The Andean region may be one of the best places in the world to investigate long-term histories of violence. For evidence, there is an embarrassment of riches. The most eye-catching is Andean art: finely crafted images of warriors, combat, and victims, which have shaped ideas about conflict since the earliest days of Andean archaeology. The bioarchaeological record of skeletal injury by now forms a massive trove of evidence on violence and conflict. Especially noteworthy are the remains of sacrifice victims and body parts used as trophies – physical traces of spectacular ceremonies of violence. The Andean region is also one of the world’s richest in ancient fortifications – not only the dramatic monumental fortresses and great walls noted early on by archaeologists and explorers, but also hundreds of more modestly walled outlooks and ridgetop villages. Weapons and armor, often recovered from graves, attest to ways of fighting and to the social construction of warrior identities. Finally, there are the documents from the first centuries of Spanish contact: descriptions of violence and war in conquistadors’ accounts and chronicles, as well as early colonial dictionaries replete with native military terms.