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Smith, J. T., Natural Resource Damages Under CERCLA and OPA: Some Basics for Maritime Operators, 18 Tul. Mar. L. J.1 (1993)
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Tache, S. W., The Nationality of Ships: The Definitional Controversy and Enforcement of Genuine Link, 16 Int'l Lawyer301 (1982)
Tetley, W., The Law of the Flag, ‘Flag Shopping’ and the Choice of Law, 17 Tul. Mar. L. J.175 (1992)
Tharpes, Y. L., International Environmental Law: Turning the Tide on Marine Pollution, 20 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev.579 (1989)
Tilley, M., The Origin and Development of the Mutual Shipowners' Protection and Indemnity Associations, 17 J. Mar. L. & Com.261 (1986)
Tomczak, M., Defining Marine Pollution: A Comparison of Definitions Used by International Conventions, 8 Marine Pol'y311 (1984)
Dyke, J. M., Sea Shipment of Japanese Plutonium and International Law, 24 Ocean Dev. & Int'l L.399, (1993)
Reenen, W., Rules of Reference in the New Convention on the Law of the Sea, in Particular in Connection with the Pollution of the Sea by Oil Tankers, 12 Neth. Y.B. Int'l L.3 (1981)
Wagner, T. J., The Oil Pollution Act of 1990: An Analysis, 21 J. Mar. L. & Com.569 (1990)
Walker, G. K. & Noyes, J. E., Definitions for the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, 32 Cal. W. Int'l L. J.343 (2002)
Wallace, M. W., Safer Ships, Cleaner Seas: The Report of the Donaldson Inquiry into the Prevention of Pollution from Merchant Shipping, Lloyd's Mar. & Comm. L. Q.404 (1995)
Wang, C.-P., A Review of the Enforcement Regime for Vessel-Source Oil Pollution Control, 16 Ocean Dev. & Int'l L.305 (1986)
Warner-Kramer, D., Control Begins at Home: Tackling Flags of Convenience and IUU Fishing, 34 Golden Gate U. L. Rev.497 (2004)
Wefers Bettink, H., Open Registry, the Genuine Link and the 1986 Convention on Registration Conditions for Ships, 18 Neth. Y.B. Int'l L.68 (1987)
Wolfrum, R., Reflagging and Escort Operation in the Persian Gulf: An International Law Perspective, 29 Va. J. Int'l L.387 (1989)
Yankov, A., The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Its Place Within the Dispute Settlement System of the U.N. Law of the Sea Convention, 37 Indian J. Int'l L.356 (1997)
Yuzon, F. J., Full Speed Ahead: International Law Concerning Marine Pollution and the United States Navy – Steaming Towards State Responsibility and Compliance, Pace Int'l L. Rev.57 (1997)
Chapters in TreatisesAngelo, J., The International Maritime Organization and Protection of the Marine Environment, inNordquist, M. H. & Moore, J. N. (eds.), Current Maritime Issues and the International Maritime Organization 105 (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1999)
Angelo, J.,Erika Aftermath: Developments at IMO on Double Hulls (A U.S. Perspective), inNordquist, M. H. & Moore, J. N., Current Marine Environmental Issues and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 309 (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 2001)
Birnie, P. W., Enforcement of the International Laws for the Prevention of Oil Pollution from Vessels, inCusine, D. J. & Grant, J. P. (eds.), The Impact of Marine Pollution 95 (Croom Helm, London, 1980)
Birnie, P. W.,The Status of Environmental ‘Soft Law’: Trends and Examples with Special Focus on IMO Norms, inRingbom, H. (ed.), Competing Norms in the Law of Marine Environmental Protection – Focus on Ship Safety and Pollution Prevention 31 (Kluwer Law International, London, 1997)
Boyle, A. E., Freestone, D., Krummer, K. & Ong, D., Marine Environment and Marine Pollution, in Robinson, N. (ed.), Agenda 21 and the UNCED Proceedings 1207 (Oceana Publications, New York 1992)
Churchill, R. R., Levels of Implementation of the Law of the Sea Convention: An Overview, inVidas, D. & Østreng, W. (eds.), Order for the Oceans at the Turn of the Century 318 (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999)
