Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-n7pht Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-10T18:43:01.121Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Politics and Communication

How News Coverage of Misinformation Shapes Perceptions and Trust

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 May 2024

Emily Thorson
Emily Thorson
Affiliation:
Syracuse University

Summary

This Element takes on two related questions: How do the media cover the issue of misinformation, and how does exposure to this coverage affect public perceptions, including trust? A content analysis shows that most media coverage explicitly blames social media for the problem, and two experiments find that while exposure to news coverage of misinformation makes people less trusting of news on social media, it increases trust in print news. This counterintuitive effect occurs because exposure to news about misinformation increases the perceived value of traditional journalistic norms. Finally, exposure to misinformation coverage has no measurable effect on political trust or internal efficacy, and political interest is a strong predictor of interest in news coverage of misinformation across partisan lines. These results suggest that many Americans see legacy media as a bulwark against changes that threaten to distort the information environment.
Get access

Keywords

misinformationfake newsmedia coverageagenda-settingmedia trust
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Politics and Communication
Online ISBN: 9781009488815
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 20 June 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allcott, Hunt and Gentzkow, Matthew. 2017. “Social media and fake news in the 2016 election.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(2):211–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennifer, Allen, Howland, Baird, Mobius, Markus, Rothschild, David and Watts, Duncan J.. 2020. “Evaluating the fake news problem at the scale of the information ecosystem.” Science Advances 6(14):eaay3539.Google Scholar
Altay, Sacha and Acerbi, Alberto. 2023. “People believe misinformation is a threat because they assume others are gullible.” New Media & Society: 14614448231153379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amazeen, Michelle A. 2020. “Journalistic interventions: The structural factors affecting the global emergence of fact-checking.” Journalism 21(1):95–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anspach, Nicolas M. and Carlson, Taylor N.. 2020. “What to believe? Social media commentary and belief in misinformation.” Political Behavior 42(3):697–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arceneaux, Kevin and Johnson, Martin. 2013. Changing minds or changing channels? Partisan news in an age of choice. University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auxier, Brooke. 2020. “64 percent of Americans say social media have a mostly negative effect on the way things are going in the U.S. today.” Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/15/64-of-americans-say-social-media-have-a-mostly-negative-effect-on-the-way-things-are-going-in-the-u-s-today/.Google Scholar
Bachmann, Ingrid and Valenzuela, Sebastián. 2023. “Studying the downstream effects of fact-checking on social media: Experiments on correction formats, belief accuracy, and media trust.” Social Media+ Society 9(2):20563051231179694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacon Jr, Perry and Mehta, Dhrumil. 2018. “Very few voters actually read Trump’s tweets.” FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/very-few-voters-actually-read-trumps-tweets/.Google Scholar
Ball, Philip and Maxmen, Amy. 2020. “The epic battle against coronavirus misinformation and conspiracy theories.” Nature 581(7809):371–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barari, Soubhik, Lucas, Christopher and Munger, Kevin. 2021. “Political deepfakes are as credible as other fake media and (sometimes) real media.” OSF Preprints 13.Google Scholar
Barthel, Michael, Mitchell, Amy and Holcomb, Jesse. 2016. Many Americans Believe Fake News Is Sowing Confusion. Technical report Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Bennett, W. Lance and Livingston, Steven. 2018. “The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions.” European Journal of Communication 33(2):122–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berinsky, Adam J. 2017. “Rumors and health care reform: Experiments in political misinformation.” British Journal of Political Science 47(2):241–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlinski, Nicolas, Doyle, Margaret, Guess, Andrew M., et al. 2023. “The effects of unsubstantiated claims of voter fraud on confidence in elections.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 10(1):34–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leticia, Bode, Vraga, Emily K. and Troller-Renfree, Sonya. 2017. “Skipping politics: Measuring avoidance of political content in social media.” Research & Politics 4(2):2053168017702990.Google Scholar
Brenan, Megan. 2022. “Americans’ trust in media remains near record low.” Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/403166/americans-trust-media-remains-near-record-low.aspx.Google Scholar
