Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T22:31:27.905Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Introduction. Understanding African Land-Holding: Power, Wealth, and Meaning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Parker Shipton  and
Mitzi Goheen
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Africa is the region with the sparsest overall population, but to infer that Africa has no problems of rural land shortage would be quite wrong. The continent has the highest and fastest-rising rate of population growth—lately over 3 per cent annually—and the distribution of people across the continent is quite uneven. At least as far as rain-fed lands are concerned, some of its local densities already count among the world's highest. Several of its nations—for instance Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria—encompass within their borders a full spectrum from range land or desert with fewer than five per square kilometre to better-watered settlements of over 500 per square kilometre, where domestic groups have space for little more than kitchen gardens.

Type
Research Article
Information
Africa , Volume 62 , Issue 3: Rights Over Land: Categories and Controversies , July 1992 , pp. 307 - 325
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References and Extended Bibliography

Ady, P. H. 1967. Africa: Oxford regional economic atlas. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
*Allan, William. 1965. The African Husbandman. London: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Barclay, Albert H. 1977. ‘The Mumias Sugar Project: a case study of rural development in western Kenya’, Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms.Google Scholar
Bentley, Jeffery W. 1987. ‘Economic and ecological approaches to land fragmentation’, Annual Review of Anthropology 16, 31–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Berry, Sara. 1988a. ‘Property rights and rural resource management: the case of tree crops in West Africa’, in Bennett, John W. and Bowen, John R. (eds.), Production and Autonomy: anthropological studies and critiques of development, pp. 143–62. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, for the Society for Economic Anthropology.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara. 1988b. ‘Property rights and rural resource management’, Cahiers des Sciences Humaines 24 (1), 3–16.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara. 1988c. ‘Concentration without privatization’, in Downs, Richard E. and Reyna, S. P. (eds.), Land and Society in Contemporary Africa, pp. 53–75. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
*Daniel, Biebuyck, ed. 1963. African Agrarian Systems. London: Oxford University Press, for the International African Institute.Google Scholar
*Bohannan, Paul. 1963. ‘“Land”, “tenure” and land-tenure’, in Biebuyck, Daniel (ed.), African Agrarian Systems, pp. 101–15. London: Oxford University Press, for the International African Institute.Google Scholar
*Boserup, Ester. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: the economics of agrarian change under population pressure. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Brokensha, David, and Glazier, J. 1973. ‘Land reform among the Mbeere of central Kenya’, Africa 43 (3), 182–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Bruce, John. 1986. ‘Land Tenure Issues in Project Design and Strategies for Agricultural Development in sub-Saharan Africa’, LTC Paper 128. Madison, Wis.: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Carlsen, John. 1980. Economic and Social Transformation in Rural Kenya. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.Google Scholar
Cheater, Angela. 1983. ‘Formal and informal rights to land in Zimbabwe's black freehold areas: a case study from Msengezi’, Africa 52 (3), 77–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciekawy, Diane. 1988. ‘Land tenure reform in Kenya's Southern Kilifi District, 1955-87’, Journal of Eastern African Research and Development 18, 164–80.Google Scholar
Cohen, John M. 1980. ‘Land tenure and rural development in Africa’, in Bates, Robert H. and Lofchie, Michael J. (eds.), Agricultural Development in Africa: issues of public policy, pp. 349–400. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Coldham, Simon. 1978a. ‘Land control in Kenya’, Journal of African Law 22 (1), 63–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coldham, Simon. 1978b. ‘The effect of registration of title upon customary land rights in Kenya’, Journal of African Law 22 (2), 91–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coldham, Simon. 1979. ‘Land-tenure reform in Kenya: the limits of the law’, Journal of Modern African Studies 17 (4), 615–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul. 1983. ‘Malfunctioning of African rural factor markets: theory and a Kenyan example’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 45 (2), 141–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cory, Hans. 1953. Sukuma Law and Custom. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.Google Scholar
