2005, 885943.
Barkun, MichaelReligious Violence and the Myth of FundamentalismTotalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 4 (3), 2003, 5570.
Barr, Kasey “Measuring the Impact of Social Regulation on the Cycle of Religious Persecution: A Risk Assessment Model” MA Thesis. Interdisciplinary Center, Hertiziliya Israel, 2014.
Barret, D. B., Kurian, G. T., and Johnson, T. M. World Christian Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Barro, Robert J. and McCleary, Rachel M.Which Countries Have State ReligionsQuarterly Journal of Economics, 104 (4), 2005, 13311370.
Basedau, Matthias Georg Strüver, Vüllers, Johannes, and Wegenast, TimDo Religious Factors Impact Armed Conflict? Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan AfricaTerrorism and Political Violence, 23 (5), 2011, 752779.
Beatty, David M.The Forms and Limits of Constitutional Interpretation (National Approaches to Religious Freedom)American Journal of Comparative Law, 49 (1), Winter 2001, 79120.
Beit-Hallahmi, BenjaminThe Return of Martyrdom: Honour, Death, and ImmortalityTotalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 4 (3), 2003, 1134.
Berger, Peter L.Secularism in RetreatThe National Interest, Winter 1996/1997, 312.
Berger, Peter L.Religion and Development” in Goldewijk, Berma K. (ed.) Religion, International Relations, and Cooperation Development, Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2007, pp. 237246.
Berger, Peter L.Faith and DevelopmentSociety, 46 (1), 2009, 6975.
Bleich, Erick. “Muslims and the State in the Post-9/11 West: IntroductionJournal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 (3), 2009, 353360.
Bohman, Andrea and Hjerm, MikhaekHow the Religious Context Affects the Relationship between Religiosity and Attitudes toward ImmigrationEthnic and Racial Studies, 2013, DOI:10.1080/01419870.2012.748210.
Bowen, John, R. Why the French Don’t Like Headscarves: Islam, The State, and Public Space, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Bowen, John, R.Secularism: Conceptual Genealogy or Political DilemmaComparative Studies in Society and History, 52 (3), 2010, 680694.
Brathwaite, Robert and Bramsen, AndrewReconceptualizing Church and State: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Separation of Religion and State on DemocracyPolitics & Religion, 4 (2), 2011, 229263.
Breakwell, Glynis Coping with Threatened Identities, London: Methuen 1986.
Bruce, Steve God Is Dead: Secularization in the West, Blackwell, 2002.
Bruce, SteveDid Protestantism Create Democracy?” in Anderson, J. (ed.) Religion, Democracy and Democratization, London: Frank Cass, 2004, 320.
Bruce, SteveSecularization and Politics” in Haynes, Jeffrey (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics, New York: Routledge, 2009, 145158.
Brush, Stephen G.Dynamics of Theory Change in the Social Sciences: Relative Deprivation and Collective ViolenceJournal of Conflict Resolution, 40 (4), 1996, 523545.
Bryan, Hehir H.Expanding Military Intervention: Promise or Peril?Social Research, 62 (1), 1995, 4150.
Buijs, FrankMuslims in the Netherlands: Social and Political Developments after 9/11Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 (3), 2009, 421438.
Buzan, B. and Segal, G. “A Western Theme” Prospect, February 1998, pp. 1823.
Calhoun, Craig, Juergensmeyer, Mark and VanAntwerpwn, Jonathan eds., Rethinking Secularism, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Carroll, BruceA Struggle with Faith: Freedom of Religion in MalaysiaReligion and Human Rights, 4 (2–3), 2009, 101206.
Casanova, JoseThe Secular and SecularismsSocial Research, 76 (4), 2009, 10491066.
Cavalcanti, Tiango V., Parente, Stephen L. and Zhao, RuiReligion in Macroeconomics: A Quantitative Analysis of Weber’s ThesisEconomic Theory, 32, 2007, 105123.
Cavenaugh, William T.Does Religion Cause ViolenceHarvard Divinity Bulletin, 35 (2), 2007.
Champion, FrancoiseThe Diversity of Religious PluralismMOST Journal on Multicultural Studies, 1 (2), 1999.
Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Söderbom, MånsOn the Duration of Civil WarJournal of Peace Research, 41 (3), 2004, 253273.
