Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T22:47:00.115Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Ascendance of Hunting during the California Middle Archaic: An Evolutionary Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

William R. Hildebrandt  and
Kelly R. McGuire
William R. Hildebrandt
Affiliation:
P.O. Box 413, Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc. Davis, California 95617
Kelly R. McGuire
Affiliation:
P.O. Box 413, Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc. Davis, California 95617
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Against a backdrop of sustained resource intensification and population increases that began at the end of the middle Holocene in California and continued until at least 1000 B.P., there is a variety of archaeological evidence indicating that hunting of highly ranked large mammals actually increased during this time. This trend runs counter to general expectations set forth by optimal-foraging and diet-breadth models, and suggests that the role of big-game procurement by logistically organized male hunting parties had important social—indeed evolutionary—implications apart from its contributions to simple group provisioning. At the core of this argument is the notion that there can be Darwinian fitness benefits for males in pursuing certain types of highly prized resources, at the expense of regular and dependable provisioning of one's family. We contend that the evolutionary legacy surrounding big-game hunting is fundamental to the understanding not only of its paradoxical energetics, but also of the general elaboration of cultural systems, including the rise of certain spectacular technological and artistic traditions that characterize the California Middle Archaic period.

Résumé

Résumé

Ante un escenario de intensificación sostenida en la procuración de recursos e incrementos en la población que comenzaron a finales del Holoceno Medio en California y que continuaron hasta cuando menos 1000 años antes del presente, existe diversa evidencia arqueológica que indica que durante ese tiempo la caza de grandes y muy apreciados mamíferos realmente se incrementó. La tendencia propuesta, va en contra a las predicciones hipotéticas expresadas en los modelos que refieren a la recolección óptima y amplitud de dieta, y sugiere que el papel de la procuración de presas grandes por grupos de cazadores masculinos orientados en términos de logística, tuvo implicaciones importantes sociales—hasta evolucionarias—aparte de sus contribuciones al aprovisionamiento de un solo grupo. En el meollo de esta discusión esta la notión que pueden haber sólidos o importantes beneficios Darwinianos para el género masculino, en perseguir a ciertos tipos de presas altamente apreciadas, sacrificando el aprovisionamiento regular y seguro de la propia familia. Sostenemos que el legado evolucionario que rodea la caza de animates mayores es fundamental para el entendimiento, no sólo de su energética paradoja, sino también en la elaboratión general de sistemas culturales, incluyendo el incremento de ciertas tradiciones artísticas y de tecnología espectaculares que caracterizaron el período Arcaico Medio de California.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 67 , Issue 2 , April 2002 , pp. 231 - 256
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adam, D. P. Sims, J. D., and Throckmorton, C. K. 1981 A 130,000-Year Continuous Pollen Record from Clear Lake, California. Geology 9:373–377.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R. S. 1990 Holocene Forest Development and Paleoclimates within the Central Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Ecology 78:470–489.Google Scholar
Arnold, J. E. 1995 Transportation Innovation and Social Complexity among Maritime Hunter-Gatherer Societies. American Anthropologist 97:733–747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basgall, M. E. 1987 Resource Intensification among Hunter-Gatherers: Acorn Economies in Prehistoric California. Research in Economic Anthropology 9:21–52.Google Scholar
Basgall, M. E. 1989 Obsidian Acquisition and Use in Central-Eastern California: A Preliminary Assessment. In Current Directions in California Obsidian Studies, edited by Hughes, R. E., pp. 111–126. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 48. Berkeley. Google Scholar
Basgall, M. E. and McGuire, K. R. 1988 The Archaeology of CA-INY-30: Prehistoric Culture Change in the Southern Owens Valley, California. Submitted to the California Department of Transportation, Sacramento. Copies available from the California Department of Transportation, Sacramento. Google Scholar
Basgall, M. E. and True, D. L. 1985 Archaeological Investigations in Crowder Canyon, 1973-1984: Excavations at Sites SBR- 421B, SBR-421C, SBR-421D, andSBR-713, San Bernardino County, California. Report on file at the San Bernardino Archaeological Information Center, San Bernardino County Museum, Redlands.Google Scholar
Bayham, F. E. 1982 A Diachronic Analysis of Prehistoric Animal Exploitation at Ventana Cave. Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Google Scholar
Bennyhoff, J. A. 1994 Central California Augustine: Implications for Northern California Archaeology. In Toward a New Taxonomic Framework for Central California Archaeology: Essays by J. A. Bennyhoff and D. A. Fredrickson, edited by Hughes, R. E., pp. 65–74. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 52. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Bettinger, R. L. 1991 Hunter-Gatherers, Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettinger, R. L. 1999a From Traveler to Processor: Regional Trajectories of Hunter-Gatherer Sedentism in the Inyo-Mono Region, California. In Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas, Fifty Years since Viru, edited by Billman, B. R. and Feinman, G. M., pp. 39–55. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Bettinger, R. L. 1999b What Happened in the Medithermal. In Models for the Millennium—Great Basin Anthropology Today, edited by Beck, C. pp. 62–74. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bettinger, R. L. and Baumhoff, M. A. 1982 The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures in Competition. American Antiquity 47:485–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettinger, R. L. and King, T. F. 1971 Interaction and Political Organization: A Theoretical Framework for Archaeology in Owens Valley, California. University of California Archaeological Survey Annual Report 13:187–195.Google Scholar