Cory, Hans, and Hartnoll, M. M. 1945. Customary Law of the Haya Tribe. London: Oxford University Press, for the International African Institute.Google Scholar
*Couty, P., Marchal, J-Y., Pelissier, P., Poussi, M., Savonnet, G., and Schwartz, A. eds. 1979. Maitrise de l'espace agraire et developpement en Afrique tropicale: logique paysanne et rationnalite technique. Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
*Bernard, Crousse, Le Bris, Emile, and Le Roy, Etienne, eds. 1986. Espaces disputes en Afrique noire: pratiques foncieres locales. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Donald, Crummey, Bassett, Thomas, eds. 1992 (forthcoming). Land in African Agrarian Systems. Madison, WiS.: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Davenport, T. R. H., and Hunt, K. S. eds. 1974. The Right to the Land: documents on southern African history. Cape Town: David Philip.Google Scholar
*Jean, Davison, ed. 1988. Agriculture, Women, and Land: the African experience. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
De Wilde, John C. 1967. Experiences with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Dickerman, Carol. 1987. ‘Security of Tenure and Land Registration in Africa: literature review and synthesis’, LTC Paper 137. Madison, Wis.: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Downs, Richard E., and Reyna, S. P. eds. 1988. Land and Society in Contemporary Africa. Hanover N.H.: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
EcoSystems Ltd. 1985. ‘Integrated Land Use Survey’, report to the Lake Basin Development Authority. Nairobi: EcoSystems.Google Scholar
Eyzaguirre, Pablo. 1988. ‘Competing systems of land tenure in an African plantation society’, in Downs, R. E. and Reyna, S. P. (eds.), Land and Society in Contemporary Africa, pp. 340–61. Hanover N.H.: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Fleuret, Anne. 1988. ‘Some consequences of tenure and agrarian reform in Taita, Kenya’, in Downs, Richard E. and Reyna, S. P. (eds.), Land and Society in Contemporary Africa, pp. 136–58. Hanover N.H.: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Fortmann, Louise, and Bruce, John. 1988. Whose Trees? Proprietary dimensions of forestry. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
*Fortmann, Louise, and Riddell, John C. 1985. Trees and Tenure: an annotated bibliography for agroforesters and others. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Land Tenure Center, and Nairobi International Council for Research in Agroforestry.Google Scholar
*Christine, Gladwin, ed. 1990. African Women Farmers and Structural Adjustment. Gainesville, Fla.: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
*Glazier, Jack. 1985. Land and the Uses of Tradition among the Mbeere of Kenya. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Gleave, M. B., and White, H. P. 1969. ‘Population density and agricultural systems in West Africa’, in Thomas, M. F. and Whittington, G. W. (eds.), Environment and Land Use in Africa, pp. 272–300. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Glickman, Maurice. 1974. ‘Patriliny among the Gusii and Luo of Kenya’, American Anthropologist 76, 312–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Gluckman, Max. 1965. The Ideas in Barotse Jurisprudence. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Goheen, Miriam. 1984. ‘Ideology and Political Symbols in a West African Chiefdom: the commoditization of land, labor and symbolic capital’, Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International.Google Scholar
Goheen, Miriam. 1988a. ‘Land accumulation and local control: the manipulation of symbols and power in Nso, Cameroon’, in Downs, R. and Reyna, S. (eds.), Land and Society in Contemporary Africa, pp. 280–308. Hanover N.H.: University of New England Press.Google Scholar
Goheen, Miriam. 1988b. ‘Land and the household economy: women of the grassfields today’, in Davison, Jean (ed.), Agriculture, Women, and Land: the African experience, pp. 90–105. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
Green, Joy. 1987. ‘Evaluating the Impact of Consolidation of Holdings, Individualization of Tenure, and Registration of Title: lessons from Kenya’, LTC Paper 129, Madison, Wis.: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Grove, A. T. 1962. ‘Population densities and agriculture in northern Nigeria’, in Barbour, K. M. and Prothero, R. M. (eds.), Essays in African Population, pp. 115–36. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Hailey, William Malcolm. 1957. An African Survey. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hardin, Garrett, and Baden, J., eds. 1977. Managing the Commons. San Francisco: Freeman.Google Scholar
Haugerud, Angelique. 1983. ‘The consequences of land tenure reform among smallholders in the Kenyan highlands’, Rural Africana 15-16, 65–89.Google Scholar
