Element contents
Fighting Climate Change through Shaming
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 July 2023
Summary
This Element contends that regulators can and should shame companies into climate-responsible behavior by publicizing information on corporate contribution to climate change. Drawing on theories of regulatory shaming and environmental disclosure, the Element introduces a "regulatory climate shaming" framework, which utilizes corporate reputational sensitivities and the willingness of stakeholders to hold firms accountable for their actions in the climate crisis context. The Element explores the developing landscape of climate shaming practices employed by governmental regulators in various jurisdictions via rankings, ratings, labeling, company reporting, lists, online databases, and other forms of information-sharing regarding corporate climate performance and compliance. Against the backdrop of insufficient climate law and regulation worldwide, the Element offers a rich normative and descriptive theory and viable policy directions for regulatory climate shaming, taking into account the promises and pitfalls of this nascent approach as well as insights gained from implementing regulatory shaming in other fields.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009256230Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 10 August 2023
References
Aaltola, E. (2021). Defensive Over Climate Change? Climate Shame as a Method of Moral Cultivation. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 34(1), 5–27. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10806-021-09844-5#citeas.Google Scholar
Afsah, S., Laplante, B., & Wheeler, D. (1996). Controlling Industrial Pollution: A New Paradigm. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1672. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1996/10/01/000009265_3970311114908/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf.Google Scholar
Ainslie, E. K. (2006). Indicting Corporations Revisited: Lessons of the Arthur Andersen Prosecution. American Criminal Law Review, 43(1), 107–142.Google Scholar
Almiron, N., & Xifra, J. (2020). Climate Change Denial and Public Relations. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ansolabehere, S., & Konisky, D. M. (2014). Cheap and Clean: How Americans Think about Energy in the Age of Global Warming. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ater, I., & Avishay-Rizi, O. (2022). Price Saliency and Fairness: Evidence from Regulatory Shaming. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP17156, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4121331.Google Scholar
Archer, D., & Rahmstorf, S. (2009). The Climate Crisis: An Introductory Guide to Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, M. (2022). ECB Accuses Eurozone Banks of “White Noise” on Climate Risks, www.ft.com/content/aaa06d90-0356-44b4-b637-0e47c9003ba4.Google Scholar
Ashkenazi, S. (2021). Yair Avidan: We Will Require Bank Disclosures on Climate Risks and Exposure to Polluting Companies, www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001395102.Google Scholar
Ayres, I., & Braithwaite, J. (1992). Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, R., Cave, M., & Lodge, M. (2012). Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bauckloh, T., Klein, C., Pioch, T., & Schiemann, F. (2023). Under Pressure? The Link between Mandatory Climate Reporting and Firms’ Carbon Performance. Organization & Environment, 36(1), 126–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/10860266221083340.Google Scholar
Bavorova, M., Fietz, A. V., & Hirschauer, N. (2017). Does Disclosure of Food Inspections Affect Business Compliance? The Case of Berlin, Germany. British Food Journal, 119(1), 143–163.Google Scholar
Bell, J., Poushter, J., Fagan, M., & Huang, C. (2021). In Response to Climate Change, Citizens in Advanced Economies Are Willing to Alter How They Live and Work, www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/09/14/in-response-to-climate-change-citizens-in-advanced-economies-are-willing-to-alter-how-they-live-and-work.Google Scholar
Ben-Shahar, O., & Schneider, C. E. (2014). More Than You Wanted to Know: The Failure of Mandated Disclosure. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bennear, L. S., & Olmstead, S. M. (2008). The Impacts of the “Right to Know”: Information Disclosure and the Violation of Drinking Water Standards. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 56(2), 117–130.Google Scholar
