Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-qlrfm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-15T16:42:56.811Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Reflective Practice in Language Teaching

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2022

Thomas S. C. Farrell
Affiliation:
Brock University

Summary

This Element examines the concept of reflective practice in language teaching. It includes a brief description of what reflective practice is and how it is operationalized by two of its main protagonists, John Dewey and Donald Schön, as well as some of the limitations of their conceptions. This is used as an introduction to how the author further developed their conceptions when operationalizing reflective practice for language teachers through a five-stage framework for reflecting on practice for language teachers. The author then presents an in-depth case study of the reflections of an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teacher working in Costa Rica as he moved through the five stages of the framework for reflecting on practice. The author then goes on to outline and discuss how reflective practice may be moved forward and calls attention to the importance of emotions in the process of reflection for language teachers.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009028783
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 19 May 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agudo, J. (ed.) (2019). Quality in TESOL teacher education. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilar‐Sánchez, J. (2005). English in Costa Rica. World Englishes, 24, 2, 161172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akbari, R. (2007). Reflections on reflection: A critical appraisal of reflective practices in L2 teacher education. System, 35, 2, 192207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anzalone, F. M. (2010). Education for the law: Reflective education for the law. In Lyons, N. (ed.), Handbook of reflective inquiry: Mapping a way of knowing for professional reflective inquiry (pp. 8599). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argyris, C., & Schon, D. (1974). Theory in practice: Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
Bartlett, L. (1990). Teacher development through reflective teaching. In Richards, J. C. & Nunan, D. (eds.), Second language teacher education (pp. 202214). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bleakley, A. (1999). From reflective practice to holistic reflexivity. Studies in Higher Education, 24, 3, 315330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borg, S. (2011). Language teacher education. In Simpson, J. (ed.), The Routledge handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 215228). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Boud, D., Keogh, R., & Walker, D. (eds.) (1985). Reflection: Turning experience into learning. New York: Kogan Page.Google Scholar
Boud, D., & Walker, D. (1998). Promoting reflection in professional courses: The challenge of context. Studies in Higher Education, 23, 2, 191206.Google Scholar
Brookfield, S. D. (1990). The skilful teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Brookfield, S. D. (1995). Becoming a critically reflective teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Brookfield, S. D. (2009). The concept of critical reflection: Promises and contradictions. European Journal of Social Work, 12, 3, 293304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, A. (2010). Doing action research in English language teaching: A guide for practitioners. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Campos, A. S. (2012). Teaching and learning English in Costa Rica: A critical approach. Letras, 52, 163178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (eds.) (1995). Teachers’ professional knowledge landscapes. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Coghlan, D., & Brannick, T. (2005). Doing action research in your organization. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Collin, S., Karsenti, T., & Komis, V. (2013). Reflective practice in initial teacher training: Critiques and perspectives. Reflective Practice, 14, 104117.Google Scholar
Colnerud, G. (2015). Moral stress in teaching practice. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 21, 3, 346360.Google Scholar
Crookes, G. (2013). Critical ELT in action: Foundations, promises, praxis. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruickshank, D., & Applegate, J. (1981). Reflective teaching as a strategy for teacher growth. Educational Leadership, 38, 553554.Google Scholar
Day, C. (1993). Reflection: A necessary but not sufficient condition for teacher development. British Educational Research Journal, 19, 8393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.Google Scholar
Ecclestone, K. (1996). The reflective practitioner: Mantra or model for emancipation? Studies in the Education of Adults, 28, 2, 146161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edge, J. (2011). The reflexive teacher educator in TESOL: Roots and wings. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, G., & Thomas, G. (2010). Can reflective practice be taught? Educational Studies, 36, 403414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanselow, J. F. (1988). “Let’s see”: Contrasting conversations about teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 22, 1, 113130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (1999a). The reflective assignment: Unlocking pre-service English teachers’ beliefs on grammar teaching. RELC Journal, 30, 117.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (1999b). Reflective practice in an EFL teacher development group. System, 27, 2, 157172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2001). Tailoring reflection to individual needs. Journal of Education for Teaching, 27, 1, 2338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2004). Reflective practice in action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2006). Reflective practice in action: A case study of a writing teacher’s reflections on practice. TESL Canada Journal, 23, 2, 7790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2007). Reflective practice for language teachers: From research to practice. London: Continuum Press.