Haugerud, Angelique. 1989. ‘Land tenure and agrarian change in Kenya’, Africa 59 (1), 61–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herskovitz, Melville. 1940. Economic Anthropology. Reprinted New York: Norton, 1952.Google Scholar
Hill, Polly. 1970. Studies in Rural Capitalism in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Polly. 1972. Rural Hausa: a village and a setting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Polly. 1982. Dry Grain Farming Families: Hausaland (Nigeria) and Karnataka (India) compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoben, Allan. 1973. Land Tenure among the Amhara of Ethiopia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hoben, Allan. 1988. ‘The political economy of land tenure in Somalia’, in Downs, Richard E. and Reyna, S. P. (eds.), Land and Society in Contemporary Africa. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
*Hogg, Richard. 1986. ‘The new pastoralism: poverty and dependence in northern Kenya’, Africa 56 (3), 319–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, Diana. 1984. The Impending Crisis in Kenya: the case for land reform. Aldershot, and Brookfield, Vt: Gower.Google Scholar
Hunter, John M. 1972. ‘Cocoa migration and patterns of land ownership in the Densu valley near Sahum, Ghana’, in Prothero, R. M. (ed.), People and Land in Africa South of the Sahara, pp. 85–109. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
James, R. W. 1971. Land Tenure and Policy in Tanzania. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
, Kenya. 1981. ‘Compendium to Volume 1, 1979 Population Census’. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Planning and Development.Google Scholar
Kitching, Gavin. 1980. Class and Economic Change in Kenya. New Haven, Conn.; Yale University Press.Google Scholar
La Fontaine, Jean. 1979. ‘Land and the political community in Bugisu’, in Shack, William and Cohen, Percy S. (eds.), Politics in Leadership. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Le Bris, Emile. 1979. ‘Surpression demographique et evolution fonciere: le cas du sud-est du Togo’, African Perspectives 1 (special issue), 107–25.Google Scholar
*Emile, Le Bris, Le Roy, Etienne, and Leimdorfer, F., eds. 1982. Enjeux fonders en Afrique noire. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Lilongwe Land Development Programme. 1974. ‘An Evaluation Survey of Land Allocation in the Lilongwe Land Development Programme’. Lilongwe, Malawi: Land Allocation Section, Lilongwe Land Development Programme.Google Scholar
*Little, Peter. 1985. ‘Absentee herd owners and part-time pastoralists: the political economy of resource use in northern Kenya’, Human Ecology 13 (2), 131–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liversage, V. 1945. Land Tenure in the Colonies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Long, Norman. 1968. Social Change and the Individual. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
*Lott, Charlotte. 1979. ‘Land Concentration in the Third World: statistics on number and area of farms classified by size of farms’, Training and Methods Series 28. Madison, Wis.: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Ludwig, Heinz-Dieter. 1968. ‘Permanent farming on Ukara: the impact of land shortage on husbandry practices’, in Ruthenberg, Hans (ed.), Smallholder Farming and Smallholder Development in Tanzania, Afrika-Studien 24, pp. 87–133. Munich: Weltforum Verlag.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, Fiona. 1989. ‘Land and territory: the interface between two systems of land tenure, Murang'a District, Kenya’, Africa 59 (1), 91–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mbagwu, Theo C. 1978. ‘Land concentration around a few individuals in Igbo-land of eastern Nigeria’, Africa 42 (2), 101–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Meek, Charles Kingsley. 1946. Land Law and Custom in the Colonies. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Middleton, John. 1961. Land Tenure in Zanzibar, Colonial Research Studies 33. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Migot-Adholla, Edwin Shem. 1977. ‘Migration and Rural Differentiation in Kenya’, Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Mkangi, George C. 1983. The Social Cost of Small Families and Land Reform: a case study of the Wataita of Kenya. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
*Joyce Lewinger, Moock, ed. 1986. Understanding Africa's Rural Households and Farming Systems. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
*Moore, Sally Falk. 1986. Social Facts and Fabrications: ‘customary’ law on Kilimanjaro, 1880-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, W. B. 1972. ‘Farming practice, settlement pattern and population density in south-eastern Nigeria’, in Prothero, R. M. (ed.), People and Land in Africa South of the Sahara, pp. 71–84. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mortimore, Michael. 1972. ‘Land and population pressure in the Kano closesettled zone’, in Prothero, R. M. (ed.), People and Land in Africa South of the Sahara, pp. 60–70. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