Benoit, M. (2022). International Law Obligations on Climate Change Mitigation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bergquist, P., Konisky, D. M., & Kotcher, J. (2020). Energy Policy and Public Opinion: Patterns, Trends and Future Directions. Progress in Energy, 2(3), 032003. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2516-1083/ab9592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berliner, D., & Prakash, A. (2013). Signaling Environmental Stewardship in the Shadow of Weak Governance: The Global Diffusion of ISO 14001. Law & Society Review, 47(2), 345–373.Google Scholar
Bevan, G., & Hood, C. (2006). What’s Measured is What Matters: Targets and Gaming in the English Public Health Care System. Public Administration, 84, 517–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevan, G., & Wilson, D. (2013). Does “Naming and Shaming” Work for Schools and Hospitals? Lessons from Natural Experiments Following Devolution in England and Wales. Public Money & Management, 33(4), 245–252.Google Scholar
Bonetti, P., Leuz, C., & Michelon, G. (2023). Internalizing Externalities: Disclosure Regulation for Hydraulic Fracturing, Drilling Activity and Water Quality. European Corporate Governance Institute – Law Working Paper No. 676/2023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4171246.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, Shame, and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brady, J., Evans, M. F., & Wehrly, E. W. (2019). Reputational Penalties for Environmental Violations: A Pure and Scientific Replication Study. International Review of Law and Economics, 57(C), 60–72.Google Scholar
Branson, D. M. (2002). Corporate Social Responsibility Redux. Tulane Law Review, 76(5–6), 1207–1226.Google Scholar
Brooks, J. R., & Ebi, K. L. (2021). Climate Change Warning Labels on Gas Pumps: The Role of Public Opinion Formation in Climate Change Mitigation Policies. Global Challenges, 5(10), 2000086. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gch2.202000086.Google Scholar
Burck, J., Uhlich, T., Bals, C. et al. (2021). Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022: Results. Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network. Bonn.Google Scholar
Carlarne, C. P. (2019). U.S. Climate Change Law: A Decade of Flux and an Uncertain Future. American University Law Review, 69(2), 387–477.Google Scholar
Carlarne, C. P. (2021). The Essential Role of Climate Litigation and the Courts in Averting Climate Crisis. In Mayer, B. & Zahar, A., eds., Debating Climate Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–127.Google Scholar
Carlarne, C. P., Gray, K. R., & Tarasofsky, R. (2016). International Climate Change Law: Mapping the Field. In Gray, K. R., Tarasofsky, R., & Carlarne, C. P., eds., The Oxford Handbook of International Climate Change Law. Oxford University Press (Oxford Handbooks Online), pp. 3–25.Google Scholar
CAT. (2021). Glasgow’s 2030 Credibility Gap: Net Zero’s Lip Service to Climate Action, https://climateactiontracker.org/publications/glasgows-2030-credibility-gap-net-zeros-lip-service-to-climate-action.Google Scholar
Choudhury, B. (2021). Climate Change as Systemic Risk. Berkeley Business Law Journal, 18(2), 52–93.Google Scholar
Christensen, H. B., Floyd, E., Liu, L. Y., & Maffett, M. (2017). The Real Effects of Mandated Information on Social Responsibility in Financial Reports: Evidence from Mine-Safety Records. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 64(2), 284–304.Google Scholar
Coen, D., Kreienkamp, J., & Pegram, T. (2020). Global Climate Governance (Elements in Public and Nonprofit Administration). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M. A., & Viscusi, W. K. (2012). The Role of Information Disclosure in Climate Mitigation Policy. Climate Change Economics, 3(4), 1–21.Google Scholar
COP26. (2021). COP26: The Glasgow Climate Pact, https://ukcop26.org/the-conference/cop26-outcomes.Google Scholar
Cortez, N. (2011). Adverse Publicity by Administrative Agencies in the Internet Era. Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011(5), 1371–1454.Google Scholar
Cortez, N. (2018). Regulation by Database. University of Colorado Law Review, 89(1), 1–92.Google Scholar
Daly, P. (2021). Understanding Administrative Law in the Common Law World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Darko-Mensah, A., & Okereke, C. (2013). Can Environmental Performance Rating Programs Succeed in Africa? An Evaluation of Ghana’s AKOBEN Project. Management of Environmental Quality, 25(5), 599–618.Google Scholar