Brewer, Paul R. and Gross, Kimberly. 2005. “Values, framing, and citizens’ thoughts about policy issues: Effects on content and quantity.” Political Psychology 26(6):929–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britzky, Haley. 2017. “Everything Trump has labeled as fake news.” Axios. www.axios.com/everything-trump-has-called-fake-news-1513303959-6603329e-46b5-44ea-b6be-70d0b3bdb0ca.html.Google Scholar
Carlson, Matt. 2020. “Fake news as an informational moral panic: The symbolic deviancy of social media during the 2016 US presidential election.” Information, Communication & Society 23(3):374–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, CBSNews. 2018. “Lesley Stahl: Trump admitted mission to discredit press.” cbsnews.com. www.cbsnews.com/news/lesley-stahl-donald-trump-said-attacking-press-to-discredit-negative-stories/.Google Scholar
Clayton, Katherine, Blair, Spencer, Busam, Jonathan A., Forstner, Samuel, Glance, John, Green, Guy, Kawata, Anna et al. “Real solutions for fake news? Measuring the effectiveness of general warnings and fact-check tags in reducing belief in false stories on social media.” Political Behavior 42(2020):1073–1095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, Coppock, Gross, Kimberly, Porter, Ethan, Thorson, Emily, and Wood, Thomas J.. “Conceptual Replication of Four Key Findings about Factual Corrections and Misinformation during the 2020 US Election: Evidence from Panel-Survey Experiments.” British Journal of Political Science 53, no. 4 (2023):1328–1341.Google Scholar
Coppock, Alexander and McClellan, Oliver A.. 2019. “Validating the demographic, political, psychological, and experimental results obtained from a new source of online survey respondents.” Research & Politics 6(1):1073–1095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curry, Alexander L. and Jomini Stroud, Natalie. 2021. “The effects of journalistic transparency on credibility assessments and engagement intentions.” Journalism 22(4):901–918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrew, Daniller, Allen, Douglas, Tallevi, Ashley and Mutz, Diana C.. 2017. “Measuring trust in the press in a changing media environment.” Communication Methods and Measures 11(1):76–85.Google Scholar
Diaz, Andrea. 2018. “‘Misinformation’ is crowned Dictionary.com’s word of the year.” CNN. www.cnn.com/2018/11/26/us/misinformation-dictionary-word-of-the-year-2018-trnd/index.html.Google Scholar
Doherty, David and Hansen, Kathryn. 2021. “Partisan identities and interpretations of economic data.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 10(4):705–714CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eady, Gregory, Paskhalis, Tom, Zilinsky, Jan, et al. 2023. “Exposure to the Russian Internet Research Agency foreign influence campaign on Twitter in the 2016 US election and its relationship to attitudes and voting behavior.” Nature Communications 14(1):62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgerly, Stephanie and Vraga, Emily K.. 2020. “Deciding what’s news: News-ness as an audience concept for the hybrid media environment.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 97(2):416–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egelhofer, Jana Laura, Aaldering, Loes, Eberl, Jakob-Moritz, Galyga, Sebastian and Lecheler, Sophie. 2020. “From novelty to normalization? How journalists use the term ‘fake news’ in their reporting.” Journalism Studies 21(10):1323–1343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egelhofer, Jana Laura and Lecheler, Sophie. 2019. “Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: A framework and research agenda.” Annals of the International Communication Association 43(2):97–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farhall, Kate, Carson, Andrea, Wright, Scott, Gibbons, Andrew and Lukamto, William. 2019. “Political elites’ use of fake news discourse across communications platforms.” International Journal of Communication 13:23.Google Scholar
Farkas, Johan. 2023. “News on fake news: Logics of media discourses on disinformation.” Journal of Language and Politics 22(1):1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferracioli, Paulo, Butture Kniess, Andressa and Paulo Jamil Marques, Francisco. 2022. “The watchdog role of fact-checkers in different media systems.” Digital Journalism 10(5):717–737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrucci, Patrick. 2020. “It is in the numbers: How market orientation impacts journalists’ use of news metrics.” Journalism 21(2):244–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funke, Daniel. 2017. “Should we stop saying ‘fake news’?” Poynter. www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2017/should-we-stop-saying-fake-news/.Google Scholar
Funke, Daniel. 2018a. “‘Misinformation’ is Dictionary.com’s word of the year.” Poynter. www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/misinformation-is-dictionary-coms-word-of-the-year/.Google Scholar
Funke, Daniel. 2018b. “Reporters: Stop calling everything fake news.” Poynter. www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/reporters-stop-calling-everything-fake-news/.Google Scholar
Gabielkov, Maksym, Ramachandran, A., Chaintreau, A. and Legout, A.. 2016. “Social clicks: What and who gets read on Twitter?” ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 44(1):179–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stefan, Gaillard, Oláh, Zoril A., Venmans, Stephan and Burke, Michael. 2021. “Countering the cognitive, linguistic, and psychological underpinnings behind susceptibility to fake news: A review of current literature with special focus on the role of age and digital literacy.” Frontiers in Communication 6:661801.Google Scholar
