Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-4hvwz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-27T15:49:56.722Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2018

Nilay Saiya
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Weapon of Peace
How Religious Liberty Combats Terrorism
, pp. 204 - 224
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abadie, Alberto. “Poverty, Political Freedom and the Roots of Terrorism.” American Economic Review 96, no. 2 (2006): 159177.Google Scholar
Adeney, Katharine and Wyatt, Andrew. Contemporary India. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.Google Scholar
Afghari, Reza. Human Rights in Iran: The Abuse of Cultural Relativism. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Aitkin, Jonathan. “An Oasis of Tolerance.” American Spectator, March 2013, 4546.Google Scholar
Akbaba, Yasemin and Fox, Jonathan. “The Religion and State-Minorities Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 48, no. 6 (2011): 807816.Google Scholar
Akbaba, Yasemin and Tydas, Zeynap. “Does Religious Discrimination Promote Dissent? A Quantitative Analysis.” Ethnopolitics 10, no. 3–4 (2011): 271295.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera. “Full Transcript of Bin Laden’s Speech.” Last modified November 1, 2004. www.aljazeera.com/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html.Google Scholar
Al Khalifa-Manama, Hamad bin Isa. “The Bahrain Declaration on Religious Tolerance.” Simon Wiesenthal Center. Last modified July 3, 2017. www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=8776547&ct=15004381.Google Scholar
Albright, Madeline. The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers, 2006.Google Scholar
“The Allies Case against Bin Laden.” The Guardian. Last modified October 5, 2001. www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/oct/05/afghanistan.september11.Google Scholar
Almond, Gabriel A., Appleby, R. Scott and Sivan, Emmanuel. Eds. Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. “Central African Republic: Ethnic Cleansing and Sectarian Killings.” Last Modified February 12, 2014. www.amnesty.org/en/articles/news/2014/02/central-african-republic-ethnic-cleansing-sectarian-violence/.Google Scholar
“Tunisia: A Widening Circle of Repression.” Last modified June 8, 1997. www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde30/025/1997/en/.Google Scholar
Amnesty International UK. “Jabeur Mejri, Imprisoned for Facebook Posts in Tunisia.” Last modified May 9, 2014. www.amnesty.org.uk/jabeur-mejri-imprisoned-facebook-posts-tunisia#.VcKFVqO89Kw.Google Scholar
Anderson, Lisa. “Demystifying the Arab Spring: Parsing the Differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya.” Foreign Affairs 90 (2011): 27.Google Scholar
Fulfilling Prophecies: State Policy and Islamist Radicalism.” In Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform? edited by Esposito, John L., 1731. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Religion and State in Libya: The Politics of Identity.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 483, no. 1 (1986): 6172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appleby, R. Scott. The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence and Reconciliation. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.Google Scholar
Appleby, R. Scott and Cizik, Richard. Engaging Religious Communities Abroad: A New Imperative for US Foreign Policy. Chicago, IL: Chicago Council on Global Affairs.Google Scholar
Araj, Bader. “Harsh State Repression as a Cause of Suicide Bombing: The Case of the Palestinian–Israeli Conflict.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 31, no. 4 (2008): 284303.Google Scholar
Asal, Victor and Rethemeyer, R. Karl. “The Nature of the Beast: Organizational Structures and the Lethality of Terrorist Attacks.” Journal of Politics 70, no. 2 (2008): 437449.Google Scholar
Ashour, Omar. The De-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
Atran, Scott. “Mishandling Suicide Terrorism.” Washington Quarterly 27, no. 3 (2004): 6590.Google Scholar
Ayubi, Nazih N. M. Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World. London: Routledge, 1991.Google Scholar
Bagby, Ihsan. “The American Mosque in Transition: Assimilation, Acculturation and Isolation.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35, no. 3 (2009): 476490.Google Scholar
Banyan. “Unforgiving History: Why Buddhists and Muslims in Rakhine State Are at Each Other’s Throats.” The Economist. Last modified November 3, 2012. www.economist.com/news/asia/21565638-why-buddhists-and-muslims-rakhine-state-myanmar-are-each-others%E2%80%99-throats-unforgiving.Google Scholar
Barrett, Justin L. Why Would Anyone Believe in God?. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Barry, John M. Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul: Church, State and the Birth of Liberty. New York, NY: Viking, 2012.Google Scholar
Basedau, Matthias, Pfeiffer, Birte and Vüllers, Johannes. “Bad Religion? Religion, Collective Action, and the Onset of Armed Conflict in Developing Countries.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60, no. 2 (2016): 226255.Google Scholar
Basedau, Matthias, Strüver, Georg, Vüllers, Johannes and Wegenast, Tim. “Do Religious Factors Impact Armed Conflict? Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” Terrorism and Political Violence 23, no. 5 (2011): 752779.Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. “Shi’i Organizations in Iraq: Al-Da’wa al-Islamiyah and al-Mujahidin.” In Shi’ism and Social Protest, edited by Cole, Juan and Keddie, Nikki, 179200. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Baxi, Upendra. “The Constitutional Discourse on Secularism.” In Reconstructing the Republic, edited by Baxi, Upendra, Jacob, Alice and Singh, Tarlok, 211233. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1999.Google Scholar
BBC News. “Myanmar: Who Are the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army?BBC News. Last modified September 6, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41160679.Google Scholar
Beaumont, Peter. “Iraq’s ‘Failing to Tackle Death Squads.’The Guardian. Last modified September 29, 2006. www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/29/iraq.topstories3.Google Scholar
Beech, Hannah. “The Face of Buddhist Terror.Time. Last modified July 1, 2013. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2146000,00.html.Google Scholar
Behrend, Heike. Alice Lakwena & Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda 1986–97. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North.” In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Twaddle, Michael and Hansen, Holger Bernt, 162177. London: James Currey Publishers, 1991.Google Scholar
Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. Theocratic Democracy: The Social Construction of Religious and Secular Extremism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Berger, Peter L. The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999.Google Scholar
Bering, Jesse. The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2011.Google Scholar
Berman, Eli. Radical, Religious, and Violent: The New Economics of Terrorism. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009.Google Scholar
Berrebi, Claude. “Evidence about the Link between Education, Poverty and Terrorism among Palestinians.” Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 13, no. 1 (2007): 136.Google Scholar
Bigelow, Anna. Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Bilefsky, Dan and de la Baume, Maia. “Terrorists Strike Charlie Hebdo Newspaper in Paris, Leaving 12 Dead.” New York Times. Last modified January 7, 2015. www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-paris-shooting.html?_r=1.Google Scholar
Bin Laden, Osama. “Letter to America.The Guardian. Last modified November 24, 2002. www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver.Google Scholar
Bjornson, Karin Solveig and Jonassohn, Kurt. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations in Comparative Perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998.Google Scholar
Blake, Matthew. “Fearless Pakistani Lawyer Murdered for Continuing to Defend Man Accused of Blasphemy Despite Receiving Death Threats from the Prosecution.” Daily Mail. Last modified May 9, 2014. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2624073/Fearless-Pakistani-lawyer-murdered-defending-man-accused-blasphemy-despite-death-threats-PROSECUTION.html.Google Scholar
“Blame It on Newton’s Law: Modi.” Times of India. March 3, 2002.Google Scholar
Bleming, Thomas. War in Karen Country: Armed Struggle for a Free and Independent State in Southeast Asia. New York, NY: IUniverse, 2007.Google Scholar