Delmas, M., Montes-Sancho, M. J., & Shimshack, J. P. (2010). Information Disclosure Policies: Evidence from the Electricity Industry. Economic Inquiry, 48(2), 483–498.Google Scholar
Dessler, A. E. (2021). Introduction to Modern Climate Change, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dessler, A. E., & Parson, E. A. (2019). The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Devine, D., Gaskell, J., Jennings, W., & Stoker, G. (2020). Trust and the Coronavirus Pandemic: What Are the Consequences of and for Trust? An Early Review of the Literature. Political Studies Review, 19(2), 274–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doonan, J., Lanoie, P., & Laplante, B. (2002). Environmental Performance of Canadian Pulp and Paper Plants: Why Some Do Well and Others Do Not? Cahiers de Recherche 02–01, HEC Montréal, Institut d’économie appliquée. (2002s–24, Working Papers, CIRANO). https://cirano.qc.ca/en/summaries/2002s-24.Google Scholar
Downar, B., Ernstberger, J., Reichelstein, S., Schwenen, S., & Zaklan, A. (2021). The Impact of Carbon Disclosure Mandates on Emissions and Financial Operating Performance. Review of Accounting Studies, 26, 1137–1175.Google Scholar
Egan, P., Konisky, D., & Mullin, M. (2022). Ascendant Public Opinion: The Rising Influence of Climate Change on Americans’ Attitudes about the Environment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 86(1), 134–148.Google Scholar
Eichhorn, J., Molthof, L., & Nicke, S. (2020). From Climate Change Awareness to Climate Crisis Action: Public Perceptions in Europe and the United States. New York: Open Society Foundations.Google Scholar
Eskander, S. M., & Fankhauser, S. (2020). Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from National Climate Legislation. Nature Climate Change, 10, 750–756.Google Scholar
European Commission. (n.d.-a). EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en.Google Scholar
European Commission. (n.d.-b). Tyres: Energy Labelling Requirements Apply to this Product, https://ec.europa.eu/info/energy-climate-change-environment/standards-tools-and-labels/products-labelling-rules-and-requirements/energy-label-and-ecodesign/energy-efficient-products/tyres_en.Google Scholar
Agency, European Environment (2022). Climate Change Mitigation Policy and Measures (Greenhouse Gas Emission), www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/climate-change-mitigation-policies-and-measures-1.Google Scholar
Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Wright, L. (2020). The Cummings Effect: Politics, Trust, and Behaviours During the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Lancet, 396(10249), 464–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fankhauser, S., Hepburn, C., & Park, J. (2010). Combining Multiple Climate Policy Instruments: How Not to Do It. Climate Change Economics, 1(3), 209–225.Google Scholar
Fischedick, M., Roy, J., Abdel-Aziz, A., Acquaye, A. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fleurke, F., & Verschuuren, J. (2016). Enforcing the European Emissions Trading System within the EU Member States: A Procrustean Bed? In White, R., Spapens, T., & Huisman, W., eds., Environmental Crime in Transnational Context: Global Issues in Green Enforcement and Criminology. London: Routledge, pp. 208–230.Google Scholar
Fransen, T. (2021). Making Sense of Countries’ Paris Agreement Climate Pledges, www.wri.org/insights/understanding-ndcs-paris-agreement-climate-pledges.Google Scholar
Fredericks, S. E. (2021). Environmental Guilt and Shame: Signals of Individual and Collective Responsibility and the Need for Ritual Responses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, J. (2020). The Environmental Protection Agency’s Role in US Climate Policy: A Fifty Year Appraisal. Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum, 31, 1–79.Google Scholar
Freeman, J. (2021). EPA and Climate Change. In James Barnes, A., Graham, J. D., & Konisky, D. M., eds., Fifty Years at the US Environmental Protection Agency. London: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 121–165.Google Scholar
Freese, B. (2020). Industrial-Strength Denial: Eight Stories of Corporations Defending the Indefensible, from the Slave Trade to Climate Change. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Frumhoff, P. C., Heede, R., & Oreskes, N. (2015). The Climate Responsibilities of Industrial Carbon Producers. Climatic Change, 132, 157–171.Google Scholar
