At the time that Jaffé started his career, Walras's work was familiar on a somewhat superficial level to Swedish and Italian economists, either directly or through the work of Wicksell, Cassel, Pareto, and Barone, but most European economists did not study his contributions to economics, and even the French neglected him. For example, in the authoritative survey of the history of economic thought by Charles Gide and Charles Rist published in France in successive editions from 1909 to 1947, there is no chapter on Walras, despite the fact that both authors knew him personally. He is mentioned occasionally in the book, primarily in footnotes, and a few of his theoretical ideas are surveyed briefly, but there is no real exposition or analysis of his economic theories. In the early 1920s, when Jaffé was studying for his doctorate in economics at the University of Paris, he never heard Walras's name mentioned in his classes. Similarly, outside the Continent, Walras was almost totally ignored. To the majority of English-speaking economists, he was not only unknown but – because his work was in French and because he emphasized the mathematical method – unknowable. Insofar as his general equilibrium approach began to be incorporated into British and American economics, it was not the result of direct reference to his work by most economists, but a consequence of a study of the Walrasian economics of such writers as H. L. Moore, Irving Fisher, Henry Schultz, and J. R. Hicks.