Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T18:16:26.262Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Insights and principles for supporting social engagement in rural older people

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 June 2012

J. WALKER*
Affiliation:
School of Rural Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
P. ORPIN
Affiliation:
Rural Clinical School, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
H. BAYNES
Affiliation:
Rural Clinical School, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
E. STRATFORD
Affiliation:
School of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
K. BOYER
Affiliation:
Rural Clinical School, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
N. MAHJOURI
Affiliation:
Department of Health and Human Services, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
C. PATTERSON
Affiliation:
Tasmanian Council of Social Service, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
A. ROBINSON
Affiliation:
School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
J. CARTY
Affiliation:
Department of Health and Human Services, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
*
Address for correspondence: Judi Walker, School of Rural Health, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia E-mail: Judi.Walker@monash.edu

Abstract

Staying socially engaged is known to improve health and longevity in older people. As the population ages, maintaining levels of social engagement among older people becomes increasingly important. Nevertheless, advancing age brings with it many challenges to social engagement, especially in rural areas. A three-year Australian Research Council Linkage Project sought to improve understandings of age-related triggers to social disengagement in six Tasmanian communities that are representative of rural Australian experience, and thus of wider salience. A collaboration between academics and health and social professionals, the project investigated design solutions for service frameworks that may be useful before ageing individuals become isolated and dependent, and that may support those individuals to actively contribute to and benefit from social life. The purpose of this paper is to report on perspectives about diminishing levels of social engagement held by older rural participants and service providers, and to advance a number of key insights on ways in which to nurture social engagement and improve the experience of ageing.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, K. B., Leibbrandt, S. and Moon, H. 2011. A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life. Ageing & Society, 31, 4, 683712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anna, K.-A., Dana, K.-G. and Jacqui, S. 2008. Self-perceptions of aging: do subjective age and satisfaction with aging change during old age? Journals of Gerontology, 63B, 6, P377.Google Scholar
Austin, C. D., DesCamp, E., Flux, D., McClelland, R. and Sieppert, J. 2005. Community development with older adults in their neighborhoods: the elder friendly communities program. Families in Society, 86, 3, 401–10.Google Scholar
Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing 2008. Ageing and Aged Care in Australia. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.Google Scholar
Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing and Australian Health Priority Action Council 2005. National Chronic Disease Strategy. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.Google Scholar
Australian Government Productivity Commission 2005. Economic Implications of an Ageing Australia: Productivity Commission Research Report. Australian Government Productivity Commission, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Australian Government Department of Treasury and Finance 2007. Intergenerational Report 2007: Assessing the Long-run Sustainability of Government Policies. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health & Welfare 2002. Older Australians at a Glance 2002. Third edition, AIHW Cat. No. AGE 25, Australian Institute of Health & Welfare and Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Office for an Ageing Australia 2003. Stocktake of Australian Ageing Research and Policy Initiatives: Background Paper to the Framework for an Australian Ageing Research Agenda. Commmonwealth of Australia, Canberra.Google Scholar
Banks, G. 2004. An Ageing Australia: Small Beer or Big Bucks? presentation to the South Australian Centre of Economic Studies, Adelaide, April.Google Scholar
Bath, P. and Deeg, D. 2005. Social engagement and health outcomes among older people: introduction to a special section. European Journal of Ageing, 2, 1, 2430.Google Scholar
Birnholtz, J. and Jones-Rounds, M. K. 2010. Independence and interaction: understanding seniors’ privacy and awareness needs for aging in place. In 28th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, 143–52.Google Scholar
Bowling, A. 2005. Ageing Well: Quality of Life in Old Age. Open University Press, Maidenhead, UK, 1288.Google Scholar
Boyer, K., Orpin, P. and Walker, J. 2010. Partner or perish: experiences from the field about collaborations for reform. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 16, 1, 104–7.Google Scholar
Broese van Groenou, M. and Thomese, F. 1996. The relative importance of independent living for the social functioning of the elderly. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie, 27, 4, 150–8.Google Scholar
Burnett, P. and Lucas, S. 2010. Talking, walking, riding and driving: the mobilities of older adults. Journal of Transport Geography, 18, 5, 596602.Google Scholar
Burnley, I. and Murphy, P. 2004. Sea Change: Movement from Metropolitan to Arcadian Australia. UNSW Press, Sydney, 1271.Google Scholar
Buys, L. and Carpenter, L. 2002. Cessation of driving in later life may not result in dependence. Australasian Journal of Ageing, 20, 3, 152–5.Google Scholar