Fung, A., Graham, M., & Weil, D. (2007). Full Disclosure: The Perils and Promise of Transparency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fung, A., & O’Rourke, D. (2000). FORUM: Reinventing Environmental Regulation from the Grassroots Up: Explaining and Expanding the Success of the Toxics Release Inventory. Environmental Management, 25(2), 115–127.Google Scholar
Future Earth, The Earth League & WCRP. (2022). 10 New Insights in Climate Science 2022. Stockholm. https://10insightsclimate.science.Google Scholar
Garvey, S. P. (1998). Can Shaming Punishments Educate? University of Chicago Law Review, 65(3), 733–794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gee, M. L., & Copeland, D. (2022). Shaming: A Concept Analysis. Advances in Nursing Science, 10(1097), 1–13.Google Scholar
Geiger, N., Gore, A., Squire, C. V. & Attari, S. Z. (2021). Investigating Similarities and Differences in Individual Reactions to the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Climate Crisis. Climatic Change, 167(1), 1–20. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-021-03143-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genovese, F. (2020). Weak States at Global Climate Negotiations (Elements in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Godfrey, P. C., Merrill, C. B., & Hansen, J. M. (2009). The Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Shareholder Value: An Empirical Test of the Risk Management Hypothesis. Strategic Management Journal, 30, 425–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunningham, N., Grabosky, P., & Sinclair, D. (1998). Smart Regulation: Designing Environmental Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunningham, N., Kagan, R. A., & Thornton, D. (2003). Shades of Green: Business, Regulation, and Environment. Stanford: Stanford Law and Politics.Google Scholar
Gunningham, N., Kagan, R. A., & Thornton, D. (2004). Social License and Environmental Protection: Why Businesses Go beyond Compliance. Law & Social Inquiry, 29(2), 307–341.Google Scholar
Gunningham, N., & Sinclair, D. (2017). Smart Regulation. In Drahos, P., ed., Regulatory Theory: Foundations and Applications. Australia: ANU Press, 133–148.Google Scholar
Gupta, S., & Goldar, B. (2005). Do Stock Markets Penalize Environment-Unfriendly Behaviour? Evidence from India. Ecological Economics, 52(1), 81–95.Google Scholar
Gupta, S., Tirpak, D. A., Burger, N. et al. (2007). Policies, Instruments and Co-operative Arrangements. In Metz, B., et al. eds., Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 745–807.Google Scholar
Hagan, S., & Brush, S. (2022). Texas Republicans Squeeze Wall Street Firms over Climate Policies, www.latimes.com/business/story/2022-04-26/texas-republicans-push-back-on-wall-streets-embrace-of-climate-policies?.Google Scholar
Haines, F., & Parker, C. (2017). Moving towards Ecological Regulation: The Role of Criminalisation. In Holley, C. & Shearing, C., eds., Criminology and the Anthropocene. Abingdon, UK: Routledge – Taylor & Francis, 81–108.Google Scholar
Heede, R. (2014). Tracing Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions to Fossil Fuel and Cement Producers, 1854–2010. Climatic Change, 122, 229–241.Google Scholar
Heede, R. (2020). Carbon Majors 2018. Data set released December 2020, Climate Accountability Institute, Colorado USA. https://climateaccountability.org/carbonmajors.html (last accessed March 24, 2023).Google Scholar
Hertwich, E. G., & Wood, R. (2018). The Growing Importance of Scope-3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Industry. Environmental Research Letters, 13, 104013. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aae19a.Google Scholar
Horton, H. (2022). Greenwashing UK Fashion Firms to be Named and Shamed by Watchdog, www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/mar/11/greenwashing-uk-fashion-firms-to-be-named-and-shamed-by-watchdog.Google Scholar
Hsueh, L. (2020). Calling all Volunteers: Industry Self-Regulation on the Environment. In Konisky, D., ed., Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy. Gloucestershire, UK: Edward Elgar, 243–256.Google Scholar
Hsueh, L., & Prakash, A. (2012). Incentivizing Self-Regulation: Federal vs. State-Level Voluntary Programs in US Climate Change Policies. Regulation & Governance, 6(4), 445–473.Google Scholar
Huang, A. H., Shen, M., Tang, C., & Wang, J. (2022). The Effects of Regulatory Enforcement Disclosure: Evidence from OSHA’s Press Release about Safety Violations. Working Paper.Google Scholar
Huang, J. (2021). Exploring Climate Framework Laws and the Future of Climate Action. Pace Environmental Law Review, 38(2), 285–326.Google Scholar
