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Detecting Early Widespread Metal Use in the Eastern North American Arctic around AD 500–1300

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2020

Patrick C. Jolicoeur Open the ORCID record for Patrick C. Jolicoeur [Opens in a new window]
Patrick C. Jolicoeur*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S2, Canada
*
(patrick.jolicoeur@utoronto.ca, corresponding author)
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Abstract

In the first millennium AD, peoples across the North American Arctic began to use and exchange metal. A group known as the Late Dorset (AD 500–1300) were the first to widely exchange metal in the Eastern Arctic. However, due to differential taphonomic processes and past excavation methods, metal objects in existing collections are rare although geographically widespread. This has led to metal being seen as a broadly exchanged but uncommon raw material among Late Dorset. This article expands the known scale of Late Dorset metal use by analyzing the blade slot thicknesses of bone and ivory objects from sites across the Eastern Arctic and comparing them to the thicknesses of associated lithic and metal endblades. These results demonstrate that Late Dorset used metal at least as frequently as stone for some activities. Given the few and geographically discrete sources, metal would have been exchanged over thousands of kilometers of fragmented Arctic landscape. The lack of similar evidence in earlier periods indicates intergroup interaction increases significantly with the Late Dorset. It is through these same vectors that knowledge and information would have flowed. Metal, consequently, represents the best material for understanding the maximum extent and intensity of their interaction networks.

Au cours du premier millénaire après J.-C., les peuples de l'Arctique nord-américain commencent à utiliser et à échanger des métaux. Les Dorsétiens récents (500–1300 après J.-C.) ont été les premiers à échanger largement ces matériels en Arctique de l'Est (Canada et Groenland). Cependant, de nombreux processus taphonomiques, additionnés à d'anciennes techniques d'excavation archéologique, rendent la présence d'objets métalliques rare dans les collections muséales. Ceci a mené à la conception que le métal était une ressource peu commune, mais largement échangée par les Dorsétiens récents. Cet article contribue aux connaissances sur l'ampleur de l'utilisation des métaux par les Dorsétiens récents en analysant l’épaisseur des fentes d'emmanchements d'artéfacts osseux de sites dorsétiens de l'Arctique de l'Est et en les comparant avec l’épaisseur des lames lithiques et métalliques associées. Les résultats démontrent que les Dorsétiens récents utilisaient le métal aussi souvent que la pierre pour réaliser certaines activités. Par exemple, la majorité des têtes de harpons de Type G, un type que l'on retrouve uniquement auprès des sites du Dorsétien récent, ont des fentes d'emmanchement plus minces que la majorité des pointes lithiques. Ceci indique qu'ils devaient plutôt supporter des pointes en métal. De plus, aucune tête de harpon provenant de périodes plus anciennes ne semble avoir supporté des pointes métalliques. Étant donné que les sources connues de métal en Arctique de l'Est sont peu nombreuses, les métaux auraient été échangés sur des milliers de kilomètres à l'intérieur d'un paysage arctique fragmenté. L'absence de preuves similaires pour les périodes plus anciennes indique une augmentation rapide des interactions entre les groupes à la période du Dorsétien récent. C'est à travers ces mêmes vecteurs d’échange que les savoirs et connaissances auraient voyagé. Le métal représente ainsi le meilleur matériel pour comprendre l’étendue géographique et l'intensité des réseaux d'interactions chez les Dorsétiens récents.

Keywords

ArcticarchaeologyDorsetPaleo-InuitInuitmaterial culturemetalinteractionNunavutLabradorArctiquearchéologieDorsétienPaléo-InuitInuitculture matériellemétalinteractionNunavutLabrador
Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 86 , Issue 1 , January 2021 , pp. 111 - 132
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 by the Society for American Archaeology

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