, Gallup. 2017. American Views: Trust, Media, and Democracy. Technical report Knight Foundation.Google Scholar
, Gallup. 2018. “Americans’ view of misinformation in the news and how to counter it.” https://knightfoundation.org/reports/americans-views-of-misinformation-in-the-news-and-how-to-counteract-it/.Google Scholar
González-Bailón, Sandra, Lazer, David, Barberá, Pablo, et al. 2023. “Asymmetric ideological segregation in exposure to political news on Facebook.” Science 381(6656):392–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfried, Jeffrey, Mitchell, Amy, Jurkowitz, Mark and Liedke, Jacob. 2022. Journalists Sense Turmoil in Their Industry Amid Continued Passion for Their Work. Technical report Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Graves, Lucas. 2016. Deciding what’s true: The rise of political fact-checking in American journalism. Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graves, Lucas, Nyhan, Brendan and Reifler, Jason. 2016. “Understanding innovations in journalistic practice: A field experiment examining motivations for fact-checking.” Journal of Communication 66(1):102–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grinberg, Nir, Joseph, Kenneth, Friedland, Lisa, Swire-Thompson, Briony and Lazer, David. 2019. “Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election.” Science 363(6425):374–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guess, Andrew, Nyhan, Brendan and Reifler, Jason. 2018. “ Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 US presidential campaign.” European Research Council.Google Scholar
Guess, Andrew, Nagler, Jonathan and Tucker, Joshua. 2019. “Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook.” Science Advances 5(1):eaau4586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guess, Andrew M. 2021. “(Almost) Everything in moderation: New evidence on Americans’ online media diets.” American Journal of Political Science 65(4):1007–1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guess, Andrew M., Nyhan, Brendan and Reifler, Jason. 2020. “Exposure to untrustworthy websites in the 2016 US election.” Nature Human Behaviour 4(5):472–480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guess, Andrew M., Lockett, Dominique, Lyons, Benjamin, et al. 2020. “‘Fake news’ may have limited effects beyond increasing beliefs in false claims.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 1(1).Google Scholar
Guess, Andrew M. and Munger, Kevin. 2023. “Digital literacy and online political behavior.” Political Science Research and Methods 11(1):110–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guynn, Jessica. 2018. “Clock ticking for Facebook to halt election meddling.” USA Today. www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/01/22/facebook-tries-wipe-out-election-meddling-before-2018-midterms/1055710001/.Google Scholar
Habgood-Coote, Joshua. 2018. “Why we should stop using the term ‘fake news’.” Newsweek. www.newsweek.com/why-we-should-stop-using-term-fake-news-opinion-1047951.Google Scholar
Hasen, Richard. 2022. “How to keep the rising tide of fake news from drowning our Democracy.” New York Times, March 7, 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/03/07/opinion/cheap-speech-fake-news-democracy.html.Google Scholar
Invernizzi, Giovanna M. and Ezzeldin Mohamed, Ahmed. 2023. “Trust nobody: How voters react to conspiracy theories.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 10(2):201–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Italie, Leanne. 2018. “‘Misinformation’ is Dictionary.com’s word of the year.” NBC10 Philadelphia. www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Misinformation-Is-Dictionarycom-Word-of-the-Year-501237371.html.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto. 1994. Is anyone responsible?: How television frames political issues. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Emily. 2018. “Dictionary.com picks ‘misinformation’ as word of the year, cites Trump.” New York Post. https://nypost.com/2018/11/26/dictionary-com-picks-misinformation-as-word-of-the-year-cites-trump/.Google Scholar
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 2020. Cyberwar: How Russian hackers and trolls helped elect a president: What we don’t, can’t, and do know. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerit, Jennifer and Zhao, Yangzi. 2020. “Political misinformation.” Annual Review of Political Science 23:77–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones-Jang, S. Mo, Dam, Hee Kim and Kenski, Kate. 2021. “Perceptions of mis-or disinformation exposure predict political cynicism: Evidence from a two-wave survey during the 2018 US midterm elections.” New Media & Society 23(10):3105–3125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Karlsen, Rune and Aalberg, Toril. 2023. “Social media and trust in news: An experimental study of the effect of Facebook on news story credibility.” Digital Journalism 11(1):144–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, Makena. 2022. “New algorithm bill could force Facebook to change how the news feed works.” The Verge. www.theverge.com/2022/2/10/22927472/klobuchar-lummis-algorithm-bill-section-230-misinformation-teenager-mental-health.Google Scholar