Huggins, A. (2021). The Paris Agreement’s Article 15 Mechanism: An Incomplete Compliance Strategy. In Mayer, B. & Zahar, A., eds., Debating Climate Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 99–110.Google Scholar
Hughes, L., Konisky, D. M., & Potter, S. (2020). Extreme Weather and Climate Opinion: Evidence from Australia. Climatic Change, 163, 723–743.Google Scholar
IEA. (2021). World Energy Outlook 2021, www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021.Google Scholar
IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1.Google Scholar
IPCC. (2022a). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2.Google Scholar
IPCC. (2022b). Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3.Google Scholar
Israeli Ministry of Energy. (2020). Ministry of Energy Announces: For the First Time in Israel, Energy Rating for New Homes, www.gov.il/en/departments/news/press_230620.Google Scholar
Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection. (n.d.). Reporting on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, www.gov.il/en/Departments/Guides/reporting_on_greenhouse_gas_emissions.Google Scholar
Jacquet, J. (2015). Is Shame Necessary? New Uses for An Old Tool. New York: Knopf Doubleday.Google Scholar
Jacquet, J., & Jamieson, D. (2016). Soft but Significant Power in the Paris Agreement. Nature Climate Change, 6, 643–646.Google Scholar
Jin, G. Z., & Leslie, P. (2003). The Effect of Information on Product Quality: Evidence from Restaurant Hygiene Grade Cards. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(2), 409–451.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. S. (2020). Regulation by Shaming: Deterrence Effects of Publicizing Violations of Workplace Safety and Health Laws. American Economic Review, 110(6), 1866–1904.Google Scholar
Jouvenot, V., & Krueger, P. (2019). Mandatory Corporate Carbon Disclosure: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. SSRN, August 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3434490.Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M. (1996). What Do Alternative Sanctions Mean? University of Chicago Law Review, 63(2), 591–653.Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M. (2006). What’s Really Wrong with Shaming Sanctions. Texas Law Review, 84(7), 2075–2096.Google Scholar
Karpoff, J. M. (2012). Does Reputation Work to Discipline Corporate Misconduct? In Barnett, M. & Pollock, T. G., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Reputation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 361–382.Google Scholar
Karpoff, J. M., Lott, Jr., J. R., & Wehrly, E. W. (2005). The Reputational Penalties for Environmental Violations: Empirical Evidence. The Journal of Law & Economics, 48(2), 653–675.Google Scholar
Klonick, K. (2016). Re-Shaming the Debate: Social Norms, Shame, and Regulation in an Internet Age. Maryland Law Review, 75(4), 1029–1065.Google Scholar
Konisky, D. M., Hughes, L., & Kaylor, C. H. (2016). Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change Concern. Climatic Change, 134, 533–547.Google Scholar
Konisky, D. M., & Woods, N. D. (2016). Environmental Policy, Federalism, and the Obama Presidency. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 46(3), 366–391.Google Scholar
Konisky, D. M., & Woods, N. D. (2018). Environmental Federalism and the Trump Presidency: A Preliminary Assessment. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 48(3), 345–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koop, C., & Lodge, M. (2017). What Is Regulation? An Interdisciplinary Concept Analysis. Regulation & Governance, 11(1), 95–108.Google Scholar
Kramer, R. C. (2020). Carbon Criminals, Climate Crimes. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Laffont, J. J., & Martimort, D. (1999). Separation of Regulators against Collusive Behavior. The Rand Journal of Economics, 30(2), 232–262.Google Scholar
Lamb, S. (2003). The Psychology of Condemnation: Underlying Emotions and Their Symbolic Expression in Condemning and Shaming. Brooklyn Law Review, 68(4), 929–958.Google Scholar
Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Friedlingstein, P. et al. (2021). Fossil CO2 Emissions in the Post-COVID-19 Era. Nature Climate Change, 11, 197–199.Google Scholar
Leiserowitz, A. et al. (2019). Climate Change in the American Mind: November 2019. New Haven: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication.Google Scholar
