Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T12:39:30.276Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Kickin' it: leisure, politics and football in colonial Zanzibar, 1900s–1950s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Résumé

Comme C. L. R. James a démontré dans Beyond a Boundary, les sports d'équipes organisés ont incarné les efforts coloniaux pour inculquer la hiérarchie, la stabilité et la discipline dans les esprits des colonisés. Ces valeurs n'ont pas cependant été intériorisées passivement. Vue comme microcosme de l'experience coloniale, cet étude du football au Zanzibar illustre les limites de l'abilité des européens pour façonner les expériences sociales des africains. Le sport au Zanzibar, comme ailleurs dans l'empire, a souvent été empreint de conflits sous-jacents et a parfois été ouvertement politique. Cependant le football a représenté beaucoup plus qu'un champ de bataille politique pour les joueurs et les spectateurs. Pour les homines au Zanzibar colonial jouer et regarder le football avait été souvent une expérience sociale importante. Cet article explore la diversité des significations attribuées au football entre 1900 et 1950.

Type
Colonial Zanzibar
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Afro-Shirazi, . n.d. The History of Zanzibar Africans and the Formation of the AfroShirazi Party. Zanzibar: Afro-Shirazi Headquarters.Google Scholar
Aley, Juma. 1984. Twenty-one Years Leadership Contrasts and Similarities. Dar es Salaam: International Publishers Agencies.Google Scholar
Aley, Juma. 1992. Unpublished manuscript on the history of organised sport in Zanzibar, presented to the author on 16 June 1992.Google Scholar
Ambler, Charles. 1996. ‘A History of Leisure in Colonial Urban Africa’.Paper presented at a conference on Africa's Urban Past, School of Oriental and African Studies,University of London, June.Google Scholar
Ambler, Charles, and Crush, Jonathan (eds.). 1992. Liquor and Labor in Southern Africa. Athens, Oh.: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Anthony, David. 1983. ‘Culture and Society in a Town in Transition: a people's history of Dar es Salaam, 1865–1939’. Ph.D. dissertation, Madison, Wis., University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Archer, Robert. 1987. ‘An exceptional case: politics and sport in South Africa's townships’, in Baker, W. and Mangan, J. A. (eds.), Sport in Africa: essays in social history. New York: Africana.Google Scholar
Baramia, Salma. 1992. ‘Iwapi ngoma ya Kunguiya Unguja?’ Nuru, 16 July.Google Scholar
Batson, E. 1961. Social Survey of Zanzibar Protectorate 10. Cape Town: School of Social Sciences and Social Administration, University of Cape Town.Google Scholar
Browne, J. Ross. 1846. Etchings of a Whaling Cruise. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Burton, R. F. 1872. Zanzibar: city, island and coast 2. London: Tinsley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cashman, Richard. 1988. ‘Cricket and colonialism: colonial hegemony and indigenous subversion?’ in Mangan, J. A. (ed.), Pleasure, Profit and Proselytism: British culture and sport at home and abroad, 1700–1914, pp. 258–72. London: Cass.Google Scholar
Christie, James. 1876. Cholera Epidemics in East Africa. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Clayton, Anthony. 1981. The Zanzibar Revolution and its Aftermath. Hamden, Conn.: Archon.Google Scholar
Clayton, Anthony. 1987. ‘Sport and African soldiers: the military diffusion of Western sport throughout sub-Saharan Africa’, in Baker, W. and Mangan, J. A. (eds.), Sport in Africa: essays in social history, pp. 114–37. New York: Africana.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1980. From Slaves to Squatters. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1983. ‘Urban space, industrial time and wage labor in Africa’, in Cooper, F. (ed.), Struggle for the City: migrant labor, capital and the state in urban Africa, pp. 750. Beverly Hills, Cal.: Sage.Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. 1987. On the African Waterfront. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Couzens, Tim. 1983. ‘An introduction to the history of football in South Africa’, in Bozzoli, Belinda (ed.), Town and Countryside in the Transvaal, pp. 198214. Johannesburg: Ravan.Google Scholar
Couzens, Tim. 1995. The New African: a study of the life and work of H. I. E. Dhlomo. Johannesburg: Ravan.Google Scholar
Cross, Gary. 1990. A Social History of Leisure since 1600. State College, Pa.: Venture.Google Scholar
Delves, Anthony. 1981. ‘Popular recreation and social conflict in Derby, 1800–50’, in Yeo, E. and Yeo, S. (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590–1914, pp. 89127. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities.Google Scholar
Fair, Laura. 1994. ‘Pastimes and Politics: a social history of Zanzibar's Ng'ambo community, 1890–1950’. Ph.D. dissertation, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Fair, Laura. 1997. ‘Identity, difference and dance: female initiation in Zanzibar, 1890–1930’, Frontiers 17, 3.Google Scholar
Franken, Marjorie. 1986. ‘Anyone can dance: a survey and analysis of Swahili Ngoma past and present.’ Ph.D. dissertation, Riverside, Cal.: University of California.Google Scholar