Blitt, Robert C.Springtime for Freedom of Religion or Belief: Will Newly Democratic Arab States Guarantee International Human Rights Norms or Perpetuate Their Violation?” In State Responses to Minority Religions, edited by Kirkham, David M., 4564. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.Google Scholar
Boraine, Alex. A Country Unmasked: Inside South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Borer, Tristan Anne. Challenging the State: Churches as Political Actors in South Africa, 1980–1994. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Bose, Sumantra. “Hindu Nationalism and the Crisis of the Indian State: A Theoretical Perspective.” In Nationalism, Democracy and Development: State and Politics in India, edited by Bose, Sugata and Jalal, Ayesha, 104164. New Delhi: Oxford, 1998.Google Scholar
Boulby, Marion. “The Islamic Challenge: Tunisia since Independence,” Third World Quarterly 10, no. 2 (1988): 590614.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul R.The Punjab Crisis and the Unity of India.” In India’s Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State–Society Relations, edited by Kohli, Atul, 169213. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Brooks, Risa. “Muslim ‘Homegrown’ Terrorism in the United States: How Serious Is the Threat?.” International Security 36, no. 2 (2012): 747.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason, Masoud, Tarek and Reynolds, Andrew. The Arab Spring: Pathways of Repression and Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Burgoon, Brian. “On Welfare and Terror.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50, no. 2 (2006): 176203.Google Scholar
Burki, Shahid Javed, Baxter, Craig, LaPorte, Robert and Kamal, Azfar. Pakistan under the Military: Eleven Years of Zia Ul-Haq. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991.Google Scholar
Bush, George W. “President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East.” Last modified November 6, 2003. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031106–2.html.Google Scholar
“Remarks on the 10th Anniversary of the International Religious Freedom Act.” Last modified July 14, 2008. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/07/20080714–1.html.Google Scholar
Byman, Daniel. A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Casanova, Josè. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Castets, Remi. “The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows.” China Perspectives 49 (2003): 3484.Google Scholar
Cavanaugh, William T. The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Center for Systemic Peace, “Polity IV Annual Time-Series, 1800–2016.” Last modified June 15, 2017. www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html.Google Scholar
“State Fragility Index and Matrix, Time-Series Data, 1995–2016.” Last modified June 15, 2017. www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html.Google Scholar
Cesari, Jocelyne. The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Chandler, Adam. “The Long Thorny Path to Calling ISIS ‘Genocidal.’” The Atlantic. Last modified March 17, 2016. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/isis-genocide-obama/474087/.Google Scholar
Chellaney, Brahma. “Fighting Terrorism in Southern Asia: The Lessons of History.” International Security 26, no. 3 (2002): 94116.Google Scholar
Christian Solidarity International. “Burma.” Last modified January 11, 2018. www.csw.org.uk/our_work_profile_burma.htm.Google Scholar
Cingranelli, David L., Richards, David L. and Clay, Chad. “The CIRI Human Rights Dataset.” Last modified 2014. www.humanrightsdata.org.Google Scholar
Clark, Janine Natalya. “Religious Peace-Building in South Africa: From Potential to Practice.” Ethnopolitics 10, no. 3/4 (2011): 345365.Google Scholar
Clinton, Hillary Rodham. “Remarks at the Release of the 2011 International Religious Freedom Report.” Last modified July 30, 2012. www.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2012/07/195782.htm.Google Scholar
Clinton, William J. “Remarks Announcing Guidelines on Religious Exercise and Religious Expression in the Federal Workplace.” American Presidency Project. Last modified August 14, 1997. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=54535&st=&st1.Google Scholar
Coates, Elaine. “Interreligious Violence in Myanmar: A Security Threat to Southeast Asia.” RSIS Commentaries 117 (2013): 13.Google Scholar
Cochrane, James, de Gruchy, John and Martin, Stephen. Facing the Truth: South African Faith Communities and the Truth & Reconciliation Commission. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Collard-Wexler, Simon, Pischedda, Costantino and Smith, Michael G.. “Do Foreign Occupations Cause Suicide Attacks?Journal of Conflict Resolution 58, no. 4 (2014): 625657.Google Scholar
Constantine, Greg. “Exiled to Nowhere: Burma’s Rohingya.” Last modified 2016. www.exiledtonowhere.com/.Google Scholar
Cook, Jonathan. Blood and Religion: The Unmasking of the Jewish and Democratic State. London: Pluto, 2006.Google Scholar
Correlates of War Project. “The Correlates of War Project.” Last modified 2018. www.correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/folder_listing.Google Scholar
Crawford, Jamie and Koran, Laura. “U.S. Officials: Foreigners Flock to Fight for ISIS.” CNN. Last modified February 11, 2015. www.cnn.com/2015/02/10/politics/isis-foreign-fighters-combat/.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Martha. “The Causes of Terrorism.” Comparative Politics 13, no. 4 (1981): 379399.Google Scholar
Crowley, Michael. “The End of Iraq.” Time. Last modified June 19, 2014. http://time.com/2899488/the-end-of-iraq/.Google Scholar
Cruise O’Brien, Donal B.The Senegalese Exception.” Africa 3 (1996): 458464.Google Scholar
Cunningham, Erin. “Ahmad Shah Massoud, Assassinated by Al Qaeda but no Friend of the U.S.” The National. Last modified September 6, 2011. www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/ahmad-shah-massoud-assassinated-by-al-qaeda-but-no-friend-of-the-us.Google Scholar
Dalacoura, Katerina. Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Dawisha, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Dawkins, Richard. “Religion’s Misguided Missiles.” The Guardian. Last modified September 15, 2001. www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/15/september11.politicsphilosophyandsociety1.Google Scholar
de Soysa, Indra and Nordas, Ragnhild. “Islam’s Bloody Innards: Religion and Political Terror, 1980–2000.” International Studies Quarterly 51, no. 4 (2007): 927943.Google Scholar
Deng, Francis M.Sudan – Civil War and Genocide: Disappearing Christians of the Middle East.” Middle East Quarterly 8, no. 1 (2001): 1321.Google Scholar
Deol, Harnik. Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab. London: Routledge, 2000.Google Scholar
Derfler, Leslie. Yitzhak Rabin: A Political Biography. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.Google Scholar
Dingley, James and Kirk-Smith, Michael. “Symbolism and Sacrifice in Terrorism.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 13, no. 1 (2002): 102128.Google Scholar
Diouf, Mamadou. Ed. Tolerance, Democracy, and Sufis in Senegal. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Doxtader, Erik. With Faith in the Work of Words: The Beginnings of Reconciliation in South Africa, 1985–1995. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Drakos, Konstantinos and Gofas, Andreas, “Evidence for the Existence of Under-Reporting Bias in Observed Terrorist Activity: The Message in Press Freedom Status Transitions.” Democracy and Security 3, no. 2 (2006): 139155.Google Scholar
Driessen, Michael. Religion and Democratization: Framing Political and Religious Identities in Muslim and Catholic Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
DurhamJr., W. Cole. “Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework.” In Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives, edited by van der Vyver, Johan D. and Witte, John Jr., 144. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996.Google Scholar
DurhamJr., W. Cole and Clark, Elizabeth A.. “The Place of Religious Freedom in the Structure of Peacebuilding.” In The Oxford Handbook of Religion, Conflict and Peacebuilding, edited by Omer, Atalia, Appleby, R. Scott and Little, David, 281306. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
DurhamJr., W. Cole and Scharffs, Brett G.. Law and Religion: National, International, and Comparative Perspectives. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers, 2010.Google Scholar
Eck, Diana. A New Religious America: How a “Christian Country” Has Become the World’s Most Religiously Diverse Nation. New York, NY: Harper Collins, 2001.Google Scholar
Editorial Board. “Stop U.S. Support for the Repressive Regime in Egypt.” Washington Post. Last modified October 28, 2014. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/stop-us-support-for-the-repressive-regime-in-egypt/2014/10/28/0c871dca-5ebd-11e4-8b9e-2ccdac31a031_story.html.Google Scholar