Leiserowitz, A. et al. (2021a). Climate Change in the American Mind: September 2021. New Haven: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication.Google Scholar
Leiserowitz, A., et al. (2021b). Consumer Activism on Global Warming: September 2021. New Haven: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication.Google Scholar
Leiserowitz, A., Carman, J., Rosenthal, S. et al. (2021c). Climate Change in the Irish Mind. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication and the Irish Environmental Protection Agency.Google Scholar
Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Rosenthal, S. et al. (2022). Politics & Global Warming. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication.Google Scholar
Li, M., Trencher, G., & Asuka, J. (2022). The Clean Energy Claims of BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil and Shell: A Mismatch between Discourse, Actions and Investments. PloS ONE, 17(2), e0263596. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263596.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G., Sunstein, C. R., & Golman, R. (2014). Disclosure: Psychology Changes Everything. Annual Review of Economics, 6, 391–419.Google Scholar
Luna, J. C. (2019). Naming and Shaming in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme: A Legal Review. Thesis. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Maastricht University.Google Scholar
Lyster, R. (2016). Climate Justice and Disaster Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lyster, R. (2021). Climate Change Law (2019). Yearbook of International Disaster Law Online, 2(1), 450–462.Google Scholar
Maslin, M. (2021). Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction, 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Massaro, T. M. (1991). Shame, Culture, and American Criminal Law. Michigan Law Review, 89(7), 1880–1944.Google Scholar
Mayer, B. (2021). Reflection 1: Adaptation. In Mayer, B. & Zahar, A., eds., Debating Climate Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 310–328.Google Scholar
McDonald, J., & McCormack, P. C. (2021). Rethinking the Role of Law in Adapting to Climate Change. WIREs Climate Change, 12(5), e726. https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.726.Google Scholar
McDonald, M. (2021). Ecological Security: Climate Change and the Construction of Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McGreal, C. (2021). Revealed: 60% of Americans Say Oil Firms Are to Blame for the Climate Crisis, www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/26/climate-change-poll-oil-gas-companies-environment.Google Scholar
McGuire, W., Holtmaat, E. A., & Prakash, A. (2022). Penalties for Industrial Accidents: The Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Accident on BP’s Reputation and Stock Market Returns. PloS one, 17(6), e0268743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268743.Google Scholar
Meckling, J., & Allan, B. B. (2020). The Evolution of Ideas in Global Climate Policy. Nature Climate Change, 10, 434–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meijer, A. (2013). Local Meanings of Targeted Transparency: Understanding the Fuzzy Effects of Disclosure Systems. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 35(3), 398–423.Google Scholar
Meijer, A., & Homburg, V. (2009). Disclosure and Compliance: The “Pillory” as an Innovative Regulatory Instrument. Information Polity, 14(4), 279–294.Google Scholar
Michaels, D. (2008). Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Michaels, D. (2020). The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mkono, M., & Hughes, K. (2020). Eco-Guilt and Eco-Shame in Tourism Consumption Contexts: Understanding the Triggers and Responses. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(8), 1223–1244.Google Scholar
Moffa, A. (2020). Uniform Climate Control. University of Richmond Law Review, 54(4), 993–1044.Google Scholar
Moss, J., & Fraser, P. (2019) Australia’s Carbon Majors. Sydney: UNSW Practical Justice Initiative.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. (2004). Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Potoski, M., & Prakash, A. (2009). Voluntary Programs: A Club Theory Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Poushter, J., & Huang, C. (2019). Climate Change Still Seen as the Top Global Threat, but Cyberattacks a Rising Concern, www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/02/10/climate-change-still-seen-as-the-top-global-threat-but-cyberattacks-a-rising-concern/#table.Google Scholar
