Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-77pjf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-11T08:33:25.409Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Philosophy of Mind

Memory and Remembering

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 November 2023

Felipe De Brigard
Felipe De Brigard
Affiliation:
Duke University, North Carolina

Summary

This Element surveys research on three central and interrelated issues about the nature of memory and remembering. The first is about the nature of memory as a cognitive faculty. This part discusses different strategies to distinguish memory from other cognitive faculties as well as different proposed taxonomies to differentiate distinct kinds of memory. The second issue concerns what memory does, which is traditionally thought to have a simple answer: remembering. As it turns out, philosophers not only disagree as to how to characterize remembering but also whether the function of memory is indeed to remember. Finally, the third issue is about the nature of what we remember-a question that may refer to the object of our memories but also to their content, with different views disagreeing on how to characterize the relationship between the two.
Get access

Keywords

memoryrememberingmemory tracesimulationismepisodic memory
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Philosophy of Mind
Online ISBN: 9781108955447
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 21 December 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). Remembering the past and imagining the future: Common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration. Neuropsychologia, 45(7): 1363–1377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, J. R. (1990). The Adaptive Character of Thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. & Milson, R. (1989). Human memory: An adaptive perspective. Psychological Review, 96: 703–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M. (2015). After Phrenology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Aronowitz, S. (2023). Semanticization challenges the episodic-semantic distinction. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.Google Scholar
Atance, C. M. & O’Neill, D. K. (2002). Episodic future thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(12): 533–539 https://doi.org/10.1086/721760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Augustin. (2006). Confessions. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Ayer, A. J. (1956). The Problem of Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Hackett.Google Scholar
Benjamin, B. S. (1956). Remembering. Mind, 65(259): 312–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergson, H. (1896/1908). Matter and Memory. New York: Zone Books.Google Scholar
Bernecker, S. (2010). Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bernecker, S. (2017). A causal theory of mnemonic confabulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8: 1207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliss, T. V. & Lømo, T. (1973). Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. Journal of Physiology, 232(2): 331–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borges, J. L. (1944). Ficciones. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sur.Google Scholar
Boyle, A. (2022). The mnemonic functions of episodic memory. Philosophical Psychology, 35(3): 327–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brentano, F. (1874). Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.Google Scholar
Brewer, W. F. & Treyens, J. C. (1981). Role of schemata in memory for places. Cognitive Psychology, 13(2): 207–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, D. (1979). The logic of knowing how and ability. Mind, 88(351): 394–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, A. & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1): 7–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, N. & Squire, L. R. (1980). Preserved learning and retention of pattern analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. Science, 210: 207–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copenhaver, R. (2017). John Locke and Thomas Reid. In Bernecker, S. & Michaelian, K. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Memory (pp. 470–479). Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corkin, S. (1968). Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal-lobe excision. Neuropsychologia, 6: 255–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corkin, S. (1984). Lasting consequences of bilateral medial temporal lobectomy: Clinical course and experimental findings in H. M. Seminars in Neurology, 4(2): 249–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corkin, S. (2013). Permanent Present Tense: The Unforgettable Life of the Amnesic Patient H. M. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Craver, C. (2003). The making of a memory mechanism. Journal of the History of Biology, 36: 153–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crystal, J. D. & Glanzman, D. L. (2013). A biological perspective on memory. Current Biology, 23(17): R728–R731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dębiec, J. & LeDoux, J. E. (2004). Disruption of reconsolidation but not consolidation of auditory fear conditioning by noradrenergic blockade in the amygdala. Neuroscience, 129(2): 267–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Brigard, F. (2014a). The nature of memory traces. Philosophy Compass, 9(6): 402–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Brigard, F. (2014b). Is memory for remembering? Recollection as a form of episodic hypothetical thinking. Synthese, 191(2): 155–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Brigard, F. (2017). Memory and imagination. In Bernecker, S. & Michaelian, K. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Memory (pp. 127–140). Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Brigard, F. (2019). Know-how, intellectualism, and memory systems. Philosophical Psychology, 32(5): 720–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Brigard, F. (2020). The explanatory indispensability of memory traces. The Harvard Review of Philosophy, 27: 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Brigard, F. (in press). Simulationism and memory traces. In Aronowitz, S. & Nadel, L. (Eds.), Memory, Space and Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Brigard, F., Addis, D., Ford, J. H., Schacter, D. L., & Giovanello, K. S. (2013). Remembering what could have happened: Neural correlates of episodic counterfactual thinking. Neuropsychologia, 51(12): 2401–2414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Brigard, F. & Gessell, B. S. (2016). Time is not of the essence: Understanding the neural correlates of mental time travel. In Michaelian, K., Klein, S. B., & Szpunar, K. K. (Eds.), Seeing the Future: Theoretical Perspectives on Future-Oriented Mental Time Travel (pp. 153–179). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Brigard, F. & Gessell, B. S. (2018). Why episodic memory may not be for communication. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41: e8, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X17001303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Brigard, F. & Parikh, N. (2019). Episodic counterfactual thinking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(1): 59–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Brigard, F., Umanath, S., & Irish, M. (2022). Rethinking the distinction between episodic and semantic memory: Insights from the past, present and future. Memory and Cognition, 50: 459–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debus, D. (2008). Experiencing the past: A relational account of recollective memory. dialectica, 62(4): 405–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debus, D. (2010). Accounting for epistemic relevance: A new problem for the causal theory of memory. American Philosophical Quarterly, 47(1): 17–29.Google Scholar
Debus, D. (2014). “Mental time travel”: Remembering the past, imagining the future, and the particularity of events. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 5: 333–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Descartes, R. (1649/1985). The passions of the soul. In Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R., & Murdoch, D. (Eds.), The Philosophical Writings of Descartes (pp. 325–404). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Descartes, R. (1991). The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dew, I. T. Z. & Cabeza, R. (2011). The porous boundaries between explicit and implicit memory: Behavioral and neural evidence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1224: 174–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dokic, J. (2014). Feeling the past: A two-tiered account of episodic memory. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 5(3): 413–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dranseika, V. (2020). False memories and quasi-memories. Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy, 3(3): 175–188.Google Scholar
Dudai, Y. (2007). Memory: It’s all about representations. In Roediger III, H. L., Dudai, Y., & Fitzpatrick, S. M. (Eds.), Science of Memory: Concepts (pp. 13–16). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. Dallas, TX: SIL International.Google Scholar
Evans, N. (2007). Standing up your mind: Remembering in Dalabon. In Amberber, M. (Ed.), The Language of Memory in a Cross-Linguistic Perspective (pp. 67–96). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, N. & Levinson, S. C. (2009). The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. Behavioral Brain Sciences, 32(5): 429–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernández, J. (2017). The intentional objects of memory. In Bernecker, S. & Michaelian, K. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Memory (pp. 88–99). Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frise, M. (2015). Epistemology of memory. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/epis-mem/.Google Scholar
Furlong, E. J. (1948). Memory. Mind, 57: 16–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furlong, E. J. (1951). A Study in Memory: A Philosophical Essay. London: Nelson.Google Scholar
Furlong, E. J. (1970). Mr. Urmson on memory and imagination. Mind, 79(313): 137–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabrieli, J. D. E., Fleischman, D. A., Keane, M. M., Reminger, S. L., & Morrel, F. (1995). Double dissociation between memory systems underlying explicit and implicit memory in the human brain. Psychological Science, 6(2): 72–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallistel, C. R. & King, A. P. (2010). Memory and the Computational Brain. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3: 208–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gershman, S. (2022). The molecular memory code and synaptic plasticity: A synthesis. Biosystems, 104825.Google Scholar