Ergil, Dogo. “The Kurdish Question in Turkey.” Journal of Democracy 11, no. 3 (2000): 122135.Google Scholar
Eskander, Wael. “In Search of a New Prayer: An Eye Witness Account of the Cathedral Attack.” Atlantic Council. Last modified April 8, 2013. www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/in-search-of-a-new-prayer-an-eye-witness-account-of-the-cathedral-attack.Google Scholar
Fair, Christine C. Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army’s Way of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Farr, Thomas F.International Religious Freedom and Moral Responsibility.” In Challenges to Religious Liberty in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Bradley, Gerard V., 193207. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
“International Religious Freedom Policy and American National Security.” The Witherspoon Institute. Last modified September 19, 2014. www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2014/09/13818/.Google Scholar
World of Faith and Freedom: Why International Religious Liberty Is Vital to American National Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Felter, Joseph and Fishman, Brian. Al-Qa’ida’s Foreign Fighters in Iraq: A First Look at the Sinjar Records. New York, NY: Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 2007.Google Scholar
Fine, Jonathan. “Contrasting Secular and Religious Terrorism.” Middle East Quarterly 15, no. 1 (2008): 5971.Google Scholar
Finke, Roger and Harris, Jaime D.. “Wars and Rumors of Wars: Explaining Religiously Motivated Violence.” In Religion, Politics, Society, and the State, edited by Fox, Jonathan, 5371. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Fisch, M. Steven. Are Muslims Distinctive? A Look at the Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. “The Effects of Religious Discrimination on Ethno-Religious Protest and Rebellion.” Journal of Conflict Studies 20, no. 2 (2000), https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4310/4922.Google Scholar
“Equal Opportunity Oppression: Religious Persecution Is a Global Problem.” Foreign Affairs. Last modified August 31, 2015. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015–08-31/equal-opportunity-oppression.Google Scholar
Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Late 20th Century: A General Theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002.Google Scholar
Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause of Conflict.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 9, no. 1 (2003): 101125.Google Scholar
The Influence of Religious Legitimacy on Grievance Formation by Ethno-Religious Minorities.” Journal of Peace Research 36, no. 3 (1999): 289307.Google Scholar
Political Secularism, Religion, and the State: A Time Series Analysis of Worldwide Data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Religion, Civilization and Civil War: 1945 through the New Millennium. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004.Google Scholar
A World Survey of Religion and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan and Rynhold, Jonathan. “A Jewish and Democratic State? Comparing Government Involvement in Religion in Israel with Other Democracies.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 9, no. 4 (2008): 507531.Google Scholar
Gall, Carlotta. “Show of Power by Libya Militia in Kidnapping.” New York Times. Last modified October 10, 2013. www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/africa/libya.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Gambill, Gary. “The Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG).” Terrorism Monitor 3, no. 6 (2005). Last modified May 5, 2005. www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=308#.VaBxe6OwXXs.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Mahatma. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Volume 10. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1963.Google Scholar
Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed and Grossman, Laura. Homegrown Terrorists in the U.S. and the U.K.: An Empirical Study of the Radicalization Process. Washington, DC: FDD Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Gates, Robert M.Helping Others Defend Themselves: The Future of U.S. Security Assistance.” Foreign Affairs 98 (2010): 26.Google Scholar
GauseIII, F. Gregory. “Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability.” Foreign Affairs 4 (2011): 8190.Google Scholar
Gellar, Sheldon. Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.Google Scholar
Gerges, Fawaz A. The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony. The Political Origins of Religious Liberty. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Gopal, Sarvepalli. Anatomy of a Confrontation: The Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhumi Issue. New Delhi: Viking, 1991.Google Scholar
Gravers, Mikael. “Anti-Muslim Buddhist Nationalism in Burma and Sri Lanka, Religious Violence and Globalized Imaginaries of Endangered Identities.” Contemporary Buddhism 16, no. 1 (2015): 127.Google Scholar
Spiritual Politics, Political Religion, and Religious Freedom in Burma.” Review of Faith & International Affairs 11, no. 2 (2013): 4654.Google Scholar
Gregg, Heather S.Three Theories of Religious Activism and Violence: Social Movements, Fundamentalists, and Apocalyptic Warriors.” Terrorism and Political Violence 28, no. 2 (2016): 338360.Google Scholar
Grewal, Jagtar S. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Grim, Brian J.Religious Freedom: Good for What Ails Us?Review of Faith & International Affairs 6, no. 2 (2010): 37.Google Scholar
Grim, Brian J. and Finke, Roger. “International Regulation Indexes: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism, and Social Regulation of Religion.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 2 (2006): 140.Google Scholar
The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the 21st Century. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?American Sociological Review 72, no. 4 (2007): 633658.Google Scholar
Griswold, Eliza. “Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?” New York Times Magazine. Last modified July 22, 2015. www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/magazine/is-this-the-end-of-christianity-in-the-middle-east.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Guerin, Orla. “Pakistan Minorities Minister Shahbaz Bhatti Shot Dead.” BBC News. Last modified March 2, 2011. www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12617562.Google Scholar
Guha, Ramachandra. India after Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. New York, NY: Ecco, 2007.Google Scholar
Gunning, Jeroen and Jackson, Richard. “What’s so ‘Religious’ about ‘Religious Terrorism’?Critical Studies on Terrorism 4, no. 3 (2011): 369388.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted R. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Hafez, Kai. Radicalism and Political Reform in the Islamic and Western Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Hafez, Mohammed. Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003.Google Scholar
Haider, Ziad. The Ideological Struggle for Pakistan. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institute Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Hamid, Shadi. The Islamist Response to Repression: Are Mainstream Islamists Radicalizing? Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2010.Google Scholar
“Rethinking the U.S.–Egypt Relationship: How Repression Is Undermining Egyptian Stability and What the United States Can Do.” Prepared Testimony for the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission. November 3, 2015.Google Scholar
Temptations of Power: Islamists and Liberal Democracy in a New Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Haqqani, Husain. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.Google Scholar
Hassner, Ron E.Blasphemy and Violence.” International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 1 (2011): 2345.Google Scholar
Hemming, John and Evans, Dominic. “Defiant Gaddafi Vows to Die as Martyr, Fight Revolt.” Reuters. Last modified February 22, 2011. www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-protests-idUSTRE71G0A620110222.Google Scholar
Hendrix, Cullen S. and Salehyan, Idean. “A House Divided: Threat Perception, Military Factionalism, and Repression in Africa.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 8 (2007): 16531681.Google Scholar
Henne, Peter S.The Ancient Fire: Religion and Suicide Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24, no. 1 (2012): 3860.Google Scholar
Henne, Peter S., Hudgins, Sarabrynn and Shah, Timothy Samuel. Religious Freedom and Violent Religious Extremism: A Sourcebook of Modern Cases and Analysis. Washington, DC: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs, 2012.Google Scholar