Collins, Kathleen and Owen, RicaIslamic Religiosity and Regime Preferences: Explaining Support for Democracy and Political Islam in Central Asia and the CaucasusPolitical Research Quarterly, 65 (3), 2012, 499515.
Comaroff, John L. and Stern, Paul C. eds. Perspectives on Nationalism and War, Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach, 1995.
Crouch, ColinThe Quiet Continent: Religion and Politics in EuropeThe Political Quarterly, 71 (Supplement 1), 2000, 90103.
Crouch, MelissaThe Proselytization Case: Law, the Rise of Islamic Conservatism and Religious Discrimination in West JavaAustralian Journal of Asian Law, 8(3), 2006, 322337.
Crouch, MelissaReligious Regulations in Indonesia: Failing Vulnerable GroupsReview of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 43 (2), 2009, 53103.
Crouch, MelissaImplementing the Regulation on Places of Worship in Indonesia: New Problems, Local Politics and Court ActionAsian Studies Review, 34, 2010, 403419.
Dalacoura, KatrinaUnexceptional Politics? The Impact of Islam on International RelationsMillennium, 29 (3), 2000, 879887.
Davenport, ChristianState Repression and Political OrderAnnual Review of Political Science, 10, 2007, 123.
De Juan, AlexanderA Pact with the Devil? Elite Alliances as Bases of Violent Religious ConflictStudies in Conflict and Terrorism, 31 (12), 2008, 11201135.
de Soysa, Indra and Nordas, RagnhildIslam’s Bloody Innards: Religion and Political Terror, 1980–2000International Studies Quarterly, 41 (4), 2007, 927943.
Demerath, N. J. III Crossing the Gods: World Religions and Worldly Politics, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2001.
Djupe, Paul A. and Calfino, Brian R.Religious Value Priming, Threat, and Political TolerancePolitical Research Quarterly, 66 (4), 2012, 768780.
Douglass, WilliamA Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of EthnonationalismEthnic and Racial Studies, 2 (2), 1988, 192206.
Driessen, Michael D. P.Religion. State and Democracy: Analyzing Two Dimensions of Church-State ArrangementsPolitics and Religion, 3 (1), 2010, 5580.
Durham, W. Cole, Jr. “Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework” in van der Vyver, John D. and Witte, John Jr. (eds.) Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives, Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996, 144.
Edelman, Bryan and Richardson, James, “Imposed Limitations on Freedom of Religion in China and the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine: A Legal Analysis of the Crackdown on the Falun Gong and Other ‘Evil Cults’” Journal of Church and State, 47 (2), 2005, 243267.
Eisenstadt, S. N.The Resurgence of Religious Movements in Processes of Globalisation – Beyond End of History or Clash of CivilisationsMOST, Journal on Multicultural Societies, 2 (1), 2000a.
Eisenstadt, S. N.The Reconstruction of Religious Arenas in the Framework of ‘Multiple Modernities’Millennium, 29 (3), 2000b, 591611.
Eisenstein, Marie A. Religion and the Politics of Tolerance: How Christianity Builds Democracy, Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2008.
Ellingsen, TanjaColorful Community or Ethnic Witches’ Brew? Multiethnicity and Domestic Conflict During and After the Cold WarJournal of Conflict Resolution, 44(2), 2000, 228249.
Emerson, Michael O. and Hartman, DavidThe Rise of Religious FundamentalismAnnual Review of Sociology, 32, 2006, 127144.
Esbeck, Carl H.A Typology of Church-State Relations in American ThoughtReligion and Public Education, 15 (1), 1988, 4350.
Esposito, John L. and Piscatori, James P.Democratization and IslamMiddle East Journal, 45 (3), 1991, 427440.
Facchini, FrancoisReligion, Law and Development: Islam and Christianity–Why Is It in Occident and Not in the Orient That Man Invented the Institutions of Religious Freedom?European Journal of Law and Economy, 29 (1), 2010, 103129.
Farr, Thomas F.Diplomacy in an Age of Faith: Religious Freedom and National SecurityForeign Affairs, 87 (2), 2008. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2008-03-02/diplomacy-age-faith
Finke, RogerReligious Deregulation: Origins and ConsequencesJournal of Church and State, 32 (3), 1990, 609626.