Gilboa, A. & Moscovitch, M. (2021). No consolidation without representation: Correspondence between neural and psychological representations in recent and remote memory. Neuron, 109(14): 2239–2255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glenberg, A. M. (1997). What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20(1): 1–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardt, O., Einarsson, E. Ö., & Nader, K. (2010). A bridge over troubled water: Reconsolidation as a link between cognitive and neuroscientific memory research traditions. Annual Review of Psychology, 61: 141–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Vann, S. D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007). Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,104: 1726–1731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazlett, A. (2010). The myth of factive verbs. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80(3): 497–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heil, J. (1978). Traces of things past. Philosophy of Science, 45(1), 60–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henke, K. (2010). A model for memory systems based on processing modes rather than consciousness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(7): 523–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbes, T. (1651/1994). Leviathan. Cambridge, MA: Hackett.Google Scholar
Holland, R. F. (1954). The empiricist theory of memory. Mind, 63(252): 464–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, D. (1739/1978). A Treatise of Human Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hurley, S. L. (1998). Consciousness in Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hutto, D. D. (2022). Remembering without a trace? Moving beyond trace minimalism. In Sant’Anna, A., McCarroll, C., & Michaelian, K. (Eds.), Current Controversies in Philosophy of Memory (pp. 61–81). Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt & Co.Google Scholar
Janssen, S. M. J., Chessa, A. G., & Murre, J. M. J. (2006). Memory for time: How people date events. Memory and Cognition, 34(1): 138–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jelinek, E. (1995). Quantification in Straits Salish. In Bach, E. W. (Ed.), Quantification in Natural Languages (pp. 487–540). Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Josselyn, S. A., Köhler, S., & Frankland, P. W. (2015). Finding the engram. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(9), 521–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, S. B., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Chance, S. (2002). Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions. Psychological Review, 109: 306–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurtzman, H. S. (1983). Modern conceptions of memory. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 44(1): 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, J. (1920). A Study in Realism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Langland-Hassan, P. (2022). Propping up the causal theory. Synthese, 200(2): 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1950). In search of the engram. In Society for Experimental Biology (Ed.), Physiological Mechanisms in Animal Behavior (Society’s Symposium IV) (pp. 454–482). Cambridge: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Leibniz, G. W. (1714/1989). Philosophical Writings. Cambridge, MA: Hackett.Google Scholar
Locke, D. (1971). Memory. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, J. (1694/1979). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(1): 19–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Loftus, E. F. & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25: 720–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahr, J. B. & Csibra, G. (2018). Why do we remember? The communicative function of episodic memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41: e1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malcolm, N. (1963). Knowledge and Certainty. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Malcolm, N. (1977). Memory and Mind. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1971). Simple memory: A theory for archicortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 262(841): 23–81, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1971.0078.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, C. B. & Deutscher, M. (1966). Remembering. Philosophical Review, 75: 161–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, M. G. (2001). Out of the past: Episodic recall as retained acquaintance. In Hoerl, C. & McCormack, T. (Eds.), Time and Memory: Issues in Philosophy and Psychology (pp. 257–284). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarroll, C. (2018). Remembering from the Outside. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O’Reilly, R. C. (1995). Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102: 419–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E., & Hinton, G. E. (1986). The Appeal of Parallel Distributed Processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
McDonald, R. J. & White, N. M. (1993). A triple dissociation of memory systems: Hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal striatum. Behavioral Neuroscience, 107(1): 3–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKoon, G., Ratcliff, R., & Dell, G. S. (1986). A critical evaluation of the semantic-episodic distinction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(2): 295–306.Google ScholarPubMed
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1945). Phenomenologie de la perception. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Michaelian, K. (2011). Generative memory. Philosophical Psychology, 24(3): 323–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaelian, K. (2016). Mental Time Travel: Episodic Memory and Our Knowledge of the Personal Past. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaelian, K. (2020). Confabulating as unreliable imagining: In defence of the simulationist account of unsuccessful remembering. Topoi, 39(1): 133–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaelian, K. (2022). Radicalizing simulationism: Remembering as imagining the (nonpersonal) past. Philosophical Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2022.2082934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaelian, K. & Robins, S. K. (2018). Beyond the causal theory? Fifty years after Martin and Deutscher. In Michaelian, K., Debus, D., & Perrin, D. (Eds.), New Directions in the Philosophy of Memory (pp. 13–32). New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaelian, K. & Sutton, J. (2017). Memory. In Zalta, Edward N. (Ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/memory/.Google Scholar