Henne, Peter S. and Klocek, Jason. “Taming the Gods: How Religious Conflict Shapes State Repression,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, doi:10.1177/0022002717728104.Google Scholar
Henry, Clement, Ji-Hyang, Jang and Parks, Robert P.. “Introduction.” In The Arab Spring: Will It Lead to Democratic Transitions?, edited by Henry, Clement and Ji-Hyang, Jang, 1226. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.Google Scholar
Hertzke, Allen. Freeing God’s Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004.Google Scholar
ed. The Future of Religious Freedom. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Hibbard, Scott W. Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Hitchens, Christopher. God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. New York, NY: Twelve, 2009.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Bruce. “‘Holy Terror’: The Implications of Terrorism Motivated By a Religious Imperative.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 18, no. 4 (1995): 271284.Google Scholar
Inside Terrorism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Bruce and McCormick, H. Gordon. “Terrorism, Signaling, and Suicide Attack.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 27, no. 4 (2004): 243281.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. All You Can Do Is Pray: Crimes against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2013.Google Scholar
“Burma: Scrap Proposed Discriminatory Marriage Law.” Last modified March 24, 2014. www.hrw.org/news/2014/03/24/burma-scrap-proposed-discriminatory-marriage-law.Google Scholar
“Central African Republic: Muslims Forced to Flee: Christian Militias Unleash Waves of Targeted Violence.” Last modified February 12, 2014. www.hrw.org/news/2014/02/12/central-african-republic-muslims-forced-flee.Google Scholar
“Central African Republic: Muslims Trapped in Enclaves.” Last modified December 22, 2014. www.hrw.org/news/2014/12/22/central-african-republic-muslims-trapped-enclaves.Google Scholar
Creating Enemies of the State: Religious Persecution in Uzbekistan. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2013.Google Scholar
“Egypt: Rab’a Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity.” Last modified August 12, 2014. www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt-raba-killings-likely-crimes-against-humanity.Google Scholar
“Egypt: Redress Recurring Sectarian Violence.” Last modified April 10, 2013. Accessed August 7, 2015. www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/10/egypt-address-recurring-sectarian-violence/.Google Scholar
Protecting the Killers: A Policy of Impunity in Punjab, India. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2007.Google Scholar
“Tunisia: Let Constitution Herald Human Rights Era.” Last modified February 1, 2014. www.hrw.org/news/2014/02/01/tunisia-let-constitution-herald-human-rights-era.Google Scholar
We Have No Orders to Save You: State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2002.Google Scholar
“World Report 2015: Pakistan.” Last modified 2015. www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/pakistan.Google Scholar
Hunt, Katie. “Rohingya Crisis: How We Got Here.” CNN. Last modified November 12, 2017. www.cnn.com/2017/11/12/asia/rohingya-crisis-timeline/index.html.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P.The Clash of Civilizations?Foreign Affairs 72 (1993): 2249.Google Scholar
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1996.Google Scholar
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman. Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
“International ‘Religious Freedom’ Agenda Will Only Embolden ISIS.” Religion Dispatches. Last modified November 10, 2014. http://religiondispatches.org/international-religious-freedom-agenda-will-only-embolden-isis/.Google Scholar
The Politics of Secularism in International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. “Anatomy of Egypt’s Militant Islamic Groups: Methodological Note and Preliminary Findings.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 12, no. 4 (1982): 423453.Google Scholar
Inboden, William. “Responding to Religious Freedom and Presidential Leadership: An Historical Approach.” Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs. Last modified February 19, 2015. http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/promoting-religious-freedom-from-the-oval-office.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. Myanmar: A New Muslim Insurgency in Rakhine State. Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2016.Google Scholar
Islamabad, Aryn. “In Pakistan, Justifying Murder for Those Who Blaspheme.” Time. Last modified March 21, 2011. http://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2058155,00.html.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Brian Michael. Would-Be Warriors: Incidents of Jihadist Terrorist Radicalization in the United States since September 11, 2001. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2010.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Philip. “Mystical Power.” Boston Globe. January 25, 2009.Google Scholar
Jerryson, Michael K. and Juergensmeyer, Mark. Eds. Buddhist Warfare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Johnston, Douglas and Cox, Brian. “Faith-Based Diplomacy and Preventive Engagement.” In Faith-Based Diplomacy: Trumping Realpolitik, edited by Johnston, Douglas, 1130. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Jones, Seth G. Hunting in the Shadows: The Pursuit of al Qa’ida since 9/11. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2013.Google Scholar
Jones, Seth G. and Libicki, Martin C.. How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering Al Qa’ida. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2008.Google Scholar
Juergensmeyer, Mark. “The Global Rise of Religious Nationalism.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 64, no. 3 (2010): 262273.Google Scholar
The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Terror Mandated by God.” Terrorism and Political Violence 9, no. 2 (1997): 1623.Google Scholar
Kairos Theologians. The Kairos Document: Challenge to the Church: A Theological Comment on the Political Crisis in South Africa, 2nd edn. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1986.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
KAM Kah, Henry. “Anti-Balaka/Seleka, ‘Religionisation’ and Separatism in the History of the Central African Republic.” Conflict Studies Quarterly 9, no. 4 (2014): 3048.Google Scholar
Kane, Mouhamadou. “Interreligious Violence in the Central African Republic.” African Security Review 23, no. 3 (2014): 313317.Google Scholar
Kathwari, Farooq, Martin, Lynne and Whitney, Christopher B.. Strengthening America: The Civic and Political Integration of Muslim Americans: Report of the Task Force on Muslim American Civic and Political Engagement. Chicago, IL: Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2007.Google Scholar
Kaur, Jasakaran. Twenty Years of Impunity: The November 1984 Pogroms of Sikhs in India. Portland, OR: Ensaaf, 2006.Google Scholar
Kedouri, Elie. Democracy and Arab Culture. Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1992.Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. London I. B. Tauris, 2006.Google Scholar
The Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Kerry, John. “Remarks at the Rollout of the 2014 Report on International Religious Freedom.” Last modified October 14, 2015. www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248198.htm.Google Scholar
Khalidi, Rashid. “The Arab Spring.” The Nation. Last modified March 21, 2011. www.thenation.com/article/arab-spring/.Google Scholar
Khosrokhavar, Farhad and Macey, David. Suicide Bombers: Allah’s New Martyrs. London: Pluto, 2005.Google Scholar
Kipgen, Neghinpao. “Conflict in Rakhine State in Myanmar: Rohingya Muslims’ Conundrum.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 33, no. 2 (2013): 398410.Google Scholar
Krueger, Alan B. What Makes a Terrorist: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Krueger, Alan B. and Maleckova, Jitka. Education, Poverty, Political Violence and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.Google Scholar
Kuperman, Alan J.Obama’s Libya Debacle: How a Well-Meaning Intervention Ended in Failure.” Foreign Affairs 94 (2015): 6677.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles and Naqvi, Ijlal. “Do Muslims Vote Islamic?Journal of Democracy 21, no. 2 (2010): 5063.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles, Schanzer, David and Moosa, Ebrahim. “Muslim American Terrorism since 9/11: Why So Rare?Muslim World 101, no. 3 (2011): 464483.Google Scholar
Kydd, Andrew H. and Walter, Barbara F.. “The Strategies of Terrorism.” International Security 31, no. 1 (2006): 4980.Google Scholar