Finke, Roger “Origins and Consequences of Religious Restrictions: A Global Overview” Presidential Address, Annual Meeting of the Association for the Sociology of Religion, 2012.
Finke, Roger and Iannaccone, Laurence R.Supply-Side Explanations for Religious ChangeAnnals of the American Association of Political and Social Sciences, 527, May 1993, 2739.
Finke, Roger and Stark, Rodney The Churching of America, 1776–1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
Fisch, M. StevenIslam and AuthoritarianismWorld Politics, 55 (1), 2002, 437.
Fox, Jonathan Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Late 20th Century: A General Theory, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002.
Fox, Jonathan Religion, Civilization and Civil War: 1945 Through the New Millennium, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004.
Fox, JonathanReligious Discrimination: A World SurveyJournal of International Affairs, 61 (1), 2007, 4767.
Fox, Jonathan A World Survey of Religion and the State, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Fox, JonathanSeparation of Religion and State and Secularism in Theory and in PracticeReligion State & Society, 39 (4), 2011a, 384401.
Fox, JonathanBuilding Composite Measures of Religion and StateInterdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 7 (8), 2011b, 139.
Fox, Jonathan An Introduction to Religion and Politics: Theory and Practice, London: Routledge, 2013.
Fox, Jonathan Political Secularism, Religion, and the State: A Time Series Analysis of Worldwide Data, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Fox, Jonathan and Flores, DeborahReligious Freedom in Constitutions and Law: A Study in Discrepancies” in Fox, Jonathan (ed.) Religion, Politics, Society, and the State, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 2752.
Fox, Jonathan and Tabory, EphraimContemporary Evidence Regarding the Impact of State Regulation of Religion on Religious Participation and BeliefSociology of Religion, 69 (3), 2008, 245271.
Freeman, MichaelThe Problem of Secularism in Human Rights TheoryHuman Rights Quarterly, 26 (2), 2004, 375400.
Friedland, RogerReligious Nationalism and the Problem of Collective RepresentationAnnual Review of Sociology, 27, 2001, 125152.
Friedland, RogerMoney, Sex, and God: The Erotic Logic of Ethnic NationalismSociological Theory, 20 (2), 2002, 381425.
Froese, PaulForced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly FailedJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43 (1), 2004, 3550.
Fuller, Graham E.The Future of Political IslamForeign Affairs, 81 (2), 2002, 4860.
Garcia-Montufar, GuillermoAdvances in Religious Liberty in PeruBrigham Young Law Review, 7 (3), 2004, 385417.
Gill, Anthony Rendering Unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Gill, AnthonyThe Political Origins of Religious Liberty: A Theoretical OutlineInterdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 1 (1), 2005, 135.
Gill, Anthony The Political Origins of Religious Liberty, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Gill, Emily R.Religious Organizations, Charitable Choice, and the Limits of Freedom of ConsciencePerspectives on Politics, 2 (4), 2004, 741755.
Gopin, Marc Between Eden and Armageddon: The Future of World Religions, Violence, and Peacemaking, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Gopin, Marc Holy War, Holy Peace: How Religion Can Bring Peace to the Middle East, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Green, David M.The End of Identity? The Implications of Postmodernity for Political IdentificationNationalism and Ethnic Politics, 6 (3), 2000, 6890.
Grim, Brian J. and Finke, Roger The Price of Freedom Denied, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Grotsch, Florian and Schnabel, AnetteIntegration–What Integration? The Religious Framing of the European Integration Process between 1990 and 2000European Societies, 14 (4), 2012, 586610.
Gurr, Ted R. Why Men Rebel, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1970.
Gurr, Ted R.War Revolution, and the Growth of the Coercive StateComparative Political Studies, 21 (1), April 1988. 4565.
Gurr, Ted R. Minorities at Risk, Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1993.
Gurr, Ted R. Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century, Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2000.
Halman, Loek and Draulans, VeerleHow Secular is Europe?British Journal of Sociology, 57 (2), 2006, 263288.
Hanson, Eric O. Religion and Politics in the International System Today, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Haynes, JeffReligion, Secularisation, and Politics: A Postmodern ConspectusThird World Quarterly, 18 (4), 1997, 709728.
Haynes, Jeffrey Religion in Global Politics, New York, NY: Longman, 1998.
Haynes, JeffreyReligion and Foreign Policy” in Haynes, Jeffrey (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics, New York, NY: Routledge, 2009, 293307.
