The Disability Discrimination Act, passed by Parliament in 1995, is an important piece of legislation with the potential to protect the employment rights of people with disabilities. It covers people with physical or mental impairments that have a substantial and long-term adverse effect on their ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. The Act has sections regarding protection from discrimination in employment, in the provision of goods, services and facilities, and in education. These parts of the Act have implications for people working in mental health services when they are considering employment and educational opportunities for service users.

Risk management is a requirement of clinical governance and a new paradigm for child and adolescent mental health services. Issues are different from those of adult services and a wide range need to be considered, which include not only the risk of harm to self, to others and from others but also from the system (by omission or commission) and to the staff. Systematic policy development, using information from audits, complaints, incidents and inquiries, will be helpful and interagency agreements necessary to promote coordination. The complex regulatory framework is discussed.

Recruitment and retention of psychiatrists is a major concern in commissioning and providing mental health services. With consultant vacancies overall in the UK running at over 12% for many years, current services are stretched and in some areas only locum provision enables them to be maintained. This means that plans to reshape services with new teams, strengthening community-based work, could founder. Most professions within mental health share similar difficulties. The different stages of the career pathway of aspiring psychiatrists, from interested teenagers through to post-retirement consultants, are described. Difficulties at each stage in attracting and retaining the most appropriate people are discussed, and solutions at each point of the career cycle that could add up to a permanently better staffed service and a happier workforce are offered.

Palliative care is the active, total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment. Psychological problems such as depressive illness, anxiety, delirium, problems coping and body image disturbances are common in the palliative care setting, although they are often missed. A full assessment of these patients should take into account physical, emotional and spiritual factors; therapeutic work should include the patient's family. Pharmacological (antidepressants, anxiolytics and antipsychotics) and cognitive–behavioural treatments are often effective in allaying distress in this group of patients, and can improve coping skills and quality of life. Liaison psychiatrists have a role in teaching palliative care staff to recognise psychiatric disorders. A number of case studies are presented to illustrate these points.

Despite the higher prevalence of learning disabilities among some minority ethnic communities and the greater burden of care, families from minority ethnic communities with a member who has learning disabilities are doubly disadvantaged as a result of racial discrimination and culturally inappropriate forms of care and service provision. This paper looks at the issue of discrimination, as well as the generally negative attitudes towards people with learning disabilities, and synthesises these into the concept of ‘double jeopardy’. It concludes by proposing ways of developing cultural competence in the delivery of care to this population.

Looked after children are disadvantaged with regard to their mental and physical health and education. Research is limited on this population, but dramatic findings prompted the Government to produce a number of guidance and policy documents over the past 5 years. This paper discusses the available research and highlights the problems that looked after children face. The new policy initiatives are listed, along with a number of obstacles to be overcome if the care of these young people is to be improved.

Drug treatments play an important role in the treatment of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. However, there is often a long delay before research findings are translated into clinical practice; furthermore, changes in clinical practice outstrip the available evidence. This paper focuses on current issues and research findings on the pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and affective disorders. Clinical findings from a US study of the treatment of ADHD with extended-release stimulants and non-stimulants, and the development and use of clinical guidelines are discussed. Clinical trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for early-onset depression, approaches to managing treatment-resistant depression and guidance on the drug treatment of early-onset mania are considered.

Personal development plans (PDPs) are a central requirement to remaining in good standing for the Continuing Professional Development programme of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. They are also integral to the framework now agreed for consultant appraisal in the National Health Service. This paper sets out the context which makes PDPs increasingly important and discusses the link between appraisal and revalidation, covering ‘360-degree’ techniques such as Ramsey questionnaires (which may ultimately figure in revalidation mechanisms). It then describes the practicalities of generating PDPs, especially in peer group settings. Experience from pilot workshops is used to illustrate how PDPs can be made to work and how learning/developmental objectives can be made meaningful.

Unemployment is high among those with mental disorders, particularly severe mental disorders, and there are a range of social and economic barriers impeding their employment. In general, there is a lack of vocational rehabilitation services in the UK for people with both physical and mental illnesses, despite good evidence for the effectiveness of some work schemes. Here, the need is discussed for a national strategy for vocational rehabilitation that involves employment and health services, and covers both physical and mental disorders.

In her article, O'Hara (2003, this issue) has concisely addressed the multitude of complex issues relating to ethnicity in people with learning disabilities, to their carers and to provision for services. The article brings out the interplay between culture, race, ethnicity and learning disability, using an interactional model.

Guidelines are readily available for the treatment of depression, and more recent ones are explicitly evidence-based. Their core messages vary little but they tend to minimise uncertainties and gloss over difficult areas. This article examines three areas of uncertainty: the thresholds of severity and, for milder depression, the duration of illness for which antidepressants are more effective than placebo; the next step in drug treatment when a patient has failed to respond adequately to a first antidepressant; and how long continuing on antidepressants should be recommended in relation to individual patients' needs. It is concluded that the uncertainties in relation to treating individual patients are a combination of lack of evidence and individual patient factors but there is also an intrinsic uncertainty that will continue to require good clinical judgement.