LaFranchi, Howard. “Terrorists in Tunisia Attacks Trained at Islamic Camp in Libya.” Christian Science Monitor. Last modified July 2, 2015. www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2015/0702/Terrorists-in-Tunisia-attacks-trained-at-Islamic-State-camp-in-Libya.Google Scholar
Lagon, Luke and Puddington, Arch. “Exploiting Terrorism as a Pretext for Repression.” Wall Street Journal. January 28, 2015, A15.Google Scholar
Lai, Brian. “Draining the Swamp: An Empirical Examination of the Production of International Terrorism.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 24, no. 4 (2007): 297310.Google Scholar
Laqueur, Walter. The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. New York, NY: Modern Library, 2003.Google Scholar
The Roots of Muslim Rage.” Atlantic Monthly 266 (1990): 4760.Google Scholar
Li, Quan and Schaub, DrewEconomic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48, no. 2 (2004): 230258.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaorong. “What’s in a Headscarf?Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly 24, no. 1/2 (2004): 1418.Google Scholar
Locke, John. A Letter Concerning Toleration. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955 [1689].Google Scholar
Loimeier, Roman. “The Secular State and Islam in Senegal.” In Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics, edited by Westerlund, David, 183197. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Long, Mary Kate. “Dynamics of State, Sangha and Society in Myanmar: A Closer Look at the Rohingya Issue.” Asian Journal of Public Affairs 6, no. 1 (2013): 7994.Google Scholar
Lustick, Ian. For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations.Google Scholar
Lutz, Ashely. “The New Egyptian President Reportedly Said ‘Jihad Is Our Path and Death in the Name of Allah Is Our Goal.’” Business Insider. Last modified June 25, 2012. www.businessinsider.com/morsi-says-jihad-is-our-path-and-death-in-the-name-of-allah-is-our-goal-2012–6#ixzz3gT13w97s.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. “Islamists in a Changing Middle East.” Foreign Policy. Last modified July 8, 2012. http://lynch.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/07/08/islamists_in_a_changing_middle_east.Google Scholar
Mahmood, Saba. Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War and the Roots of Terror. New York, NY: Random House, 2004.Google Scholar
Mandaville, Peter and Nozell, Melissa. Engaging Religion and Religious Actors in Countering Violent Extremism. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 2017.Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G. and Gurr, Ted R.. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2015.” Last modified 2015. www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html.Google Scholar
Marshall, Paul A. Religious Freedom in the World. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008.Google Scholar
Marshall, Paul and Shea, Nina. Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes Are Choking Freedom Worldwide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Matharu, Hardeep. “Tajikistan Police Shave Beards of 13,000 Men to ‘Tackle Radicalism.’” Independent. Last modified January 21, 2016. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikistan-police-shave-beards-of-13000-men-to-tackle-radicalism-a6825581.html.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, McCarty, John D. and Zald, Mayer N.. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
McKinley, James C. “Christian Rebels Wage War of Terror in Uganda.” New York Times. March 5, 1997.Google Scholar
McTighe, Kirsten. “Ex-Egyptian President Morsi‘s Death Sentence Upheld.” USA Today. Last modified June 16, 2015. www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/06/16/former-egyptian-president-morsi-sentenced/28796565/.Google Scholar
Migdal, Joel S. Strong Societies and Weak States: State–Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Miller, Aaron David. “For America, an Arab Winter.” Wilson Quarterly 35, no. 3 (2011): 3642.Google Scholar
Miller, Nicholas P. The Religious Roots of the First Amendment: Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Milton-Edwards, Beverly and Farrell, Stephen. Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Minorities at Risk Project. “MAR Data.” Last modified June 8, 2016. www.mar.umd.edu/.Google Scholar
Mircea, Eliade. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York, NY: Harcourt, 1959.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Richard P. The Society of the Muslim Brothers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Mitnick, Joshua. “Israel Moves to Improve Religious Freedom – for Jews.” Christian Science Monitor. Last modified June 6, 2012. www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/0606/Israel-moves-to-improve-religious-freedom-for-Jews.Google Scholar
Moghadam, Assaf. The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Suicide Terrorism, Occupation, and the Globalization of Martyrdom: A Critique of Dying to Win.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 29, no. 8 (2006): 707729.Google Scholar
Montesquieu, Charles Baron De. Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, edited by Cohler, Anne M., Miler, Basia Carolyn and Stone, Harold Samuel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Moussalli, Ahmad S. Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Quṭb. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1992.Google Scholar
Mueller, John E. Overblown: How Politicians and the Terrorism Industry Inflate National Security Threats. New York, NY: Free Trade Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Mueller, John E. and Stewart, Mark G.. “The Terrorism Delusion: America’s Overwrought Response to September 11.” International Security 37, no. 1 (2012): 81110.Google Scholar
Myerson, Michael I. Endowed by Our Creator: The Birth of Religious Freedoms in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Nardin, Terry. “Review: Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence.” Journal of Politics 63, no. 2 (2001): 683684.Google Scholar
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). “Global Terrorism Database.” Last modified 2018. www.start.umd.edu/gtd/.Google Scholar
“GTD in Research.” Last modified 2018. www.start.umd.edu/gtd/using-gtd/GTDinResearch.aspx.Google Scholar
National Security Council. “Strategy for Winning the War on Terror.” Last modified 2006. www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nsct/2006/sectionV.html.Google Scholar
Nayar, Kuldip and Singh, Khushwant. Tragedy of Punjab: Operation Bluestar & After. New Delhi: Vision Books, 1984.Google Scholar
Nelson, Dean. “Pakistani President Asif Zardari Admits Creating Terrorist Groups.” Telegraph. Last modified July 8, 2009. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html.Google Scholar
Neuhaus, Richard John. The Naked Public Square: Religion and Democracy in America. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1986.Google Scholar
Neumayer, Eric and Plumper, Thomas. “Foreign Terror on Americans.” Journal of Peace Research 48, no. 1 (2011): 317.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Richard A. Deadly Clerics: Blocked Ambition and the Paths to Jihad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Noman, Omar. “Pakistan and General Zia: Era and Legacy.” Third World Quarterly 11, no. 1 (1989): 2854.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald F.. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Noueihed, Lin and Warrn, Alex. The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-Revolution and the Making of a New Era. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Novak, David. In Defense of Religious Liberty. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2009.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India’s Future. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America’s Traditions of Religious Equality. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2008.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, Jack. “If You Hate the West, Emigrate to a Western Country.” The Guardian. Last modified October 8, 2001. www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/08/religion.uk.Google Scholar
Obama, Barack. “Remarks by the President at Cairo University.” Last modified June 4, 2009. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09.Google Scholar
“Remarks by the President at the National Prayer Breakfast.” Last modified February 14, 2014. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/02/06/remarks-president-national-prayer-breakfast.Google Scholar
“Remarks by the President at the Summit on Countering Violent Extremism.” Last modified February 19, 2015. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/02/19/remarks-president-summit-countering-violent-extremism-february-19-2015.Google Scholar
“Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa.” Last modified May 19, 2011. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/19/remarks-president-middle-east-and-north-africa.Google Scholar