Kensicki, Linda Jean. 2004. “No cure for what ails us: The media-constructed disconnect between societal problems and possible solutions.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 81(1):53–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knudsen, Erik, Dahlberg, Stefan, Iversen, Magnus H., Johannesson, Mikael P. and Nygaard, Silje. 2021. “How the public understands news media trust: An open-ended approach.” Journalism 23(11):2347–2363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohring, Matthias and Matthes, Jörg. 2007. “Trust in news media: Development and validation of a multidimensional scale.” Communication Research 34(2):231–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krupnikov, Yanna and Barry Ryan, John. 2022. The other divide. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurtzleben, Danielle. 2017. “With ‘fake news,’ Trump moves from alternative facts to alternative language.” NPR News. www.npr.org/2017/02/17/515630467/with-fake-news-trump-moves-from-alternative-facts-to-alternative-language.Google Scholar
Ladd, Jonathan M. 2011. Why Americans hate the media and how it matters. Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladd, Jonathan M. and Podkul, Alexander R.. 2018. “Distrust of the news media as a symptom and a further cause of partisan polarization.” In Ridout, Travis (ed.), New directions in media and politics. Routledge pp. 54–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landis, J. Richard and Gary, G. Koch. 1977. “The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.” Biometrics 33(1):159–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazer, David M.J., Baum, Matthew A., Benkler, Yochai, et al. 2018. “The science of fake news.” Science 359(6380):1094–1096.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, Sangwon, Homero Gil, de Zúñiga and Munger, Kevin. 2023. “Antecedents and consequences of fake news exposure: A two-panel study on how news use and different indicators of fake news exposure affect media trust.” Human Communication Research 49(4):408–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levendusky, Matthew and Malhotra, Neil. 2016. “Does media coverage of partisan polarization affect political attitdes?” Political Communication 33(2):283–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lima, Gabriel, Han, Jiyoung and Cha, Meeyoung. 2022. “Others are to blame: Whom people consider responsible for online misinformation.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6(CSCW1):1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Han, Wang, Yi and Kim, Yonghwan. 2023. “The rich get richer and the poor get poorer? The effect of news recommendation algorithms in exacerbating inequalities in news engagement and social capital.” New Media & Society 14614448231168572.Google Scholar
Lippmann, Walter. 1922. Public opinion. Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Lischka, Juliane A. 2019. “A badge of honor? How the New York Times discredits president Trump’s fake news accusations.” Journalism Studies 20(2):287–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowry, Dennis T., Ching Josephine Nio, Tarn and Leitner, Dennis W.. 2003. “Setting the public fear agenda: A longitudinal analysis of network TV crime reporting, public perceptions of crime, and FBI crime statistics.” Journal of Communication 53(1):61–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacFarquhar, Neil. 2017. “With big red stamp, Russia singles out what it calls ‘fake’ news.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/world/europe/russia-fake-news-media-foreign-ministry-.html.Google Scholar
Marsh, Michael and Tilley, James. 2010. “The attribution of credit and blame to governments and its impact on vote choice.” British Journal of Political Science 40(1):115–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masullo, Gina M., Curry, Alexander L., Whipple, Kelsey N. and Murray, Caroline. 2022. “The story behind the story: Examining transparency about the journalistic process and news outlet credibility.” Journalism Practice 16(7):1287–1305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClure, Haughey, Melinda, , Devii Muralikumar, Meena, Wood, Cameron A. and Starbird, Kate. 2020. “On the misinformation beat: Understanding the work of investigative journalists reporting on problematic information online.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4(CSCW2):1–22.Google Scholar
McCombs, Maxwell. 2005. “A look at agenda-setting: Past, present and future.” Journalism Studies 6(4):543–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCombs, Maxwell E. and Shaw, Donald L.. 1972. “The agenda-setting function of mass media.” Public Opinion Quarterly 36(2):176–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlynn, Joseph and McGlone, Matthew S.. 2019. “Desire or disease? Framing obesity to influence attributions of responsibility and policy support.” Health Communication 34(7):689–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGregor, Shannon and Kriess, Daniel. 2020. “Slate.” Americans Are Too Worried About Political Misinformation. https://slate.com/technology/2020/10/misinformation-social-media-election-research-fear.html.Google Scholar