Milner, B. (1962). Les troubles de la memoire accompagnant des lesions hippocampiques bilaterales. Physiologie de l’hippocampe, 107: 257–272. Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique.Google Scholar
Milner, B., Corkin, S., & Teuber, H. L. (1968). Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H. M. Neuropsychologia, 6: 215–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, A. (2021). Memory disjunctivism: A causal theory. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 13(4): 1097–1117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moscovitch, M. (2007). Memory: Why the engram is elusive. In Roediger III, H. L., Dudai, Y., & Fitzpatrick, S. M. (Eds.), Science of Memory: Concepts (pp. 17–21). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Munsat, S. (1966). The Concept of Memory. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Murray, E. A., Wise, S. P., & Graham, K. S. (2017). Evolution of Memory Systems: Ancestors, Anatomy, and Adaptations. Oxford. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nadel, L. & Moscovitch, M. (1997). Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia and the hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 7(2): 217–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nader, K. & Hardt, O. (2009). A single standard for memory: The case for reconsolidation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(3): 224–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Kane, G., Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2004). Evidence for semantic learning in profound amnesia: An investigation with patient HM. Hippocampus, 14(4): 417–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1978). The Hippocampus As a Cognitive Map. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Perrin, D. (2016). Asymmetries in subjective time. In Michaelian, K., Klein, S. B., & Szpunar, K. K. (Eds.), Seeing the Future: Theoretical Perspectives on Future-Oriented Mental Time Travel (pp. 39–61). New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrin, D. (2018). A case for procedural causality in episodic recollection. In Michaelian, K., Debus, D., & Perrin, D. (Eds.), New Directions in the Philosophy of Memory (pp. 33–51). Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrin, D. & Michaelian, K. (2017). Memory as mental time travel. In Bernecker, S. & Michaelian, K. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Memory (pp. 228–239). Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranganath, C. & Blumenfeld, R. S. (2005). Doubts about double dissociations between short- and long-term memory. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9: 374–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reder, L. M., Park, H., & Kieffaber, P. D. (2009). Memory systems do not divide on consciousness: Reinterpreting memory in terms of activation and binding. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1): 23–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, T. (1785/1849). Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man. Edinburgh: McLachlan, Stewart, & Co.Google Scholar
Robins, S. K. (2016a). Representing the past: Memory traces and the causal theory of memory. Philosophical Studies, 173: 2993–3013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, S. K. (2016b). Optogenetics and the mechanism of false memory. Synthese, 193: 1561–1583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, S. K. (2017). Memory traces. In Bernecker, S. & Michaelian, K. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Memory (pp. 76–87). Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, S. K. (2018). Memory and optogenetic intervention: Separating the engram from the ecphory. Philosophy of Science, 85(5): 1078–1089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, S. K. (2020). Stable engrams and neural dynamics. Philosophy of Science, 87(5): 1130–1139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, S. K. (2022). Episodic memory is not for the future. In Sant’Anna, A., McCarroll, C., & Michaelian, K. (Eds.), Current Controversies in Philosophy of Memory (pp. 166–184). Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Roediger, H. L. & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words that were not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 21: 803–814.Google Scholar