Oberoi, Harjot. “Sikh Fundamentalism: Translating History into Theory.” In Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, edited by Marty, Martin E. and Appleby, R. Scott, 256288. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1993.Google Scholar
“The Official Summation of the Or Commission Report.” Ha’aretz. September 2, 2003.Google Scholar
Pape, Robert A. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York, NY: Random House, 2005.Google Scholar
“It’s the Occupation, Stupid.” Foreign Policy. Last modified October 18, 2010. http://foreignpolicy.com/2010/10/18/its-the-occupation-stupid/.Google Scholar
Parliament of the World’s Religions. “Alliance of Virtue for the Common Good – The Washington Declaration.” Last modified February 5–7, 2018. https://parliamentofreligions.org/publications/alliance-virtue-common-good-washington-declaration.Google Scholar
Patterson, Eric. Politics in a Religious World: Building a Religiously Informed U.S. Foreign Policy. New York, NY: Continuum, 2011.Google Scholar
Pedahzur, Ami and Perliger, Arie. Jewish Terrorism in Israel. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
People’s Union for Democratic Rights and People’s Union for Civil Liberties. PUCL–PUDR Report: Who Are the Guilty? Report of a Joint Inquiry into the Causes and Impact of the Riots in Delhi from 31 October to 10 November 1984. Last modified April 1, 2003. www.pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/who-areguilty.htm.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, Joyce J. M. The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerrilla Violence. London: Zed Books, 1995.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. Arab Spring Adds to Global Restrictions on Religion. Last modified June 20, 2013. www.pewforum.org/2013/06/20/arab-spring-restrictions-on-religion-findings/.Google Scholar
The Global Religious Landscape, last modified December 18, 2012, www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/.Google Scholar
Global Restrictions on Religion. Last modified December 17, 2009. www.pewforum.org/2009/12/17/global-restrictions-on-religion/.Google Scholar
Latest Trends in Religious Restrictions and Hostilities. Last modified February 26, 2015. www.pewforum.org/files/2015/02/Restrictions2015_fullReport.pdf.Google Scholar
Muslim-Americans Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream. Last modified May 22, 2007. www.pewresearch.org/files/old-assets/pdf/muslim-americans.pdf.Google Scholar
Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High. Last modified January 14, 2014. www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high/.Google Scholar
Rising Restrictions on Religion – One Third of the World’s Population Experiences an Increase. Last modified August 9, 2011. www.pewforum.org/2011/08/09/rising-restrictions-on-religion2/.Google Scholar
Rising Tide of Restrictions on Religion. Last modified September 20, 2012. www.pewforum.org/2012/09/20/rising-tide-of-restrictions-on-religion-findings/Google Scholar
Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Last modified April 15, 2010. www.pewforum.org/2010/04/15/executive-summary-islam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa.Google Scholar
Trends in Global Restrictions on Religion. Last modified June 23, 2016. www.pewforum.org/2016/06/23/trends-in-global-restrictions-on-religion/.Google Scholar
Phillips, Andrew. “The Islamic State’s Challenge to International Order.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 68, no. 5 (2014): 495498.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. “The Catholic Wave.” Journal of Democracy 15, no .2 (2004): 3246.Google Scholar
Explaining the Political Ambivalence of Religion.” American Political Science Review 101, no. 3 (2007): 505525.Google Scholar
Has the Study of Global Politics Found Religion?Annual Review of Political Science 12 (2009): 183202.Google Scholar
Just and Unjust Peace: An Ethic of Political Reconciliation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Religious Freedom in Islam? Intervening in a Culture War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel and Shah, Timothy Samuel. “In Defense of Religious Freedom: New Critics of a Beleaguered Human Right.” Journal of Law and Religion 31, no. 3 (2016): 380395.Google Scholar
Piazza, James A.Incubators of Terror: Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism?International Studies Quarterly 52, no. 3 (2008): 469488.Google Scholar
Is Islamist Terrorism More Lethal? An Empirical Study of Group Ideology, Organization and Goal Structure.” Terrorism and Political Violence 21, no. 1 (2009): 6288.Google Scholar
Rooted in Poverty? Terrorism, Poor Economic Development, and Social Cleavages.” Terrorism and Political Violence 18, no. 1 (2006): 159177.Google Scholar
Types of Minority Discrimination and Terrorism.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 29, no. 5 (2012): 521546.Google Scholar
Piazza, James A. and Walsh, James I.. “Transnational Terror and Human Rights.” International Studies Quarterly 53, no. 1 (2010): 125148.Google Scholar
Pope Benedict XVI. “Religious Freedom, the Path to Peace.” Last modified January 1, 2011. www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20101208_xliv-world-day-peace_en.html.Google Scholar
Prakash, Aseem. “Re-Imagination of the State and Gujarat’s Electoral Verdict.” Economic and Political Weekly 38 (2003): 16011610.Google Scholar
Public Policy Polling. “Trump Steady in North Carolina; Biden Polls Well.” Last modified September 29, 2015. www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2015/PPP_Release_NC_92915.pdf.Google Scholar
Qutb, Sayyid. Al-Adala al-Ijimaiyya fi-I Islam. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1979.Google Scholar
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. “Missing Tajik Police Commander Appears on Internet, Says Has Joined IS.” RFE/RL’s Tajik Service. Last modified May 28, 2015. www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-police-commander-video-says-joined-islamic-state/27041183.html.Google Scholar
Rajagopal, Arvind. “The Gujarat Experiment and Hindu National Realism: Lessons for Secularism.” In The Crisis of Secularism in India, edited by Needham, Anuradha Dingwaney and Sunder, Rajan Rajeswari, 208224. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Ranstorp, Magnus. “Terrorism in the Name of Religion.” Journal of International Affairs 50 (1996): 4162.Google Scholar
Rapoport, David. “Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions.” American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (1984): 658677.Google Scholar
Some General Observations on Religion and Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence 3, no. 3 (1991): 118140.Google Scholar
Rashed, Mohammed Abouelleil and El Azzazi, Islam, “The Egyptian Revolution: A Participant’s Account from Tahrir Square.” Anthropology Today 27, no. 2 (2011): 2227.Google Scholar
Rawls, John. Political Liberalism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Rice, Susan E. The New National Security Strategy: Focus on Failed States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003.Google Scholar
Richter, William L.The Political Dynamics of Islamic Resurgence in Pakistan.” Asian Survey 19, no. 6 (1979): 547557.Google Scholar
Rodrick, Dani. “The Poverty of Dictatorship.” Project Syndicate. Last modified February 9, 2011. www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-poverty-of-dictatorship.Google Scholar
Ronen, Yehudit. “Radical Islam versus the Nation-State.” In Religion, Politics, Society and the State, edited by Fox, Jonathan, 131145. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Roy, Oliver. The Failure of Political Islam. Paris: Esprit/Seuil, 1994.Google Scholar
Rubio, Marco. “Rubio Comments on the Release of the International Religious Freedom Report.” October 14, 2015. www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=6d9c39fb-1df2-4a8a-8915-fa52aeacdfd9.Google Scholar
Ryan, Yasemine. “The Tragic Life of a Street Vendor.” Al Jazeera. Last modified January 20, 2011. Accessed June 26, 2015. www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201111684242518839.html.Google Scholar
Sageman, Marc. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Saiya, Nilay. “Blasphemy and Terrorism in the Muslim World.” Terrorism and Political Violence 29, no. 6 (2017): 10871105.Google Scholar
Explaining Religious Violence across Countries: An Institutional Perspective.” In Mediating Religion and Government: Political Institutions and the Policy Process, edited by den Dulk, Kevin R. and Oldmixon, Elizabeth, 209240. New York, NY: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Religion, Democracy and Terrorism.” Perspectives on Terrorism 9, no. 6 (2015): 5159.Google Scholar