Haynes, JeffreyReligion, Democracy and Civil Liberties: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical RamificationsEuropean Political Science, June 29, 2012, doi:10.1057
Hefner, Robert H.Public Islam and the Problem of DemocratizationSociology of Religion, 62 (4), 2001, 491514.
Henderson, JoanThe Politics of Tourism: A Perspective From the MaldivesTourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 3(1), 2008, 91115.
Hinrichsen, Makte C.Religion, the Media and EU Membership of TurkeyComparative European Politics, 10 (2), 2012, 198217.
Horowitz, Donald L. Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
Horton, A. V. M.Brunei in 2004: Window-Dressing an Islamizing SultanateAsian Survey, 45(1), 2005, 180185.
Huntington, Samuel P.The Clash of Civilizations?Foreign Affairs, 72 (3), 1993, 2249.
Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
Hurd, Elizabeth S.The Political Authority of Secularism in International RelationsEuropean Journal of International Relations, 10 (2), 2004a, 235262.
Hurd, Elizabeth S.The International Politics of Secularism: US Foreign Policy and the Islamic Republic of IranAlternatives, 29 (2), 2004b, 115138.
Iannaccone, Laurence R.The Consequence of Religious Market StructureRationality and Society, 3, 1991, 156177.
Iannaccone, Laurence R.Voodoo Economics? Reviewing the Rational Choice Approach to ReligionJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 34 (1), 1995, 7689.
Jayasuriya, KanishkaSeptember 11, Security, and the New Postliberal Politics of Fear” in Hershberg, Eric and Moore, Kevin W. (eds.) Critical Views of September 11: Analysis from Around the World, New York, NY: The New Press, 2002.
Jelen, Ted G.Religion and Politics in the United States: Persistence, Limitations, and the Prophetic VoiceSocial Compass, 53 (3), 2006, 329343.
Jelen, Ted G.The Constitutional Basis of Religious Pluralism in the United States: Causes and ConsequencesAnnals of the American Association of Political and Social Sciences 612, 2007, 2641.
Jelen, Ted G. and Wilcox, ClydeDenominational Preference and the Dimensions of Political ToleranceSociological Analysis, 51 (1), 1990, 6981.
Jenkins, PhillipReligion, Repression and RebellionReview of Faith and International Affairs, 5 (1), 2007, 311.
Jenkins, PhillipThe Politics of Persecuted Religious Minorities” in Hoover, Dennis R. and Johnston, Douglas M (eds.) Religion and Foreign Affairs: Essential Readings, Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2012, 217225.
Juergensmeyer, Mark The New Cold War? Berkeley: University of California, 1993.
Karpov, VycheslavReligiosity and Tolerance in the United States and PolandJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41 (2), 2002, 267288.
Kaspersen, Kars B. and Lindvall, JohannesWhy No Religious Politics? The Secularization of Poor Relief and Primary Education in Denmark and SwedenArchives of European Sociology, 49 (1), 2008, 119143.
Kaya, Ayhan. “Individualization and Institutionalization of Islam in Europe in the Age of SecuritizationInsight Turkey, 12 (1), 2010, 4763.
Keane, JohnSecularism?The Political Quarterly, 71 (Supplement 1), 2000, 519.
Kimball, Charles When Religion Becomes Evil, San Francisco, CA: Harper Collins, 2002.
Kinvall, CatarinaGlobalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological SecurityPolitical Psychology, 25, 2004, 741767.
Klausen, JytteBritish Counter-Terrorism After 7/7: Adapting Community Policing to the Fight Against Domestic TerrorismJournal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 (3), 2009, 403420.
Kokosalakis, NikosLegitimation, Power and Religion in Modern SocietySociological Analysis, 46 (4), 1985, 367376.
Kuru, Ahmet T. Secularism and State policies toward Religion, The United States France and Turkey, New York:Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Lacina, BethanyExplaining the Severity of Civil WarsJournal of Conflict Resolution, 50 (2), 2006, 276289.
Lai, H. H.Religious Policies in Post-Totalitarian China: Maintaining Political Monopoly over a Reviving SocietyJournal of Chinese Political Science, 11(1), 2006, 5577.
Laustsen, Carsten B. and Wæver, OleIn Defense of Religion: Sacred Referent Objects for SecuritizationMillennium, 29 (3), 2000, 705739.