Clingan, T. A., Vessel-Source Pollution, Problems of Hazardous Cargo, and Port State Jurisdiction, inVan Dyke, J., Alexander, L. & Morgan, J. (eds.), International Navigation: Rocks and Shoals Ahead? 227 (Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, 1988)
Falk, R. & Elver, H., Comparing Global Perspectives: The 1982 UNCLOS and the 1992 UNCED, inVidas, D. & Østreng, W. (eds.), Order for the Oceans at the Turn of the Century 145 (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999)
Gold, E., From Process to Reality: Adopting Domestic Legislation for the Implementation of the Law of the Sea Convention, inVidas, D. & Østreng, W. (eds.), Order for the Oceans at the Turn of the Century 375 (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999)
Göransson, M., The 1984 and 1992 Protocols to the Civil Liability Convention 1969 and the Fund Convention 1971, inde la Rue, C. (ed.), Liability for Damage to the Marine Environment (LLP, London, 1993)
Hargrove, J., Environment and the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea, inHargrove, J. (ed.), Who Protects the Oceans? 191 (West Pub. Co., St. Paul, MN, 1975)
Howe, N., ITLOS – A Practitioner's Perspective, inNordquist, M. H. & Moore, J. N., Current Marine Environmental Issues and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 159 (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 2001)
Koh, T. T. B., A Constitution for the Oceans, inThe Law of the Sea – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, U.N. Pub. Sales No. E.83. V.5 xxiii (UN, 1983)
Kolossovsky, I. K., The Future of the U.N. Law of the Sea Convention and Maintenance of Legal Order and Peace in the Oceans in the 21st Century, inHong, S. Y. et al. (eds.), The Role of the Oceans in the 21st Century 321 (Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, 1995)
McDougal, M. S. et al., The World Constitutive Process of Authoritative Decision, inBlack, C. & Falk, R. (eds.), The Future of the International Legal Order 73 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1969)
Miles, E. L., Implementation of International Regimes: A Typology, inVidas, D. & Østreng, W. (eds.), Order for the Oceans at the Turn of the Century 327 (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999)
Payer, H., Insurer and Class and Marine Accidents, inNordquist, M. H. & Moore, J. N., Current Marine Environmental Issues and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 294 (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 2001)
Pineschi, L., The Transit of Ships Carrying Hazardous Wastes Through Foreign Coastal Zones, inFrancioni, F. & Scovazzi, T. (eds.), International Responsibility for Environmental Harm 299 (Graham & Trotman, London, Boston, 1991)
Pineschi, L.,The EEC, Safety of Navigation and Vessel-Source Pollution, inMiles, E. L. & Treves, T. (eds.), The Law of the Sea: New Worlds, New Discoveries 526 (Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, 1993)
Plant, G., The Relationship Between International Navigation Rights and Environmental Protection: A Legal Analysis of Mandatory Ship Traffic Systems, inRingbom, H. (ed.), Competing Norms in the Law of Marine Environmental Protection – Focus on Ship Safety and Pollution Prevention 27 (Kluwer Law International, London, 1997)
Reisman, W. M., Sanctions and Enforcement, inBlack, C. & Falk, R. (eds.), 3 Conflict Management: The Future of the International Legal Order 273 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1971)
Ringbom, H., The Erika Accident and Its Effects on EU Maritime Regulation, inNordquist, M. H. & Moore, J. N., Current Marine Environmental Issues and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 265 (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 2001)
Roach, J. A., Alternatives for Achieving Flag State Implementation and Quality Shipping, inNordquist, M. H. & Moore, J. N. (eds.), Current Maritime Issues and the International Maritime Organization 151 (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1999)