The Religious Freedom Peace.” International Journal of Human Rights 19, no. 3 (2015): 369382.Google Scholar
“Religion, State and Terrorism: A Global Analysis,” Terrorism and Political Violence. doi:10.1080/09546553.2016.1211525.Google Scholar
Saiya, Nilay and Scime, Anthony. “Explaining Religious Terrorism: A Data-Mined Analysis.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 32, no. 5 (2015): 487512.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Cuenca, Ignacio and Luis, de la Calle. “Domestic Terrorism: The Hidden Side of Political Violence.” Annual Review of Political Science 12 (2009): 3149.Google Scholar
Sarkissian, Ani. The Varieties of Repression: Why Governments Restrict Religion. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Schbley, Ayla. “Defining Religious Terrorism: A Causal and Anthological Profile.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26, no. 2 (2003): 105134.Google Scholar
Schober, Juliane. Buddhist Conjunctures in Myanmar: Cultural Narratives, Colonial Legacies, and Civil Society. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian. Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Sciolino, Elaine. “Spain Struggles to Absorb Worst Terrorist Attack in Its History.” New York Times. Last modified March 11, 2004. www.nytimes.com/2004/03/11/international/europe/11CND-TRAI.html.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Mark. “Measuring Egyptian Regime Legitimacy.” Middle East Critique 19, no. 3 (2010): 251267.Google Scholar
Seiple, Chris and Hoover, Dennis R.. “Religious Liberty and Global Security.” In The Future of Religious Liberty: Global Challenges, edited by Hertzke, Allen D., 315330. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Shah, Timothy Samuel. Religious Freedom: Why Now? Defending an Embattled Human Right. Princeton, NJ: Witherspoon Institute, 2012.Google Scholar
Shahin, Emad Eldin. Political Ascent: Contemporary Islamic Movements in North Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Shamseddin, Moataz. “In Translation: April 6’s Ahmed Maher on Egypt under Sisi.” Huffington Post Arabi. Last modified July 29, 2015. https://arabist.net/blog/2015/8/17/in-translation-april-6s-ahmed-maher-on-egypt-undersisi?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=New%20Campaign&utm_term=*Mideast%20Brief.Google Scholar
Sheehan, Michael. “Terrorism: The Current Threat.” Last modified February 10, 2000. www.brookings.edu/events/2000/0210terrorism.aspx.Google Scholar
Shuja, Sharif. “Indian Secularism: Image and Reality.” Contemporary Review 287 (2005): 3842.Google Scholar
Simon, Steven and Benjamin, Daniel. “The Terror.” Survival 43, no. 4 (2001): 518.Google Scholar
Singh, Pritam. Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. London: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
Two Facets of Revivalism.” Punjab Today (1987): 167179.Google Scholar
Slater, Jerome. “Zionism, the Jewish State, and an Israeli–Palestinian Settlement: An Opinion Piece.” Political Science Quarterly 127, no. 4 (2012): 597625.Google Scholar
Corwin, Smidt. Ed. Religion as Social Capital: Producing the Common Good. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
South Asia Terrorism Portal. “Pakistan – Terrorist, Insurgent and Extremist Groups.” Last modified December 2017. www.satp.org/featurelist.aspx?countryid=2&featurename=Terrorist%20Groups.Google Scholar
Spencer, Alexander. “Questioning the Concept of ‘New Terrorism.’” Peace, Conflict & Development 8 (2006): 133.Google Scholar
Sprinzak, Ehud. Brother against Brother: Violence and Extremism in Israeli Politics from Altalena to the Rabin Assassination. New York, NY: Free Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Three Models of Religious Violence: The Case of Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel.” In Fundamentalism and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, edited by Marty, Martin E. and Appleby, R. Scott, 462490. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1993.Google Scholar
Stark, Rodney. The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism and Western Success. New York, NY: Random House, 2006.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred C.The Multiple Secularisms of Modern Democratic and Non-Democratic Regimes.” In Rethinking Secularism, edited by Calhoun, Craig, Juergensmeyer, Mark and van Antwerpen, Jonathan, 114144. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Religion, Democracy, and the ‘Twin Tolerations.’Journal of Democracy 11, no. 4 (2000): 3757.Google Scholar
Rituals of Respect: Sufis and Secularists in Senegal in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 44, no. 4 (July 2012): 379401.Google Scholar
Tunisia’s Transition and the Twin Tolerations.” Journal of Democracy 23, no. 2 (2012): 89103.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred C. and Linz, Juan J.. “Democratization Theory and the Arab Spring.” Journal of Democracy 24, no. 2 (2013): 1530.Google Scholar
Stephen, Chris. “Fear of Tunisia’s Democracy Led ISIS to Launch an Attack on Its Tourist Economy.” The Guardian. Last modified March 21, 2015. www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/22/tunisia-terror-attack-tourists.Google Scholar
Stern, Jessica. “Pakistan’s Jihad Culture.” Foreign Affairs 79, no. 6 (2002): 115126.Google Scholar
Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2003.Google Scholar
Strenski, Ivan. Why Politics Can’t Be Freed from Religion. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers, Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman, Mahmood, Saba and Danchin, Peter G.. Politics of Religious Freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Svensson, Isak. “Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 51, no. 6 (2007): 930949.Google Scholar
Svensson, Isak and Harding, Emily. “How Holy Wars End: Exploring the Termination Patterns of Conflicts With Religious Dimensions in Asia.” Terrorism and Political Violence 23, no. 2 (2011): 133149.Google Scholar
Swami, Praveen. “The Well-Tempered Jihad: The Politics and Practice of Post-2002 Islamist Terrorism in India.” Contemporary South Asia 16, no. 3 (2008): 303322.Google Scholar
Tagliabu, John. “A Nation Challenged: The Suspects: Arrests in Belgium Highlight Its Role as a Militant’s Base.” New York Times. Last modified December 20, 2001. www.nytimes.com/2001/12/20/world/nation-challenged-suspects-arrests-belgium-highlight-its-role-militants-base.html.Google Scholar
Taheri, Amir. Holy Terror: The Inside Story of Islamic Terrorism. London: Hutchinson, 1987.Google Scholar
Takeyh, Ray and Gvosdev, Nikolas. “Do Terrorist Networks Need a Home?Washington Quarterly 25, no. 3 (2002): 97108.Google Scholar
Thames, Knox. “Defending Religion from Itself.” Foreign Policy. Last modified July 30, 2015. http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/30/defending-religion-from-itself/.Google Scholar
Pakistan’s Dangerous Game with Religious Extremism.” Review of Faith & International Affairs 12, no. 4 (2014): 4048.Google Scholar
Theodorou, Angelina E. “Which Countries Still Outlaw Apostasy and Blasphemy?” Pew Research Center. Last modified July 29, 2016. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/29/which-countries-still-outlaw-apostasy-and-blasphemy/.Google Scholar
Thurston, Alexander. “Why Is Militant Islam a Weak Phenomenon in Senegal?” Working Paper No. 09–005. Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought in Africa. Bufett Center for International and Comparative Studies, Northwestern University, March 2009.Google Scholar
Toft, Monica D.Getting Religion? The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War.” International Security 37, no. 4 (2007): 97131.Google Scholar
Securing the Peace: The Durable Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Toft, Monica D., Philpott, Daniel and Shah, Timothy Samuel. God’s Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2011.Google Scholar
Toft, Monica D. and Shah, Timothy Samuel. “Why God Is Winning.” Foreign Policy 155 (2006): 3943.Google Scholar
Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Volume Four: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. Last modified November 11, 2015. www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%204.pdf.Google Scholar
Tutu, Desmond. No Future without Forgiveness. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1999.Google Scholar
US Commission on International Religious Freedom. Annual Report 2015. Washington, DC: US Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2015.Google Scholar
Annual Report 2017. Washington, DC: US Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2017.Google Scholar
Burma: Religious Freedom and Related Human Rights Violations Are Hindering Broader Reforms: Findings from a Visit of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom. Washington, DC: US Commission on International Religious Freedom, 2014.Google Scholar