Meeks, Lindsey. 2020. “Defining the enemy: How Donald Trump frames the news media.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 97(1):211–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, Robinson. 2018. “Why it’s okay to call it fake news.” The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/03/why-its-okay-to-say-fake-news/555215/.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Jacob M., Nyhan, Brendan and Torres, Michelle. 2018. “How conditioning on posttreatment variables can ruin your experiment and what to do about it.” American Journal of Political Science 62(3):760–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munger, Kevin. 2020. “All the news that’s fit to click: The economics of clickbait media.” Political Communication 37(3):376–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, Patrick. 2018. Monmouth Polling Institute. Technical report Monmouth University.Google Scholar
Nelson, Jacob L. 2021. “The next media regime: The pursuit of ‘audience engagement’ in journalism.” Journalism 22(9):2350–2367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Nic. 2018. “Reuters institute digital news report 2018.” Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.Google Scholar
, NORC. 2016. A New Understanding: What Makes People Trust and Rely on News. Technical report American Press Institute.Google Scholar
, NORC. 2018. Americans and the News Media. Technical report American Press Institute.Google Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan. 2010. “Why the “death panel” myth wouldn’t die: Misinformation in the health care reform debate.” The Forum 8(1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan. 2020. “Facts and myths about Misperceptions.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 34(3):220–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan and Reifler, Jason. 2015. “The effect of fact-checking on elites: A field experiment on US state legislators.” American Journal of Political Science 59(3):628–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ognyanova, Katherine, Lazer, David, Robertson, Ronald E and Wilson, Christo. 2020. “Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/misinformation-in-action-fake-news-exposure-is-linked-to-lower-trust-in-media-higher-trust-in-government-when-your-side-is-in-power/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ott, Brian L. 2017. “The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 34(1):59–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Josh, Pasek, Sood, Gaurav and Krosnick, Jon A.. 2015. “Misinformed about the affordable care act? Leveraging certainty to assess the prevalence of misperceptions.” Journal of Communication 65(4):660–673.Google Scholar
Pingree, Raymond J., Hill, Megan and McLeod, Douglas M.. 2013. “Distinguishing effects of game framing and journalistic adjudication on cynicism and epistemic political efficacy.” Communication Research 40(2):193–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ethan, Porter, Velez, Yamil and Wood, Thomas J.. 2023. “Correcting COVID-19 vaccine misinformation in 10 countries.” Royal Society Open Science 10(3):221097.Google Scholar
Prochazka, Fabian and Schweiger, Wolfgang. 2019. “How to measure generalized trust in news media? An adaptation and test of scales.” Communication Methods and Measures 13(1):26–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, Ashwin, Morstatter, Fred and Lerman, Kristina. 2022. “Partisan asymmetries in exposure to misinformation.” Scientific Reports 12(1):15671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riddle, Karyn. 2010. “Always on my mind: Exploring how frequent, recent, and vivid television portrayals are used in the formation of social reality judgments.” Media Psychology 13(2):155–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romer, Daniel, Hall Jamieson, Kathleen and Aday, Sean. 2003. “Television news and the cultivation of fear of crime.” Journal of Communication 53(1):88–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Andrew S and Rivers, Damian J. 2018. “Discursive deflection: Accusation of “fake news” and the spread of mis-and disinformation in the tweets of president Trump.” Social Media+ Society 4(2):2056305118776010.Google Scholar
Schneiders, Pascal. 2023. “News from the user’s perspective: With naivety to validity.” Digital Journalism: 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searles, Kathleen and Feezell, Jessica T.. 2023. “Scrollability: A new digital news affordance.” Political Communication 40(5):670–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seitz, Amanda. 2020. “Virus misinformation flourishes in online protest groups.” Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-us-news-ap-top-news-politics-virus-outbreak-5862a9201c7b1bea62069a9c5e5fbb1c.Google Scholar
Seitz, Amanda and Fingerhut, Hannah. 2021. “Americans agree misinformation is a problem, poll shows.” PBS NewsHour. www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/americans-agree-misinformation-is-a-problem-poll-shows.Google Scholar
Shin, Hwayong. 2023. “Building credibility in polarized environments: Evidence from fact-checking”Google Scholar
Stephens, Bret. 2023. “How to destroy (what’s left of) the mainstream media’s credibility.” New York Times, February 9, 2023. www.nytimes.com/2023/02/09/opinion/mainstream-media-credibility-objectivity-journalism.html.Google Scholar
Strauss, Natalie. 2018. “Word of the year: Misinformation. Here’s why.” Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/education/2018/12/10/word-year-misinformation-heres-why/.Google Scholar