Rosen, D. A. (1975). An argument for the logical notion of memory trace. Philosophy of Science, 42(1): 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowlands, M. (2017). Memory and the Self: Phenomenology, Science and Autobiography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., & PDP Research Group (Eds.). (1986). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Vol. 1: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, B. (1921). The Analysis of the Mind. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ryle, G. (1949). The Concept of Mind. London: Hutchinson & Co.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (2008). Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., De Brigard, F., & Szpunar, K. K. (2015). Episodic future thinking and episodic counterfactual thinking: Intersections between memory and decisions. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 117: 14–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, A. W. & Robins, S. (2022). Episodic memory, simulated future planning, and their evolution. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-021-00601-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, A. (2018). Memory and disjunctivism. Essays in Philosophy, 19(2), 213–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, A. (2020). Simulationism and the function(s) of episodic memory. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 11(2): 487–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwitzgebel, E. (2008). The unreliability of naive introspection. Philosophical Review, 117(2): 245–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scoville, W. & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 20: 11–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Semon, R. W. (1904/1921). The Mneme. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, S. (1972). Memory. Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sorabji, R. (1972). Aristotle on Memory. London: Duckworth.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spinoza, B. (1677/1992). Treatise on the Emendation of Intellect. Cambridge, MA: Hackett.Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1986). Mechanisms of memory. Science, 232: 1612–1619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review, 99: 195–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squires, R. (1969). Memory unchained. Philosophical Review, 78(2): 178–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, J. (2011). Know How. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stout, G. F. (1899). A Manual of Psychology. London: W. B. Clive.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stout, G. F. (1930). In what way is memory-knowledge immediate? In Stout, G. F., Studies in Philosophy and Psychology (pp. 166–181) London: McMillian and Co.Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T. & Corballis, M. C. (2007). The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel and is it unique to humans? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30: 299–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, J. (1998). Philosophy and Memory Traces: Descartes to Connectionism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Szpunar, K., Watson, J. M., & McDermott, K. B. (2007). Neural substrates of envisioning the future. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104: 642–647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talland, G. A. (1965). Deranged Memory: A Psychonomic Study of the Amnesic Syndrome. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Teyler, T. J. & DiScenna, P. (1986). The hippocampal memory indexing theory. Behavioral Neuroscience, 100: 147–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolman, E. C. (1940). Spatial angle and vicarious trial and error. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 30(1): 129–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In Tulving, E. & Donaldson, W. (Eds.), Organization of Memory (pp. 381–403). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umanath, S. & Coane, J. H. (2020). Face validity of remembering and knowing: Empirical consensus and disagreement between participants and researchers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(6): 1400–1422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urmson, J. O. (1967). Memory and imagination. Mind, 76(301): 83–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Fraassen, B. C. (1980). The Scientific Image. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vargha-Khadem, F., Gadian, D. G., Watkins, K. E., et al. (1997). Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory. Science, 277(5324): 376–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vendler, Z. (1972). Res cogitans: An essay in rational psychology. Foundations of Language, 14(3): 459–461.Google Scholar
Von Leyden, W. (1961). Remembering: A Philosophical Problem. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Vosgerau, G. (2010). Memory and content. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(3): 838–846.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & McCarthy, R. A. (1988). The fractionation of retrograde amnesia. Brain and Cognition, 7(2): 184–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & Shallice, T. (1969). The selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. Brain, 92: 885–896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werning, M. (2020). Predicting the past from minimal traces: Episodic memory and its distinction from imagination and preservation. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 11(2): 301–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werning, M. & Cheng, S. (2017). Taxonomy and unity of memory. In Bernecker, S. & Michaelian, K. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Memory (pp. 7–20). Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1980). Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Woozley, A. D. (1949). Theory of Knowledge. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Zemach, E. M. (1968). A definition of memory. Mind, 77(308): 526–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeman, A. & Butler, C. (2010). Transient epileptic amnesia. Current Opinion in Neurology, 23(6): 610–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Memory and Remembering
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Memory and Remembering
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Memory and Remembering
Available formats
×