US Department of State. “Country Reports on Terrorism, 2000–2016,” last modified 2016, www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/.Google Scholar
US Department of State Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism. “Country Reports on Terrorism 2000–2015.” Last modified 2016. Accessed January 10, 2017. www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/.Google Scholar
US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. “Burma,” 2015 International Religious Freedom Report, 2015, www.state.gov/documents/organization/256305.pdf.Google Scholar
“Central African Republic.” 2015 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2015. www.state.gov/documents/organization/256217.pdf.Google Scholar
“Egypt.” 2013 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2013. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Egypt.” 2016 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2016. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“India.” 2016 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2016. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Iraq.” 2003 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2003. http://m.state.gov/md24452.html.Google Scholar
“Iraq.” 2015 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2015. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2015religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Israel.” 2014 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2014. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Israel.” 2015 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2015. www.state.gov/documents/organization/256481.pdf.Google Scholar
“Libya.” 2015 International Religious Freedom Report, Last modified 2015. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Libya.” 2016 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2016. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Pakistan.” 2016 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2016. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Senegal.” 2015 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2015. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Tunisia.” 2013 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2013. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Tunisia.” 2016 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2016. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
“Yemen.” 2013 International Religious Freedom Report. Last modified 2013. www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper.Google Scholar
USAID. “Central African Republic – Complex Emergency: Fact Sheet #10, Fiscal Year (FY) 2015.” Last modified March 2, 2015. www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/car_ce_fs10_03–02-2015.pdf.Google Scholar
Van der Veer, Peter. “Religious Nationalism in India and Global Fundamentalism.” In Globalization and Social Movements: Culture, Power and the Transnational Public Sphere, edited by Guidry, John, Kennedy, Michael D. and Zald, Mayer, 315336. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Van der Vyver, Johan D.The Contours of Religious Liberty in South Africa.” Emory International Law Review 21 (2007): 77110.Google Scholar
Van Dyke, Virginia. “The Khalistan Movement in Punjab, India, and the Post-Militancy Era: Structural Change and New Political Compulsions.” Asian Survey 49, no. 6 (2009): 975997.Google Scholar
Varadarajan, Siddharth. “A Stench That Is All Too Familiar.” The Hindu. March 24, 2009.Google Scholar
Villalón, Leonardo A.Generational Changes, Political Stagnation, and the Evolving Dynamics of Religion and Politics in Senegal.” Africa Today 46, no. 3 (1999): 129147.Google Scholar
Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Negotiating Islam in the Era of Democracy: Senegal in Comparative Regional Perspective.” In Tolerance, Democracy, and Sufis in Senegal, edited by Diouf, Mamadou, 238266. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Villa-Vicencio, Charles and Toit, Fanie Du. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: 10 Years On. Cape Town: New Africa Books, 2006.Google Scholar
Villa-Vicencio, Charles and Verwoerd, Wilhelm. Eds. Looking Back, Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa. Cape Town: UCT Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Wach, JochimThe Role of Religion in the Social Philosophy of Alex De Tocqueville.” Journal of the History of Ideas 7 (1946): 7490.Google Scholar
Walsh, James I. and Piazza, James A.. “Why Respecting Physical Integrity Rights Reduces Terrorism.” Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 5 (2009): 551577.Google Scholar
Waltz, Susan. “Islamist Appeal in Tunisia.” Middle East Journal 40, no. 4 (1986): 651670.Google Scholar
Ware, Lewis B.Ben Ali’s Constitutional Coup in Tunisia.” Middle East Journal 42, no. 4 (1988): 587601.Google Scholar
Warren, Rick. “Rick Warren on Religious Freedom – A Conversation.” Remarks to Georgetown University. Washington, DC, February 12, 2013.Google Scholar
Weaver, Matthew. “Muammar Gaddafi Condemns Tunisia Uprising.” The Guardian. January 16, 2011.Google Scholar
Welby, Justin. “Archbishop of Canterbury on Religious Freedom. Last modified July 16, 2015. www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/5591/archbishop-of-canterbury-on-religious-freedom.Google Scholar
The White House. “Remarks by the President on Egypt.” Last modified February 11, 2011. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/02/11/remarks-president-egypt.Google Scholar
Wiarda, Howard J.Arab Fall or Arab Winter?American Foreign Policy Interests 34, no. 3 (2012): 134137.Google Scholar
Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky. Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2002, 93118.Google Scholar
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005.Google Scholar
Willis, Michael. Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Woodberry, Robert D.The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy.” American Political Science Review 106, no. 2 (2012): 244274.Google Scholar
World Bank. World Development Indicators 2017. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2017.Google Scholar
Wright, Jonathan. “Uganda Army Marches on Voodoo Priestess.” Glasgow Herald. October 6, 1987.Google Scholar
Wright, Tom. “Leading Pakistani Politician Killed.” Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2011, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704723104576061371508098218.Google Scholar
Ya, Li. “China Bans Many Muslims from Ramadan Fast.” Voice of America News. Last modified July 8, 2014. www.voanews.com/a/china-bans-many-uighur-muslims-from-ramadan-fast/1952829.html.Google Scholar
Yadav, Yogendra. “The Patterns and Lessons.” Frontline 19, no. 26 (2003): 1016.Google Scholar
Yang, Fenggang. “The Red, Black, and Gray Markets of Religion in China.” Sociological Quarterly 47, no. 1 (2006): 93122.Google Scholar
Yuhas, Alan. “How Yemen Spawned the Charlie Hebdo Attacks – the Guardian Briefing.” The Guardian. Last modified January 14, 2015. www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/14/yemen-aqap-civil-war-extremism?CMP=share_btn_tw.Google Scholar
Zaimov, Stoyan. “Christians in India Demand Justice for 2008 Orissa Massacre.” Christian Post. Last modified January 3, 2012. www.christianpost.com/news/christians-in-india-demand-justice-for-2008-orissa-massacre-66264/.Google Scholar
Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2007.Google Scholar
Zald, Mayer N. and McCarthy, John D.. The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control and Tactics. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers, 1979.Google Scholar
Zarocostas, John. “More than 7,000 Tunisians Said to Have Joined Islamic State.” Mclatchy DC. Last modified March 17, 2015. www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/middle-east/article24781867.html.Google Scholar
Zauzmer, Julie. “Pence: America Will Prioritize Protecting Christians Abroad.” Washington Post. Last modified May 11, 2017. www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/05/11/pence-america-will-prioritize-protecting-christians-abroad/?utm_term=.af0f98b2e443.Google Scholar
Ziring, Lawrence. Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Nilay Saiya, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  • Book: Weapon of Peace
  • Online publication: 10 August 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108565127.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Nilay Saiya, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  • Book: Weapon of Peace
  • Online publication: 10 August 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108565127.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Nilay Saiya, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  • Book: Weapon of Peace
  • Online publication: 10 August 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108565127.008
Available formats
×