Roach, J. A.,Salient Issues in the Implementation of Regimes under the Law of the Sea Convention: An Overview, inVidas, D. & Østreng, W. (eds.), Order for the Oceans at the Turn of the Century 435 (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999)
Roseanne, S., The International Maritime Organization Interface with the Law of the Sea Convention, inNordquist, M. H. & Moore, J. N. (eds.), Current Maritime Issues and the International Maritime Organization 251 (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1999)
Schachte, Jr., W. L., The Value of the 1982 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Preserving Our Freedoms and Protecting the Environment, inCouper, A. & Gold, E. (eds.), The Marine Environment and Sustainable Development: Law, Policy and Science 105 (Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, 1993)
Sielen, A. B. & McManus, R. J., IMCO and the Politics of Ship Pollution, inKay, D. & Jacobson, H. (eds.), Environmental Protection: The International Dimension (Allanheld, Osmun & Co., Totowa, NJ, 1983)
Sohn, L. B., Implications of the Law of the Sea Convention Regarding the Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment, inKrueger, R. & Riesenfeld, S. (eds.), The Developing Order of the Oceans 106 (Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, 1985)
Stairs, K. & Taylor, P., Non-Governmental Organisations and the Legal Protection of the Oceans: A Case Study, inHurrell, A. & Kingsbury, B. (eds.), The International Politics of the Environment: Actors, Interests and Institutions 110 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992)
Teclaff, L. A., International Law and the Protection of the Oceans from Pollution, inTeclaff, L. A. & Utton, A. (eds.), International Environmental Law 104 (Praeger, New York, 1974)
Valenzuela, M., IMO: Public International Law and Regulation, inJohnston, D. M. & Letalik, N. (eds.), The Law of the Sea and Ocean Industry: New Opportunities and Restraints 141 (Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, 1984)
Valenzuela, M.,Enforcing Rules against Vessel-Source Degradation of the Marine Environment: Coastal, Flag and Port State Jurisdiction, inVidas, D. & Østreng, W. (eds.), Order for the Oceans at the Turn of the Century 485 (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999)
VanderZwaag, D., Shipping and Marine Environmental Protection in Canada: Rocking the Boat and Riding a Restless Sea, inRothwell, D. & Bateman, S. (eds.), Navigational Rights and Freedoms and the New Law of the Sea 209 (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2000)
Vukas, B., Generally Accepted International Rules and Standards, inSoons, A. H. A. (ed.), Implementation of the Law of the Sea Convention Through International Institutions 405 (Law of the Sea Institute, University of Hawaii, 1990)
Vukas, B. & Vidas, D., Flags of Convenience and High Seas Fishing: The Emergence of a Legal Framework, inStokke, O. (ed.), Governing High Seas Fisheries: The Interplay of Global and Regional Regimes 53 (Oxford University Press, New York, 2001)
Wolfrum, R., IMO Interface with the Law of the Sea Convention, inNordquist, M. H. & Moore, J. N. (eds.), Current Maritime Issues and the International Maritime Organization 223 (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1999)
Reports by Governmental, Inter-Governmental, Industry and Miscellaneous BodiesChurchill, R. R., The Meaning of the ‘Genuine Link’ Requirement in Relation to the Nationality of Ships, 2000, A Report for the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF), available at http://www.oceanlaw.net/hedley/pubs/ITF-Oct2000.pdf
Clarkson, The Tanker Register (1994)
Drewry Shipping Consultants, Safer Ships (1992)
Drewry Shipping Consultants, Cost of Quality in Shipping: The Financial Implications of the Current Regulatory Environment (1998)
European Commission Directorate General for Energy and Transport, Memorandum: Erika – Two Years On (2001)
Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Shipping, Cmnd. 4337 (1970)
Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Safer Ships, Cleaner Seas – Report of Lord Donaldson's Inquiry into the Prevention of Pollution from Merchant Shipping, Cm. 2560 (1994) and Cm. 2766 (1995)
IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), The State of the Marine Environment, Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 39 (1990)
IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), Impact of Oil and Related Chemicals and Wastes on the Marine Environment, Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 50 (1993)
International Commission on Shipping (ICONS), Ships, Slaves and Competition (2001)
INTERTANKO, Tanker Trends and Economics (2002)
IOPC Funds, Claims Manual (2002)
Jacobs & Partners, World Oil Tanker Trends (1998)
Japan Maritime Research Institute, IMO Regulations Relating to Double-Hull Structure and Their Effects on Existing Tankers, Report No. 45 (1993)
Maritime Administration and US Coast Guard, Maritime Trade and Transportation 1999 (C. Moore, ed., 1999)
National Academy of Sciences, Petroleum in the Marine Environment, attached to MEPC Doc. 30/INF.13 (1990), International Maritime Organization (IMO), London
National Academy of Sciences, Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates and Effects (2002)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), OECD Study on Flags of Convenience (1973), reprinted in 4 J. Mar. L. & Com. 231 (1973)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Non-Observance of International Rules and Standards: Competitive Advantages (1996), OCDE/GD(96)4, attached to MSC Doc. 66/12/1 (1996), International Maritime Organization (IMO), London
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Safety and Environmental Protection: Discussion Paper on Possible Actions to Combat Substandard Shipping by Involving Players Other than the Shipowner in the Shipping Market, OECD Doc. DSTI/DOT/MTC(98)10/final (1998)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), The Cost to Users of Substandard Shipping (2001)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Report on Ship Scrapping, OECD Doc. DSTI/DOT/MTC(2001)12 (2001), attached to MEPC Doc. 48/INF.2 (2002), International Maritime Organization (IMO), London
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Cost Savings Stemming from Non-Compliance with International Environmental Regulations in the Maritime Sector, DST/DOT/MTC/(2002)/8/final, attached to MEPC Doc. 49/INF.7 (2003), International Maritime Organization (IMO), London
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Ownership and Control of Ships (2003)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Maritime Transport Committee Report on the Removal of Insurance from Substandard Shipping (2004)
Oude Elferink, A. G., The Genuine Link Concept: Time for a Post Mortem?, Netherlands Institute of the Law of the Sea Paper, available at http://www.uu.nl/content/genuine%20link.pdf
Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Ships of Shame: Inquiry into Ship Safety (1992)
Petroleum Industry Resources Foundation, Transporting U.S. Oil Imports: The Impact of Oil Legislation on the Tanker Market (1992)
Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Protection of Oceans, All Kinds of Seas Including Enclosed and Semi-enclosed Seas, Coastal Areas and the Protection, Rational Use and Development of Their Living Resources, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/PC/100/Add.21 (1991)
Report of IMO Comparative Study on Oil Tanker Designs, attached to MEPC Docs. 32/7/15 (1992) and 32/7/17/Add.1 (1992), International Maritime Organization (IMO), London
Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (1987)
White, I., Oil Spill Response – Experience, Trends and Challenges, ITOPF Paper (2000), available athttp://www.itopf.com/spillcon.pdf
Articles in NewspapersLloyd's List, Scathing Attack on SCA Article, 24 Feb. 1992
Lloyd's List, Shell Urges Tanker Crackdown, 21 Jan. 1993
Lloyd's List, ITF Says Greek Owners are Among Most Exploitative, 4 Dec. 1997
Lloyd's List, Greek Owners Set to Reject ITF Claims, 5 Dec. 1997