Prakash, A. (2000). Greening the Firm: The Politics of Corporate Environmentalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prakash, A., & Potoski, M. (2006). The Voluntary Environmentalists: Green Clubs, ISO 14001, and Voluntary Environmental Regulations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reisch, L., Sunstein, C. R., & Kaiser, M. (2021). What Do People Want to Know? Information Avoidance and Food Policy Implications. Food Policy, 102(102076). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102076.Google Scholar
Scotford, E., Minas, S., & Macintosh, A. (2017). Climate Change and National Laws across Commonwealth Countries. Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 43(3–4), 318–361.Google Scholar
Shapira, R. (2022). The Challenge of Holding Big Business Accountable. Cardozo Law Review, 44(1), 203–270.Google Scholar
Shapiro, M. A. (2020). The Indignities of Civil Litigation. Boston Law Review, 100(2), 501–579.Google Scholar
Shimshack, J. P. (2020). Information Provision. In Konisky, D., ed., Handbook of US Environmental Policy. Gloucestershire, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 231–242.Google Scholar
Simon, P. A. et al. (2005). Impact of Restaurant Hygiene Grade Cards on Foodborne-Disease Hospitalizations in Los Angeles County. Journal of Environmental Health, 67(7), 32–60.Google Scholar
Skeel, D. A. (2001). Shaming in Corporate Law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 149(6), 1811–1866.Google Scholar
Solove, D. J. (2007). The Future of Reputation: Gossip, Rumor, and Privacy on the Internet. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sørensen, E., & Torfing, J. (2022). Co-Creating Ambitious Climate Change Mitigation Goals: The Copenhagen Experience. Regulation & Governance, 16(2), 572–587.Google Scholar
Spektor, M., Mignozzetti, U., & Fasolin, G. (2022). Nationalist Backlash against Foreign Climate Shaming. Global Environmental Politics, 22(1), 139–158.Google Scholar
Stephan, M. (2002). Environmental Information Disclosure Programs: They Work, But Why? Social Science Quarterly, 83(1), 190–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiglitz, E. H. (2018). Delegating for Trust. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 166(3), 633–698.Google Scholar
Sunstein, C. R. (2020). Too Much Information: Understanding What You Don’t Want to Know. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Supran, G., & Oreskes, N. (2021). Rhetoric and Frame Analysis of ExxonMobil’s Climate Change Communications. One Earth, 4(5), 696–719.Google Scholar
Agency, Swedish Energy. (2021). STEMFS 2021:5 – Regulations Amending the Swedish Energy Agency’s Regulations on the Obligation to Provide Consumers with Environmental Information on Fuels. https://energimyndigheten.a-w2m.se/Home.mvc?ResourceId=183767.Google Scholar
Taebi, B., & Safari, A. (2017). On Effectiveness and Legitimacy of “Shaming” as a Strategy for Combatting Climate Change. Science and Engineering Ethics, 23, 1289–1306.Google Scholar
Tangney, J. P., Burggraf, S. A., & Wagner, P. E. (1995). Shame-Proneness, Guilt-Proneness, and Psychological Symptoms. In Tangney, J. P. & Fischer, K. W., eds., Self-Conscious Emotions: The Psychology of Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, and Pride. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 343–367.Google Scholar
Taufique, K. M. R., Nielsen, K. S., Dietz, T. et al. (2022). Revisiting the Promise of Carbon Labelling. Nature Climate Change, 12, 132–140,Google Scholar
Teichman, D., & Zamir, E. (2022). Exponential Growth Bias and the Law: Why Do We Save Too Little, Borrow Too Much, and Fail to React on Time to Deadly Pandemics and Climate Change? Vanderbilt Law Review, 75(5), 1345–1400.Google Scholar
Tingley, D., & Tomz, M. (2022). The Effects of Naming and Shaming on Public Support for Compliance with International Agreements: An Experimental Analysis of the Paris Agreement. International Organization, 76, 445–468.Google Scholar
Tomar, S. (2022). Greenhouse Gas Disclosure and Emissions Benchmarking. SMU Cox School of Business Research Paper No. 19–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3448904.Google Scholar
UNEP. (2021). Emissions Gap Report 2021. www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2021.Google Scholar
UNEP. (2022). Adaptation Gap Report 2022. www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2022.Google Scholar
UNFCCC. (2021). Secretary-General’s Statement on the IPCC Working Group 1 Report on the Physical Science Basis of the Sixth Assessment, https://unfccc.int/news/secretary-general-s-statement-on-the-ipcc-working-group-1-report-on-the-physical-science-basis-of.Google Scholar