Laycock, DouglassThe Underlying Unity of Separation and NeutralityEmory Law Journal, 46, 1997, 4375.
Lewis, Bernard Islam and the West, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Lincoln, Bruce Holy Terrors: Thinking About Religion after September 11, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Ling-Chien Neo, JaclynMalay Nationalism, Islamic Supremacy and the Constitutional Bargain in the Multi-ethnic Composition of MalaysiaInternational Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 13, 2006, 95118.
Little, DavidBelief, Ethnicity, and NationalismNationalism and Ethnic Politics, 1(2), 1995, 284301.
Little, DavidReligious Militancy” in Crocker, Chester A. and Hampson, Fen O. (eds.) Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996a, 7991.
Little, DavidStudying 'Religious Human Right': Methodological Foundations” in van der Vyver, John D. and Witte, John Jr. (eds.) Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives, Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996b, 4577.
Lucas, PhillipThe Future of New and Minority Religions in the Twenty-first Century: Religious Freedom under Global Siege” in Robbins, Tom and Lucas, Phillip (eds.) New Religious Movements in the 21st Century, New York, NY: Routledge, 2004, 341358.
Mabee, BryanRe-imagining the Borders of US Security after 9/11: Securitization, Risk, and the Creation of the Department of Homeland SecurityGlobalizations, 4 (3), 2007, 385397.
Madeley, John T. S.A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Church-State Relations in EuropeWest European Politics, 26 (1), 2003, 2350.
Madeley, John T. S. and Enyadi, Zsolt Bringing Churches Back In: Church and State in Europe, London: Frank Cass, 2003.
Marcinkowski, ChristophAspects of Shi’ism in Contemporary Southeast AsiaThe Muslim World, 98 (1), 2008, 3671.
Marquand, D and Nettler, R. L.ForwardThe Political Quarterly, 71 (Supplement 1), 2000, 14.
Marshall, PaulThe Range of Religious Freedom in 2008: Results of a Global SurveyInternational journal of Religious Freedom, 2 (1), 2009, 2536.
Martin, David A. A General Theory of Secularization, Oxford: Blackwell, 1978.
Martin, J. PaulThe Three Monotheistic World Religions and International Human RightsJournal of Social Issues, 61 (94), 2005, 827845.
Martinez, PatriciaThe Islamic State or the State of Islam in MalaysiaContemporary Southeast Asia, 23(3), 2001, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6479/is_3_23/ai_n28886555/
Mazie, Steven V.Rethinking Religious Establishment and Liberal Democracy: Lessons From IsraelBrandywine Review of Faith and International Affairs, 2 (2), 2004, 312.
Mazie, Steven V. Israel‘s Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State New York, NY: Lexington, 2006.
Mcarthy, John D. and Zald, Mayer N.Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial TheoryAmerican Journal of Sociology, 82 (6), 1976, 12121241.
Midlarsky, Manus I.Democracy and Islam: Implications for Civilizational Conflict and the Democratic PeaceInternational Studies Quarterly, 42 (3), 1998, 458511.
Minkenberg, MichaelReligion and Public Policy: Institutional, Cultural, and Political Impact on the Shaping of Abortion Policies in Western DemocraciesComparative Political Studies, 35 (2), 2002, 221247.
Minkenberg, MichaelReligion and Euroscepticism: Cleavages, Religious Parties and Churches in EU Member StatesWest European Politics, 32 (6), 2009, 11901211.
Minkenberg, MichaelParty Politics, Religion and Elections in Western DemocraciesComparative European Politics, 8 (4), 2010, 385414.
Minkenberg, MichaelChristian Identity? European Churches and the Issue of Turkey’s EU MembershipComparative European Politics, 10 (2), 2012, 149179.
Morigi, Andrea, Vernole, Vittorio E., & Verna, ChiaraReport 2000 on Religious Freedom in the WorldAid to the Church in Need, Itallian Secretariat, 2003.
Narula, SmitaOverlooked Danger: The Security and Rights Implications of Hindu Nationalism in IndiaHarvard Human Rights Journal, 16, 2003, 4168.
Nelsen, Brent F., Guth, James L., and Fraser, Cleveland R.Does Religion Matter? Christianity and Public Support for the European UnionEuropean Union Politics, 2 (2), 2001, 191217.
Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
North, Charles M. and Gwin, Carl R.Religious Freedom and the Unintended Consequences of State ReligionSouthern Economic Journal, 71 (1), 2004, 103117.
Oldmixion, Elizabeth and Hudson, WilliamWhen Church Teachings and Policy Commitments Collide: Perspectives on Catholics in the U.S. House of RepresentativesPolitics and Religion, 1 (1), 2008, 113135.
Olzak, SusanDoes Globalization Breed Ethnic Discontent?Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55 (1), 2011, 332.
Oommen, T. K.Religious Nationalism and Democratic Polity: The Indian CaseSociology of Religion, 55(4), 1994, 455472.
Palmer, Susan J. “France‘s About-Picard Law and Neo-Phare: The First Application of Abus de Faiblesse” The Center for Studies on New Religions, San Diego State University, July 2006.
Perez, NahshonShould Multiculturalists Oppress the Oppressed? On Religion, Culture, and the Individual and the Cultural Rights of Un-Liberal CommunitiesCritical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 5 (3), 2002, 5179.
Philpott, DanielThe Challenge of September 11 to Secularism in International RelationsWorld Politics, 55 (1), 2002, 6695.
Philpott, DanielExplaining the Political Ambivalence of ReligionAmerican Political Science Review, 101 (3), 2007, 505525.
Philpott, DanielJust and Unjust Peace: An Ethic of Political ReconciliationOxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Potter, PitmanBelief in Control: Regulation of Religion in ChinaThe China Quarterly, 174, 2003, 317337.
Rawles, John Political Liberalism, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Raz, Joseph The Morality of Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Reynal-Querol, MartaEthnicity, Political Systems, and Civil WarsJournal of Conflict Resolution, 46 (1), 2002, 2954.
Richardson, James T.Religion, Law, and Human Rights” in Beyer, Peter and Berman, Lori (eds.) Religion, Globalization, and Culture, Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2007, 409430.
Roberts, Christopher and Onn, Lee PohBrunei Darussalam: Cautious on Political Reform, Comfortable in ASEAN, Pushing for Economic DiversificationSoutheast Asian Affairs, 2009 (1), 2009, 6182.
Rule, James B. Theories of Civil Violence, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Rummel, Rudolph J.Is Collective Violence Correlated with Social Pluralism?Journal of Peace Research, 34 (2), 1997, 163175.
Saggar, ShamitBoomerangs and Slingshots: Radical Islamism and Counter-Terrorism StrategyJournal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 (3), 2009, 381402.
Sarkissian, AniReligious Reestablishment in Post-Communist PolitiesJournal of Church and State, 51 (3), 2010, 472501.
Sarkissian, Ani The Varieties of Religious Repression: Why Governments Restrict Religion, New York, NY: Oxford university Press, 2015.
Seul, Jefferey R. “‘Ours is the Way of God’: Religion, Identity and Intergroup ConflictJournal of Peace Research, 36 (3), 1999, 553569.
Shah, Timothy S.Making the Christian World Safe for Liberalism: From Grotius to RawlsThe Political Quarterly, 71 (s1), 2000, 121139.
Sherkat, Daren E. and Ellison, Christopher G.Recent Development and Controversies in the Sociology of ReligionAnnual Review of Sociology, 25, 1999, 363394.
Silberman, IsraellaReligion as a Meaning System: Implications for the New millenniumJournal of Social Issues, 61 (4), 2005, 641663.
Silberman, Israella, E. Tory Higgens, & Carol S. DweckReligion and World Change: Violence and Terrorism versus PeaceJournal of Social Issues, 61 (94), 2005, 761784.
Sirry, Mun’imThe Public Expression of Traditional Islam: the Pesantren and Civil Society in Post-Suharto IndonesiaThe Muslim World, 100(1), 2010, 6077.
Smart, Ninan Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western Civilization, Cambridge: Harper & Row, 1981.
Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism and Modernism, London: Routledge, 1998.
Smith, Anthony D.Ethnic Election and National Destiny: Some Religious Origins of Nationalist IdealsNations and Nationalism, 5 (3), 1999, 331355.
Smith, Anthony D.The Sacred Dimension of NationalismMillennium, 29 (3), 2000, 791814.