*Murray, Colin. 1981. Families Divided: the impact of migrant labour in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, and Johannesburg: Ravan.Google Scholar
Nakabayashi, Nobuhiro. 1981. ‘The clan system and social change in modern Isukha’, in Nagashima, Nobuhiro (ed.), Themes in Socio-cultural Ideas and Behavior among the six Ethnic Groups in Kenya, pp. 14–42. Tokyo: Hitotsubashi University.Google Scholar
*Netting, Robert. 1968. Hill Farmers of Nigeria: cultural ecology of the Kofyar of the Jos plateau. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
*Netting, Robert. 1974. ‘Agrarian ecology’, Annual Review of Anthropology 3, 21–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Netting, Robert. 1982. ‘Territory, property, and tenure’, in Adams, Robert McC.Smelser, N. J. and Treiman, D. J. (eds.), Behavioral and Social Science Research: a national resource, pp. 446–502. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Netting, Robert. 1988. ‘Agricultural Expansion, Intensification, and Market Participation among the Kofyar, Jos Plateau, Nigeria’, Paper presented at the Workshop on Population Growth and Agricultural Change in sub-Saharan Africa, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1-3 May.Google Scholar
Noronha, Raymond. 1985. A Review of the Literature on Land Tenure Systems in sub-Saharan Africa, Report. Washington D.C.: World Bank.Google Scholar
Okec, S. 1969. ‘Pilot schemes for the registration of land titles in Uganda’, in Obol-Ochola, J. (ed.), Land Law Reform in East Africa, pp. 255–64. Kampala: National Trust Adult Education Centre.Google Scholar
Okere, L. C. 1983. The Anthropology of Food in Rural Igboland. Nigeria. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O. 1976. ‘African land tenure reform’, in Heyer, JudithMaitha, J. K. and Senga, W. M. (eds.), Agricultural Development in Kenya, pp. 152–85. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O. 1978. ‘The Political Economy of Land Law’, D.S.L. thesis, Yale University.Google Scholar
*Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O. 1989. ‘Some issues of theory in the study of tenure relations in African agriculture’, Africa 59 (1), 6–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O. 1991. Tenants of the Crown: evolution of agrarian law and institutions in Kenya. Nairobi: African Centre of Technology Studies.Google Scholar
Onalo, P. L. 1986. Land Law and Conveyancing in Kenya. Nairobi: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Pala, Achola O. 1983. ‘Women's access to land and their role in agriculture and decision-making on the farm: experiences of the Joluo of Kenya’, Journal of Eastern African Research and Development 13, 69–85.Google Scholar
Parkin, David J. 1972. Palms, Wine and Witnesses: public spirit and private gain in an African farming community. San Francisco: Chandler.Google Scholar
Paterson, Douglas B. 1980. ‘Coping with Land Scarcity’, IDS Working Paper 360. Nairobi: Institute of Development Studies, University of Nairobi.Google Scholar
Paterson, Douglas B. 1984. ‘Kinship, Land and Community: the moral foundations of the Abaluhya of east Bunyore’, Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington.Google Scholar
Paulson, Jo Ann. 1984. ‘The Structure and Development of Financial Markets in Kenya’, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Peters, Pauline E. 1983. ‘Cattlemen, Borehole Syndicates and Privatization in the Kgatleng District of Botswana: an anthropological history of the transformation of the commons’, Ph.D. thesis, Boston University. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International.Google Scholar
Peters, Pauline E. 1984. ‘Struggles over water, struggles over meaning: cattle, water and the state in Botswana’, Africa 54 (3), 29–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Pauline E. 1986. ‘Embedded systems and rooted models: the grazing lands of Botswana and the commons debate’, in McCay, B. J. and Acheson, J. M. (eds.), A Question of the Commons: the culture and ecology of communal resources, pp. 171–94. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Pingali, Prabhu, and Binswanger, Hans P. 1987. ‘Population density and agricultural intensification’, in Johnson, D. Gale and Lee, R. D. (eds.), Population Growth in Economic Development, pp. 27–56. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
*Mansell, Prothero R., ed. 1972. People and Land in Africa South of the Sahara. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
*John, Raintree, ed. 1987. Land, Trees and Tenure. Nairobi: International Council for Research in Agroforestry, and Madison, Wis.: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terence, ed. 1983. ‘The invention of tradition in colonial Africa’, in Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence (eds.), The Invention of Tradition, pp. 211-61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