Cattan, M., Newell, C., Bond, J. and White, M. 2003. Alleviating social isolation and loneliness among older people. The International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 5, 3, 2030.Google Scholar
Cattan, M., White, M., Bond, J. and Learmouth, A. 2005. Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion interventions. Ageing & Society, 25, 1, 4167.Google Scholar
Chapman, S. A. and Peace, S. 2008. Rurality and ageing well: ‘a long time here’. In Keating, N. (ed.), Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? The Policy Presss, Bristol, UK, 2132.Google Scholar
Cloke, P. and Little, J. (eds) 1997. Contested Countryside Cultures; Otherness, Marginalisation and Rurality. Routledge, New York, 1295.Google Scholar
Collins, A. L., Goldman, N. and Rodríguez, G. 2008. Is positive well-being protective of mobility limitations among older adults? Journals of Gerontology, 63B, 6, P321.Google Scholar
Dempsey, K. 1990. Smalltown: A Study of Social Inequality, Cohesion and Belonging. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1342.Google Scholar
Dickens, A., Richards, S., Greaves, C. and Campbell, J. 2011. Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 11, 1, 647.Google Scholar
Dwyer, P. and Hardill, I. 2011. Promoting social inclusion? The impact of village services on the lives of older people living in rural England. Ageing & Society, 31, 2, 122.Google Scholar
Dykstra, P. A. 2009. Older adult loneliness: myths and realities. European Journal of Ageing, 6, 2, 91100.Google Scholar
Feldman, P. H., Oberlink, M., Rudin, D., Clay, J., Edwards, B., Stafford, P. B. and Rigoglioso, R. L. 2003. Best practices lessons for communities in supporting the health, well-being and independence of older people. Center for Home Care Policy and Research, New York, 158.Google Scholar
Findlay, R. A. 2003. Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: where is the evidence? Ageing & Society, 23, 5, 647–58.Google Scholar
Findlay, R. A. and Cartwright, C. 2002. Social Isolation & Older People: A Literature Review. Report for Seniors Interest Branch & Ministerial Advisory Council on Older People, Queensland Government. Australasian Centre on Ageing, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 128.Google Scholar
Giles, L. C. 2005. Effect of social networks on 10 year survival in very old Australians: the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, 7, 574–9.Google Scholar
Goins, R. T. and Krout, J. A. (eds) 2006. Service Delivery to Rural Older Adults: Research Policy and Practice. Springer Publishing Company, New York.Google Scholar
Goobermanhill, R. 2008. Age and ageing; research from University of Bristol provides new insights into age and ageing. Aging & Elder Health Week, 8.Google Scholar
Gray, A. 2009. The social capital of older people. Ageing & Society, 29, 1, 531.Google Scholar
Hawkley, L. C. and Cacioppo, J. T. 2010. Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 2, 218–27.Google Scholar
Hawkley, L. C., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Masi, C. M., Thisted, R. A. and Cacioppo, J. T. 2008. From social structural factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Journals of Gerontology, 63B, 6, S375–84.Google Scholar
Heenan, D. 2011. How local interventions can build capacity to address social isolation in dispersed rural communities: a case study from Northern Ireland. Ageing International, 36, 4, 475–91.Google Scholar
House, J. S., Landis, K. R. and Umberson, D. 1988. Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 4865, 540–5.Google Scholar
Howse, K., Ebrahim, S. and Gooberman-Hill, R. 2004. Help-avoidance: why older people do not always seek help. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 14, 1, 6370.Google Scholar
Jackson, N. 2004. The impact of ageing on Australia's future: an analysis in four dimensions. In 27th Australasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF). Transport Systems Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide.Google Scholar
Jackson, N. O. 2005. Tasmania's turnaround? Migration in the Apple Isle. Dialogue, 24, 2, 2337.Google Scholar
Jobes, P. 2000. Moving Nearer to Heaven: The Illusions and Disillusions of Migrants to Scenic Rural Places. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Joseph, A. E. and Cloutier, D. S. 1991. Elderly migration and its implications for service provision in rural communities: an Ontario perspective. Journal of Rural Studies, 7, 4, 433–44.Google Scholar
Keating, N. (ed.) 2008. Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? The Policy Press, Bristol, UK, 1154.Google Scholar
Keating, N., Swindle, J. and Fletcher, S. 2011. Aging in rural Canada: a retrospective and review. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 1, 1, 116.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U. 2008. Differential age trajectories of positive and negative affect: further evidence from the Berlin Aging Study. Journals of Gerontology, 63B, 5, P261P270.Google Scholar
Lang, I. A., Llewellyn, D. J., Langa, K. M., Wallace, R. B., Huppert, F. A. and Melzer, D. 2008. Neighborhood deprivation, individual socioeconomic status, and cognitive function in older people: analyses from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 2, 191–8.Google Scholar
Levine, C. 1999. The loneliness of the long-term care giver. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 20, 1587–90.Google Scholar
Longino, C. F. Jr, Bradley, D. E., Stoller, E. P. and Haas, W. H. III. 2008. Predictors of non-local moves among older adults: a prospective study. Journals of Gerontology, 63B, 1, S7S14.Google Scholar
Lutz, W., Sanderson, W. and Scherbov, S. 2008. The coming acceleration of global population ageing. Nature, 451, 7179, 716–9.Google Scholar