Sorek, Tamir and Cebanu, Alin M.Religiosity, National Identity and Legitimacy: Israel as an Extreme CaseSociology, 43 (3), 2009, 477496.
Spickard, James V.Human Rights, Religious Conflict, and Globalization: Ultimate Values in a New World OrderMOST, Journal on Multicultural Societies, 1 (1), 1999.
Spohn, WilfriedEuropeanization, Religion, and Collective Identities in Enlarging Europe: A Multiple Modernities PerspectiveEuropean Journal of Social Theory, 12 (3), 2009, 358374.
Stark, Rodney One True God, Historical Consequences of Monotheism, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Stark, Rodney For the Glory of God, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Stark, Rodney and Bainbridge, William The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
Stark, Rodney and Bainbridge, WilliamOf Churches, Sect, and Cults: Preliminary Concepts for a Theory of Religious MovementsJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 1979, 117133.
Stark, Rodney and Finke, Roger Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.
Stark, Rodney and Iannaccone, Lawrence R.A Supply Side Reinterpretation of the ‘Secularization’ of EuropeJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33 (3), 1994, 230252.
Stepan, AlfredReligion, Democracy, and the ‘Twin Tolerations’Journal of Democracy, 11 (4), 2000, 3756.
Stepan, Alfred and Robinson, Graeme B.An ‘Arab’ More than ‘Muslim’ Electoral GapJournal of Democracy, 14 (3), 2003, 3044.
Subedi, SuryaConstitutional Accommodation of Ethnicity and National Identity in NepalInternational Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 6 (1–2), 122147, 1999.
Svensson, IsakFighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil WarsJournal of Conflict Resolution, 51 (6), 2007, 930949.
Thomas, George M.Religions in Global Civil SocietySociology of Religion, 62 (4), 2001, 515533.
Thomas, Scott M. The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations: The Struggle for the Soul of the Twenty-First Century, New York, NY: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005.
Tilly, Charles From Mobilization to Revolution, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
Toft, Monica DuffyGetting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil WarInternational Security, 31 (4), 2007, 97131.
Toft, Monica D., Philpott, Daniel, and Shah, Timothy S. God’s Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011.
Tong, JamesThe New Religious Policy in China: Catching up with Systemic ReformsAsian Survey, 50 (5), 2010, 859887.
Turner, TaylorFreedom under Control: Registration of Religious Organizations in KazakhstanColumbia Journal of East European Law, 2 (1), 2008, 272310.
Tusicisny, AndrejCivilizational Conflicts: More Frequent, Longer, and Bloodier?Journal of Peace Research, 41 (4), 2004, 485498.
Upex, StephenSchooling in Brunei Darussalam” in Postiglione, Gerard and Tan, Jason (eds.) Going to School in East Asia, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, 2040.
Vashkevich, AlexanderThe Relationship Between Church and State in Belarus: Legal Regulation and PracticeBrigham Young Law Review, 1 (10), 2003, 681716.
Voicu, MalinaReligion and Gender Across EuropeSocial Compass, 56 (2), 2009, 144162.
Voicu, MalinaEffect of Nationalism on Religiosity in 30 European CountriesEuropean Sociological Review, 2011, DOI:10.1093.
Voye, LilianeSecularization in a Context of Advanced ModernitySociology of Religion, 60 (3), 1999, 275288.
Wæver, OleSecuritization and Desecuritization” in Lipschutz, Ronnie (ed.) On Security, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1995.
Wald, Kenneth D. Religion and Politics in the United States, New York, NY: St. Martins, 1987.
Wilhelmsen, JulieIslamism in Azerbaijan: How Potent?Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 32 (8), 2009, 726742.
Witte, John Jr. “Facts and Fictions About the History of Separation of Church and StateJournal of Church and State, 48 (1), 2006, 1545.
Witte, John, Jr. and Green, M. ChristianReligious Freedom, Democracy, and International Human RightsEmory International Law Review, 23 (2), 2009, 583698.
Woodbury, Robert D. and Shaw, Timothy S.Christianity and Democracy: The Pioneering Protestants” in Hoover, Dennis R. and Johnston, Douglas M. (eds.) Religion and Foreign Affairs: Essential Readings, Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2012.
Yildirim, SevalExpanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case StudyAmerican Journal of Comparative Law, 52 (4), 2004, 901908.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.