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2008). Novice language teachers: Insights and perspectives for the first year. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2013a). Reflective practice in ESL teacher development groups: From practices to principles. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2013b). Reflective writing for language teachers. Sheffield: Equinox.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2014). Reflective practice in ESL teacher development groups: From practices to principles. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2015). Promoting teacher reflection in second language education: A framework for TESOL professionals. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2016). From trainee to teacher: Reflective practice for novice teachers. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (ed.). (2017). Preservice teacher education. Alexandria, VA: TESOL Press.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2018). Research on reflective practice in TESOL. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2019a). Reflective practice in ELT. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2019b). Foreword. In de Dios Martinez Agudo, J. (ed.), Quality in TESOL teacher education (pp. iiii). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C., & Kennedy, B. (2019). Reflective practice framework for TESOL teachers: One teacher’s reflective journey. Reflective Practice, 20, 1, 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C., & Macapinlac, M. (2021). Professional development through reflective practice: A framework for TESOL teachers. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 24, 1, 125.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C., & Tan, S. (2008). Language policy, language teachers’ beliefs and classroom practices. Applied Linguistics, 29, 3, 381403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fook, J. (2010). Beyond reflective practice: Reworking the “critical” in critical reflection. In Bradbury, H., Frost, N., Kilminster, S., & Zukas, M. (eds.), Beyond reflective practice: New approaches to professional lifelong learning (pp. 3751). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Freeman, D. (2016). Educating second language teachers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frenzel, A. C., Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., et al. (2016). Measuring teacher enjoyment, anger, and anxiety: The Teacher Emotions Scales (TES). Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 148163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garton, S., & Richards, K. (2008). Professional encounters in TESOL: Discourses of teachers in teaching. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford: Further Education Unit Oxford Polytechnic.Google Scholar
Gordon, R., Kane, T., & Staiger, D. (2006). Identifying effective teachers using performance on the job. Hamilton Project discussion paper. Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, A. (2020). Mixed emotions: Teachers’ perceptions of their interactions with students. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 811826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, J. K., & Lee, R. (2011). Exploring the use of critical incident analysis and the professional learning conversation in an initial teacher education programme, Journal of Education for Teaching, 37, 2, 199217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatton, N., & Smith, D. (1995). Reflection in teacher education: Towards definition and implementation. Teaching and Teacher Education, 11, 1, 3349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hébert, C. (2015). Knowing and/or experiencing: A critical examination of the reflective models of John Dewey and Donald Schön. Reflective Practice, 16, 3, 361371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbs, V. (2007). Faking it or hating it: Can reflective practice be forced? Reflective Practice, 8, 3, 405417.Google Scholar
Holmes, M. (2010). The emotionalization of reflexivity. Sociology, 44, 1, 139154.Google Scholar
Inforcostarica. (2000). Education in Costa Rica (html). Infocostarrica, January 17, 2001. Retrieved from www.infocostarica.com/education/education.html.Google Scholar
Isenbarger, L., & Zembylas, M. (2006). The emotional labour of caring in teaching. Teaching & Teacher Education, 22, 1, 120134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Issitt, M. (2003). Reflecting on reflective practice for professional education and development in health promotion. Health Education Journal, 62, 2, 173188.Google Scholar
Jay, J. K., & Johnson, K. L. (2002). Capturing complexity: A typology of reflective practice for teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 1, 7385.Google Scholar
Johns, C. (1995). Framing learning through reflection within Carper’s fundamental ways of knowing in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22, 2, 226234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killion, J., & Todnem, G. (1991). A process of personal theory building. Educational Leadership, 48, 6, 1416.Google Scholar
Kim, H., Clabo, L., Burbank, P., & Martins, M. (2010). Application of critical reflective inquiry in nursing education. In Lyons, Nona (ed)., Handbook of reflective inquiry: Mapping a way of knowing for professional reflective inquiry (pp. 159–172). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Knezedivc, B. (2001). Action research. IATEFL Teacher Development SIG Newsletter, 1, 1012.Google Scholar
Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential learning as the science of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). Beyond methods: Macrostrategies for language teaching. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Loughran, J. (2002). Effective reflective practice: In search of meaning in learning about teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53, 1, 3343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lytle, S., & Cochran-Smith, M. (1992). Teacher research as a way of knowing. Harvard Education Review, 62, 447474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackenzie, C. (2002). Critical reflection, self-knowledge, and the emotions. Philosophical Explorations, 5, 3, 186206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, S., & Walsh, S. (2013). RP or “RIP”: A critical perspective on reflective practice. Applied Linguistics Review, 4, 2, 291315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, S., & Walsh, S. (2017). Reflective practice in English language teaching: Research-based principles and practices. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. R. (2000). Beyond exchange: Appraisal systems in English. In Hunston, S. and Thompson, G. (eds.), Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse (pp. 142175). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. R., & White, P. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, J. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCabe, A. (2002). Narratives: A wellspring for development. In Edge, Julian (ed.), Continuing professional development: Some of our perspectives (pp. 8289). Whitstable UK, IATEFL.Google Scholar
McGregor, D. (1960). The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
MEP (2001). Programas de Ingles III Ciclo [English standards for Junior High Schools]. San Jose, Costa Rica: Ministerio de Educacion Publica.Google Scholar
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Third edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Oberg, A., & Blades, C. (1990). The spoken and the unspoken: The story of an educator. Phenomonology+Pedagogy, 8, 161180.Google Scholar
Playsted, S. A. (2019). Reflective practice to guide teacher learning: A practitioner’s journey with beginner adult English language learners, IJLTR, 7, 3, 3752.Google Scholar
Richards, J. C. (2013). Curriculum approaches in language teaching: Forward, central, and backward design. RELC Journal, 44, 1, 533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, J. C., & Lockhart, C. (1994). Reflective teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robbins, S. P., Judge, T., & Campbell, T. (2017). Organizational behaviour. Second edition. Harlow, UK: Pearson Higher Education.Google Scholar
Rodgers, C. R. (2002). Defining reflection: Another look at John Dewey and reflective thinking. Teachers College Record, 104, 4, 842866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. B., & Reiff, J. (1993). A framework for reflective inquiry on practice: Beyond intuition and experience. Psychological Reports, 73, 13791394.Google Scholar
Smyth, W. J. (1992). Teachers’ work and the politics of reflection. American Education Research Journal, 29, 2, 267300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spalding, E., & Wilson, A. (2002). Demystifying reflection: A study of pedagogical strategies that encourage reflective journal writing. Teachers College Record, 104, 13931421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, C. (1998). A framework for teacher reflectivity. TESOL Quarterly, 32, 584591.Google Scholar
Stark, S., Stronach, I., & Cooke, P. (1999). Reflection and the gap between practice, education and research in nursing. Journal of Practice Teaching in Health and Social Work, 2, 2, 620: 7.Google Scholar
Tabachnik, R., & Zeichner, K. (2002). Reflections on reflective teaching. In Pollard, A. (ed.), Readings for reflective teaching (pp. 1316). London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Teng, M. F. (2017). Emotional development and construction of teacher identity: Narrative interactions about the pre-service teachers’ practicum experiences. Australian Journal of Teacher Education 42, 11, 117134.Google Scholar
Thompson, N., & Pascal, J. (2012). Developing critically reflective practice. Reflective Practice, 13, 311325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, P. (2020). Review: The Routledge Handbook of English Language Teacher Education. ELT Journal, 74, 4, 517520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valli, L. (1997). Listening to other voices: Description of teacher reflection in the United States. Peabody Journal of Education, 72, 1, 6788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Lier, L. (2005). Case study. In Hinkel, E. (ed.), Handbook of research in second language Learning (pp. 195208). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Wallace, M. (1996). Structured reflection: The role of the professional project in training ESL teachers. In Freeman, D. and Richards, J. C. (eds.), Teacher learning in language teaching (pp. 281294). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Walsh, S., & Mann, S. (2015). Doing reflective practice: A data-led way forward. ELT Journal, 69, 4, 351362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, P. (2000). Dialogue and inter-subjectivity: Reinterpreting the semantics of modality and hedging. In Coulthard, M., Cotterill, J., & Rock, F. (eds.), Working with dialogue (pp. 6780). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Zeichner, K. M. (1983). Alternative paradigms of teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education 34, 39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeichner, K. M., & Liston, D. P. (1996). Reflective teaching: An introduction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence ErlbaumGoogle Scholar
Zeichner, K. M., & Liston, D. P. (2014). Reflective teaching: an introduction. Second edition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Zwozdiak-Myers, P. (2012). The teacher’s reflective practice handbook. Becoming an extended professional through capturing evidence-informed practice. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Reflective Practice in Language Teaching
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Reflective Practice in Language Teaching
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Reflective Practice in Language Teaching
Available formats
×