Lloyd's List, Oiling the Wheels of Misfortune, 27 Jan. 2000
Lloyd's List, Asia-Pacific Alert on Substandard Ships, 9 Mar. 2001
Lloyd's List, Leading the Fight in the Shipping Arena, 10 Mar. 2001
Lloyd's List, A Ship for Whose Convenience?, 12 Mar. 2001
Lloyd's List, Rule Out the Culture to Cut Corners, 26 Apr. 2001
Lloyd's List, Enforcement Cost of OPA 90 Regulations Put at $11 bn, 18 May 2001
Lloyd's List, IMO Budget Policy ‘is Not Viable’, 18 June 2001
Lloyd's List, Court Threat to EU States over Safety, 19 July 2001
Lloyd's List, TBT Manufacturers Lobby Diplomats Against Ban, 1 Oct. 2001
Lloyd's List, Credit Where Credit's Due, 2 Nov. 2001
Lloyd's List, Shipboard Solution ‘the Only Option’ for Ballast Contamination, 8 Nov. 2001
Lloyd's List, Power Shift at IMO, 27 Nov. 2001
Lloyd's List, Qualship 21 to Stay Tough on Flag States, 21 Jan. 2002
Lloyd's List, Tankers Dogged by Over-inspection, 29 Jan. 2002
Lloyd's List, Question of Societies' Liability Continues to Bubble Away, 4 Feb. 2002
Lloyd's List, USCG Dismisses Pleas for Secrecy, 27 Mar. 2002
Lloyd's List, OECD in Crackdown on Substandard Shipping, 15 Apr. 2002
Lloyd's List, Keeping IMO Reform on the Straight and Narrow, 19 Apr. 2002
Lloyd's List, IMO Buries Ownership Check, 1 May 2002
Lloyd's List, Lyras Hits Out at ‘Accident-led’ Response to Shipping's Woes, 4 June 2002
Lloyd's List, IMO Under Strain from Green Rules, 29 Apr. 2003
Lloyd's List, French Tanker Ban Stays until IMO Deal, 1 May 2003
Lloyd's List, ABS Backlash Puts Spain in the Dock for Prestige, 1 July 2003
Lloyd's List, Chorus of Disapproval for EU Directive on Handling Ship Waste, 30 Apr. 2004
Lloyd's List, Time Behind Bars: A New Barrier for Those Earning a Living at Sea, 10 Aug. 2004
Personal InterviewsZafrul Alam, Permanent Mission of Singapore to IMO
Rosalie Balkin, International Maritime Organization
Lawrence Barchue, Sr., Permanent Mission of Liberia to IMO
Agustín Blanco-Bazán, International Maritime Organization
Michael Boock, Office of the Judge Advocate General, United States Navy
Alan Boyle, British Institute of International and Comparative Law
Andreas Chrysostomou, Permanent Mission of Cyprus to IMO
Patrick Chun, Permanent Mission of Hong Kong to IMO
James Cowley, Permanent Mission of Vanuatu to IMO
John De Rose, International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)
Kristina Gjerde, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Edgar Gold, Dalhousie University
Michael Grey, Lloyd's List
Patrick Griggs, Comité Maritime International (CMI)
Chris Horrocks, International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
Måns Jacobsson, International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPF) Funds
Douglas Johnston, University of Victoria
James Joyce, International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
Sally Lentz, Friends of the Earth International (FOEI)
Nigel Maude, Permanent Mission of the Marshall Islands to IMO
Trygve Meyer, International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (INTERTANKO)
Anthony Nunn, International Union of Marine Insurers (IUMI)
Birgit Olsen, Permanent Mission of Denmark to IMO
William O'Neill, Secretary-General, International Maritime Organization
Stephen Pan, Worldwide Shipping, Singapore
Erik Røsæg, Permanent Mission of Norway to IMO
Jean-Claude Sainlos, International Maritime Organization
Yoshio Sasamura, Permanent Mission of Japan to IMO
Koji Sekimizu, International Maritime Organization
Richard Shaw, Comité Maritime International (CMI)
Joseph Slater, International Maritime Organization
Wayne Stuart, Permanent Mission of Australia to IMO
Teh Kong Leong, Neptune Orient Lines (Singapore) Limited
John Vercoe, Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF)
Lloyd Watkins, International Group of Protection and Indemnity Clubs
Ian White, International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF)
Tim Wilkins, International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (INTERTANKO)
John Wren, Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom to IMO