Lyyra, T.-M., Törmäkangas, T. M., Read, S., Rantanen, T. and Berg, S. 2006. Satisfaction with present life predicts survival in octogenarians. Journals of Gerontology, 61B, 6, P319.Google Scholar
Marottoli, R. A., Mendes de Leon, C., Glass, T. A., Williams, C. S., Cooney, L. M. and Berkman, L. F. 2000. Consequences of driving cessation. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55B, 6, S334–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McInnis, G. and White, J. H. 2001. A phenomenological exploration of loneliness in the older adult. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, XV, 3, 128–39.Google Scholar
Mendes de Leon, C. F. 2005. Why do friendships matter for survival? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, 7, 538–9.Google Scholar
Menec, V. H. 2003. The relation between everyday activities and successful aging: a 6-year longitudinal study. Journals of Gerontology, 58B, 2, S74S82.Google Scholar
Mezuk, B. and Rebok, G. W. 2008. Social integration and social support among older adults following driving cessation. Journals of Gerontology, 63B, 5, S298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noone, P. 2009. Transport, social capital and ageing in place: relevance for policy making. In Summer School 2009. Irish Social Sciences Platform (ISSP), Galway, Ireland, 197208.Google Scholar
Orpin, P., Walker, J., Stratford, E., Robinson, A., Vickers, J., Bull, R., Felmingham, B., Behrens, H. and Boyer, K. 2005. Growing old in rural Tasmania: a pilot study of service needs and the impact of migration to and from rural areas. In Exploring the Meaning of Ageing Through Research, Policy and Practice: 38th Annual Conference of the Australian Association of Gerontology. Australian Association of Gerontology, Gold Coast, Australia, 100–11.Google Scholar
Owen, T. 2007. Working with socially isolated older people. British Journal of Community Nursing, 12, 3, 115116.Google Scholar
Peters, J. and Jackson, R. 2005. The impact of rurality on health: systematic review. In Phillipson, C. and Scharf, T. (eds), The Impact of Government Policy on Social Exclusion Among Older People. Social Exclusion Unit, London, 159.Google Scholar
Phillipson, C. and Scharf, T. 2005. Rural and urban perspectives on growing old: developing a new research agenda. European Journal of Ageing, 2, 2, 6775.Google Scholar
QSR International 2010. NVivo 9. QSR International United States.Google Scholar
Savikko, N., Routasalo, P., Tilvis, R. S., Strandberg, T. E. and Pitkala, K. H. 2005. Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 41, 3, 223–33.Google Scholar
Scharf, T. 2001. Ageing and intergenerational relationships in rural Germany. Ageing & Society, 21, 5, 547–66.Google Scholar
Scharf, T. and Bartlam, B. 2008. Ageing and social exclusion in rural communities. In Keating, N. (ed.), Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? The Policy Press, Bristol, UK, 97108.Google Scholar
Smith, J., Borchelt, M., Maier, H. and Jopp, D. 2002. Health and well-being in the young old and oldest old. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 4, 715–32.Google Scholar
Valliant, G. E., Meyer, S. E., Mukamal, K. and Soldz, S. 1998. Are social supports in late mid-life a cause or a result of successful physical ageing? Psychological Medicine, 28, 5, 1159–68.Google Scholar
van Haastregt, J., Diederiks, J. P. M., Van Rossum, E., De Witte, L. P. and Crebolder, H. F. J. M. 2000. Effects of preventive home visits to elderly people living in the community: systematic review. British Medical Journal, 320, 7237, 754758.Google Scholar
van Tilburg, T., Havens, B. and Gierveld, d. J. 2004. Loneliness among older adults in the Netherlands, Italy and Canada: a multifaceted comparison. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23, 2, 169–80.Google Scholar
Wagner, D. L. and Niles-Yokum, K. J. 2006. Caregiving in a rural context. In Goins, R. T. and Krout, J. A. (eds), Service Delivery to Rural Older Adults: Research Policy and Practice. Springer Publishing Company, New York, 145–62.Google Scholar
Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Entwistle, P. and Jones, J. 2006. A Systematic Review of Primary Health Care Delivery Models in Rural and Remote Australia 1993–2006. Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute, Australian National University Centre for Remote Health, Canberra.Google Scholar
Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J. S., Wells, R., Kuipers, P., Entwistle, P. and Judith, J. 2008. Primary health care delivery models in rural and remote Australia – a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 8, 276, 130.Google Scholar
Walker, J., Orpin, P., Boyer, K. and Behrens, H. 2007. Rural Seniors Research Pilot Survey – North West Tasmania: Phase II Report. University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.Google Scholar
Walker, J., Orpin, P., Stratford, E., Robinson, A., Vickers, J., Bull, R., Felmingham, B., Behrens, H. and Boyer, K. 2005. Rural Seniors Research: Pilot Survey North West Tasmania. University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.Google Scholar
Warburton, J. and Bartlett, H. 2004. Economic Implications of an Ageing Australia. The Productivity Commission Submission from the Australasian Centre on Ageing. University of Sydney, Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
Wenger, C. G. and Keating, N. 2008. The evolution of networks of older rural adults. In Keating, N. (ed.), Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? The Policy Press, Bristol, UK, 3342.Google Scholar
Wenger, G. C. and Burholt, V. 2004. Changes in levels of social isolation and loneliness among older people in a rural area: a twenty-year longitudinal study. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23, 2, 477–93.Google Scholar
Winterton, R. and Warburton, J. 2011. Models of care for socially isolated older rural carers: barriers and implications. Rural and Remote Health, 11, 3, 1678.Google Scholar