Tandoc, Edson C, Wei Lim, Zheng and Ling, Richard. 2018. “Defining ‘fake news’: A typology of scholarly definitions.” Digital Journalism 6(2):137–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Associated Press. 2018. “Florida woman: Airline told me to flush pet hamster.” The Associated Press.Google Scholar
Thorson, Emily. 2016. “Belief echoes: The persistent effects of corrected misinformation.” Political Communication 33(3):460–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorson, Emily A. 2018. FOURTEEN comparing approaches to journalistic fact checking. In Southwell, Brian G., Thorson, Emily A., and Sheble, Laura (eds.), Misinformation and mass audiences. University of Texas Press pp. 249–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toff, Benjamin, Badrinathan, Sumitra, Mont’Alverne, Camila, et al. 2021. “ Listening to what trust in news means to users: qualitative evidence from four countries.” Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f11227fa-45fd-48c9-80e5-64807691f80e.Google Scholar
Tsfati, Yariv, Boomgaarden, Hajo G., Strömbäck, Jesper, et al. 2020. “Causes and consequences of mainstream media dissemination of fake news: Literature review and synthesis.” Annals of the International Communication Association 44(2):157–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monmouth, University. 2020. Monmouth University National Poll. Technical report Monmouth University.Google Scholar
Urban, Juliane and Schweiger, Wolfgang. 2014. “News quality from the recipients’ perspective: Investigating recipients’ ability to judge the normative quality of news.” Journalism Studies 15(6):821–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uscinski, Joseph, Klofstad, Casey and Atkinson, Matthew. 2016. “What drives conspiratorial beliefs? The role of informational cues and predispositions.” Political Research Quarterly 69(1):57–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Usher, Nikki. 2021. News for the rich, white, and blue: How place and power distort American journalism. Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaccari, Cristian and Chadwick, Andrew. 2020. “Deepfakes and disinformation: Exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news.” Social Media+ Society 6(1):2056305120903408.Google Scholar
van der Meer, , Toni, GLA, Hameleers, Michael and Ohme, Jakob. 2023. “Can fighting misinformation have a negative spillover effect? how warnings for the threat of misinformation can decrease general news credibility.” Journalism Studies 24(6):1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duyn, Van, Emily, and Collier, Jessica. 2018. “Priming and fake news: The effects of elite discourse on evaluations of news media.” Mass Communication and Society 22(1):29–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veiga, Christine. 2023. “To build trust in the age of AI, journalists need new standards and disclosures.” Poynter. www.poynter.org/commentary/2023/jouranlism-artificial-intelligence-ethical-uses/.Google Scholar
Hohenberg, Von, Clemm, Bernhard and Guess, Andrew M.. 2022. “When do sources persuade? The effect of source credibility on opinion change.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 10(3):1–15.Google Scholar
Vraga, Emily K. and Bode, Leticia. 2017. “Using expert sources to correct health misinformation in social media.” Science Communication 39(5):621–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vraga, Emily K. and Bode, Leticia. 2020. “Defining misinformation and understanding its bounded nature: Using expertise and evidence for describing misinformation.” Political Communication 37(1):136–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin and Carlson, Matt. 2021. “Conjecturing fearful futures: Journalistic discourses on deepfakes.” Journalism Practice 15(6):803–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardle, Claire. 2018. “5 lessons for reporting in an age of disinformation.” First Draft 28. https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/5-lessons-for-reporting-in-an-age-of-disinformation/.Google Scholar
Wardle, Claire and Derakhshan, Hossein. 2017. Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking. Vol. 27 Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Wells, Chris, Dhavan, Shah, Lukito, Josephine, et al. 2020. “Trump, Twitter, and news media responsiveness: A media systems approach.” New Media & Society 22(4):659–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Thomas, & Porter, Ethan. 2019. “The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes’ steadfast factual adherence.” Political Behavior 41:135–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Dannagal G., Hall Jamieson, Kathleen, Poulsen, Shannon and Goldring, Abigail. 2018. “Fact-checking effectiveness as a function of format and tone: Evaluating FactCheck. org and FlackCheck. org.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 95(1):49–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Yini, Wells, Chris, Wang, Song and Rohe, Karl. 2018. “Attention and amplification in the hybrid media system: The composition and activity of Donald Trump’s Twitter following during the 2016 presidential election.” New Media & Society 20(9):3161–3182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

How News Coverage of Misinformation Shapes Perceptions and Trust
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

How News Coverage of Misinformation Shapes Perceptions and Trust
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

How News Coverage of Misinformation Shapes Perceptions and Trust
Available formats
×