*Richards, Paul. 1983. ‘Ecological change and the politics of African land use’, African Studies Review 26 (2), 1–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riddell, James, and Dickerman, Carol. 1986. Country Profiles of Land Tenure: Africa, 1986. Madison, Wis.: Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Riviere, Claude. 1973. ‘Dynamique des systemes fonciers et inegalites sociales: le cas guineen’, Cahiers International de Sociologie 54 (1), 61–94.Google Scholar
*Robertson, A. F. 1987. The Dynamics of Productive Relationships: African share contracts in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Paul. 1987. ‘Land as a right to membership: land tenure dynamics in a peripheral area of the Kano close-settled zone’, in Watts, Michael (ed.), State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, pp. 223–47. Berkeley, Cal.: Institute of International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
Saul, Mahir. 1988. ‘Money and land tenure as factors in farm size differentiation in Burkina Faso’, in Downs, Richard E. and Reyna, S. P. (eds.), Land and Society in Contemporary Africa, pp. 243–79. Hanover N.H.: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Shipton, Parker. 1984a. ‘Lineage and locality as antithetical principles in East African systems of land tenure’, Ethnology 23 (2), 117–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shipton, Parker. 1984b. ‘Strips and patches: a demographic dimension in some African landholding and political systems’, Man (n.s.) 19, 617–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shipton, Parker. 1985. ‘Land, Credit and Crop Transitions in Kenya: the Luo response to directed development in Nyanza Province’, Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International.Google Scholar
Shipton, Parker. 1988. ‘The Kenyan land tenure reform: misunderstandings in the public creation of private property’, in Downs, Richard E. and Reyna, S. P. (eds.), Land and Society in Contemporary Africa, pp. 91–135. Hanover N.H.: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Shipton, Parker. 1989a. Bitter Money: cultural economy and some African meanings of forbidden commodities. American Ethnological Society Monograph 1. Washington D.C.: American Anthropological Association.Google Scholar
Shipton, Parker. 1989b. ‘How Private Property arises in Africa: directed and undirected land tenure reforms’, report to the Bureau of Program and Policy Coordination, Cambridge, Mass.: US Agency for International Development.Google Scholar
Shipton, Parker. 1990. ‘Time and money in the western Sahel: a clash of cultures in Gambian rural finance’, in Roemer, Michael and Jones, Christine (eds.), Markets in Developing Countries. San Francisco: Center for Economic Growth.Google Scholar
Simpson, S. R. 1976. Land Law and Registration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, Francis. 1977. ‘Land law and economic change in rural Senegal: Diola pledge transactions and disputes’, in Hamnett, Ian (ed.), Social Anthropology and Law, pp. 113–57. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sorrenson, M. P. K. 1967. Land Reform in the Kikuyu Country. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
*Stichter, Sharon. 1985. Migrant Labourers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
*Swindell, Ken. 1985. Farm Labour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Swynnerton, R. J. M. 1954. ‘A Plan to Intensify the Development of African Agriculture in Kenya’. Nairobi: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Sytek, William L. 1966. ‘A History of Land Consolidation in Central Nyanza, 1956-62’. Makerere, Uganda: East African Institute of Social Research.Google Scholar
Turay, Harry. 1988. ‘Limits of Viability of Communal Land Tenure Systems: a case study of Sierra Leone’. Paper presented at the Symposium on Land in African Agrarian Systems, Center for African Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Wagner, Gunter. 1956. The Bantu of North Kavirondo II. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.Google Scholar
West, Henry W. 1972. Land Policy in Buganda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Rodney J. A. 1971. ‘The Economic Implications of Land Registration in Kenya's Smallholder Areas’, IDS Staff Paper 91. Nairobi: Institute of Development Studies, University of Nairobi.Google Scholar
Wilson, Rodney J. A. 1972. ‘Land control in Kenya's smallholder farming areas’, East African Journal of Rural Development 5 (1-2), 123–40.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1989. Sub-Saharan Africa: from crisis to sustainable growth. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Google Scholar
Young, Roland, and Fosbrooke, Henry. 1960. Land and Politics among the Luguru of Tanzania. London: Routledge.Google Scholar