Genovese, Eugene. 1972. Roll, Jordan, Roll: the world the slaves made. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Glassman, Jonathan. 1995. Feasts and Riot: revelry, rebellion and popular consciousness on the Swahili coast. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Gower, R. H. 1958. ‘Swahili borrowings from English’, Tanganyikan Notes and Records 50, 118–20.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, John. 1986. Sport, Power and Culture: a social and historical analysis of popular sports in Britain. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Harries, Patrick. 1994. Work, Culture and Identity: migrant laborers in Mozambique and South Africa, c. 1860–1910. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Henry, Ian. 1993. The Politics of Leisure Policy. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hove, Chanjerai. 1994. Shebeen Tales. Harare: Baobab.Google Scholar
Jahadhmy, A. A. 1966. Waimaji wa Jozi. Dar es Salaam: Chuo cha uchunguzi wa Lugha ya Kisuahili.Google Scholar
James, C. L. R. 1963. Beyond a Boundary. London: Stanley Paul; reprint, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Jarvie, Grant. 1985. Class, Race and Sport in South Africa's Political Economy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jeffrey, Ian. 1992. ‘Street rivalry and football in Sharpeville’, African Studies 51 (1), 6994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamati Maalum ya Kuchunguza Historia ya Michezo ya Riadha na Mipira Visiwani. 1981. ‘Historia ya Michezo, Hali Halisi ya Michezo na Mapendekezo’. Unpublished confidential report, Zanzibar.Google Scholar
Kindy, Hyder. 1972. Life and Politics in Mombasa. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Kirk-Greene, Anthony. 1987. ‘Imperial administration and the athletic imperative: the case of the DO in Africa’, in Baker, and Mangan, J. (eds.), Sport in Africa: essays in social history, pp. 81113. New York: Africana.Google Scholar
Klein, Alan. 1991. Sugarball. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lofchie, Michael. 1965. Zanzibar: background to revolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lyne, Robert. 1905. Zanzibar in Contemporary Times. London: Dart.Google Scholar
Mangan, J. A. 1987. ‘Ethics and ethnocentricity: imperial education in British tropical Africa’, in Baker, W. and Mangan, J. A. (eds.), Sport in Africa: essays in social history, pp. 138–71. New York: Africana.Google Scholar
Martin, Phyllis. 1990. ‘The Social History of Leisure and Sport in Colonial Brazzaville’. African Humanities Program, Paper No. 7, Boston, Mass.: African Studies Center, Boston University.Google Scholar
Martin, Phyllis. 1991. ‘Colonialism, youth and football in French equatorial Africa’, International Journal of the History of Sport 8 (1), 5671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Phyllis. 1995. Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, Steve. 1991. ‘Brass bands and the beni phenomenon in urban East Africa’, African Music 7 (1), 7281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHenry, Dean. 1980. ‘The use of sports in policy implementation: the case of Tanzania’, Journal of Modern African Studies 18 (2), 237–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monnington, Terence. 1986. ‘The politics of black African sport’, in Allison, Lincoln (ed.), The Politics of Sport, pp. 149–73. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Mwanjisi, R. K. 1967. Ndugu Abeid Amani Karume. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Myers, Garth. 1994. ‘Eurocentrism and African urbanisation: the case of Zanzibar's Other Side’, Antipode 26 (3), 195215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Henry. 1898. Banani: the transition from slavery to freedom in Zanzibar and Pemba. New York: Negro Universities Press.Google Scholar
Osgood, Joseph. 1854. Notes of Travel or Recollections of Majunga, Zanzibar, Muscat, Aden, Mocha and other Eastern Ports. Salem, Mass.: Creamer.Google Scholar
Powdermaker, Hortense. 1962. Copper Town: changing Africa, the human situation on the Rhodesian Copperbelt. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terence. 1975. Dance and Society in Eastern Africa. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Reid, D. A. 19766. ‘The decline of Saint Monday, 1776–1876’, Past and Present 71, 76101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruete, Emily. 1888. Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar. New York: Appleton; reprint, New York: Wiener, 1989.Google Scholar
Saleh, Ibuni. 1936. A Short History of the Comorians in Zanzibar. Dar es Salaam: Tanganyika Standard.Google Scholar
Scott, James. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Barajab, Shaib Abeid. n.d. Personal MSS regarding the history of Nadi Akhan Safaa, in the possession of Mwalim Idd Farahani.Google Scholar
Sheriff, Abdul. 1987. Slaves, Spices and Ivory. London: Currey.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, Henry Morton. 1872. How I found Livingstone. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Strobel, Margaret. 1979. Muslim Women in Mombasa. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Suleiman, A. A. 1969. ‘The Swahili singing star Siti bind Sadi’, Swahili 39 (1), 8790.Google Scholar
Swartz, Marc. 1991. The Way the World is: cultural processes and social relations among the Mombasa Swahili. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1966. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1967. ‘Time, work discipline and industrial capitalism’, Past and Present 38, 5996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tominaga, Chizuko, and Sheriff, Abdul, n.d. ‘The Ambiguity of Shirazi Ethnicity in the History and Politics of Zanzibar’, unpublished MS.Google Scholar
Velten, Carl. 1903. Desturi za Wasuahili. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
White, Luise. 1990. The Comforts of Home. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Younghusband, Ethel. 1908. Glimpses of East Africa and Zanzibar. London: Long.Google Scholar