Van der Zee, B., & Horton, H. (2022). Cop27 Day One: UN Chief Warns World Is “On Highway to Climate Hell” – As It Happened, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2022/nov/07/cop27-egypt-climate-summit-boris-johnson-net-zero-live.Google Scholar
Van Erp, J. (2007). Effects of Disclosure on Business Compliance: A Framework for the Analysis of Disclosure Regimes. European Food and Feed Law Review, 2, 255–263.Google Scholar
Van Erp, J. (2010). Regulatory Disclosure of Offending Companies in the Dutch Financial Market: Consumer Protection or Enforcement Publicity? Law & Policy, 32(4), 407–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Erp, J. (2011). Naming without Shaming: The Publication of Sanctions in the Dutch Financial Market. Regulation & Governance, 5(3), 287–308.Google Scholar
Van Erp, J. (2021). Shaming and Compliance. In Van Rooij, B. & Sokol, D., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Compliance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 438–450.Google Scholar
Washington, H., & Cook, J. (2011). Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wennersten, J. R., & Robbins, D. (2017). Rising Tides: Climate Refugees in the Twenty-First Century. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Whitman, J. Q. (1998). What Is Wrong with Inflicting Shame Sanctions? Yale Law Journal, 107(5), 1055–1092.Google Scholar
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism: The Kiss of Social Death. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 236–247.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. (2004). Which Ranking? The Impact of a “Value-Added” Measure of Secondary School Performance. Public Money and Management, 24(1), 37–45.Google Scholar
WMO. (2021a). State of Climate in 2021: Extreme Events and Major Impacts, https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/state-of-climate-2021-extreme-events-and-major-impacts.Google Scholar
WMO. (2021b). Weather-Related Disasters Increase Over Past 50 Years, Causing More Damage but Fewer Deaths, https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/weather-related-disasters-increase-over-past-50-years-causing-more-damage-fewer.Google Scholar
WMO. (2022). WMO Update: 50:50 Chance of Global Temperature Temporarily Reaching 1.5°C Threshold in Next Five Years, https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-update-5050-chance-of-global-temperature-temporarily-reaching-15%C2%B0c-threshold.Google Scholar
WMO. (2023). Past Eight Years Confirmed to Be the Eight Warmest on Record, https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/past-eight-years-confirmed-be-eight-warmest-record.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2020). World Bank Reference Guide to Climate Change Framework Legislation. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Yadin, S. (2019b). Saving Lives through Shaming. Harvard Business Law Review Online, 9, 57–68.Google Scholar
Yadin, S. (2019c). Shaming Big Pharma. Yale Journal on Regulation Bulletin, 36, 131–147.Google Scholar
Yadin, S. (2020). E-Regulation. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, 38(1), 101–152.Google Scholar
Yadin, S. (2021a). Israel’s Law and Regulation after the Gas Discoveries. In Tevet, E., Shiffer, V., & Galnoor, I., eds., Regulation in Israel. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 217–238.Google Scholar
Yadin, S. (2021b). Manipulating Disclosure: Creative Compliance in the Israeli Food Industry. Saint Louis University Law Journal, 66(1), 149–166.Google Scholar
Yadin, S. (forthcoming-a). Government Regulation by Eco-Shaming Corporations: Balancing Effectiveness and Fairness. In Pinto, M. & Seidman, G., eds., The Legal Aspects of Shaming: An Ancient Sanction in the Modern World. Gloucestershire, UK: Edward Elgar. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4460874.Google Scholar
Yadin, S. (forthcoming-b). Regulatory Shaming and the Problem of Corporate Climate Obstruction. Harvard Journal on Legislation, 60.Google Scholar
Yadin, S. (forthcoming-c). The Crowdsourcing of Regulatory Monitoring and Enforcement. Law and Ethics of Human Rights, 17(1). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4441862.Google Scholar
Yang, L., Muller, N. Z., & Liang, P. J. (2021). The Real Effects of Mandatory CSR Disclosure on Emissions: Evidence from the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, NBER Working Paper No. 28984. www.nber.org/papers/w28984.Google Scholar