Biesele, M. 1993 Women Like Meat: The Folklore and Foraging Ideology of the Kalahari Ju/’hoan. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1983 Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bird, R. 1999 Cooperation and Conflict: The Behavioral Ecology of the Sexual Division of Labor. Evolutionary Anthropology 8:65–75.Google Scholar
Bliege Bird, R. 1996 The Behavioral Ecology of the Sexual Division of Labor among the Meriam of the Torres Strait: gathering, fishing and hunting in a marine ecosystem. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Bliege Bird, R. and Bird, D. 1997 Delayed Reciprocity and Tolerated Theft: The Behavioral Ecology of Food-Sharing Strategies. Current Anthropology 38:49–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bliege Bird, R. and Smith, E. A., Bird, D. W. 2001 The Hunting Handicap: Costly Signaling in Human Foraging Strategies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50:9–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blurton Jones, N. Hawkes, K. and O’Connell, J. 1996 The Global Process and Local Ecology: How Should We Explain Differences Between the Hadza and the Kung? In Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth-Century Foragers, edited by Kent, S. pp. 159–187. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar
Borgerhoff-Mulder, M. 1991 Human Behavioral Ecology. In Behavioral Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, edited by Krebs, J. R. and Davies, N. B., pp. 69–98. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Google Scholar
Bouey, P. D. and Basgall, M. E. 1984 Trans-Sierran Exchange in Prehistoric California: The Concept of Economic Articulation. In Obsidian Studies in the Great Basin, edited by Hughes, R. E., pp. 135–172. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 45, Berkeley. Google Scholar
Bowser, B. 1993 Dead Fish Tales: Analysis of Fish Remains from Two Middle Period Sites on San Miguel Island, California. In Archaeology on the Northern Channel Islands of California, edited by Glassow, M. pp. 95–136. Coyote Press Archives of California Prehistory No. 34. Salinas, California. Google Scholar
Boyd, R. and Richerson, P. J. 1985 Culture and the Evolutionary Process. University of Chicago Press. Chicago.Google Scholar
Broughton, J. M. 1994 Declines in Mammalian Foraging Efficiency during the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay, California. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13:371–401.Google Scholar
Broughton, J. M. 1999 Resource Depression and Intensification During the Late Holocene, San Fancisco Bay: Evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound Vertebrate Fauna. Anthropological Records vol. 32. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Broughton, J. M. and O’Connell, J. F. 1999 On Evolutionary Ecology, Selectionist Archaeology, and Behavioral Archaeology. American Antiquity 64:153–165.Google Scholar
Cannon, M. D. 2000 Large Mammal Relative Abundance in Pithouse and Pueblo Period Archaeofaunas from Southwestern New Mexico: Resource Depression Among the Mimbres-Mogollon? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19:317–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colton, R. H. 1995 Faunal Exploitation during the Middle to Late Period Transition on Santa Cruz Island, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 17:93–120.Google Scholar
Coombs, G. B. and Greenwood, R. S. 1982 A Cultural Resources Overview and Inventory Plan for the Naval Weapons Center, China Lake. Report on file, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California. Google Scholar
Cronk, L. 1991 Human Behavioral Ecology. Annual Review of Anthropology 20:25–53.Google Scholar
Davenport, D. Johnson, J. R., and Timbrook, J. 1993 The Chumash and the Swordfish. Antiquity 67:257–272.Google Scholar
Davis, O. K. 1990 Preliminary Report of the Pollen Analysis of Tulare Lake. Newsletter of the Tulare Lake Archaeological Research Group 3:2–4.Google Scholar
Davis, C. A. Smith, G. A. 1981 Newberry Cave. San Bernardino County Museum Association. Redlands, California. Google Scholar
Delacorte, M. G. 1999 The Changing Role of Riverine Environments in the Prehistory of the Central-Western Great Basin: Data Recovery Excavations at Six Prehistoric Sites in Owens Valley, California. Submitted to the California Department of Transportation, District 9, Bishop. Copies available from California Department of Transportation, District 9, Bishop.Google Scholar
Delacorte, M. G. and McGuire, K. R. 1993 Archaeological Test Evaluation at 23 Sites Located Along a Proposed Fiber-Optic Telephone Cable Route in Owens Valley, California. Submitted to the Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District, Ridgecrest, California. Copies available from the Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District, Ridgecrest, California. Google Scholar
Ericson, J. E. 1982 Production for Obsidian Exchange in California. In Contexts for Obsidian Exchange, edited by Ericson, J. E. and Earle, T. E., pp. 129–148. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ericson, J. E. 1984 Toward the Analysis of Lithic Production Systems. In Prehistoric Quarries and Lithic Production, edited by Ericson, J. E. and Purdy, B. A., pp. 1–9. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar
Erlandson, J. M. 1994 Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Erlandson, J. M. Dugger, R. Carrico, R. and Cooley, T. G. 1992 Archaeological Investigations at CA-SBA-97: A Multicomponent Coastal Midden at Gaviota, California. In Archaeological Investigations of Some Significant Sites on the Central Coast of California , edited by Dallas, H. Jr. and Breschini, G. S., pp. 49–80. Archives of California Prehistory, no. 37. Coyote Press, Salinas, California. Google Scholar
Fredrickson, D. A. and White, G. G. 1988 The Clear Lake Basin and Early Complexes in California’s North Coast Ranges. In Early Human Occupation in Far Western North America: The Clovis-Archaic Interface, edited by Willig, J. A., Aikens, C. M., and Fagan, J. L., pp. 75–86. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers No. 21. Carson City, Nevada. Google Scholar
Gallegos, D. 1991 Antiquity and Adaptation at Agua Hedionda, Carlsbad. California. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California , edited by Erlandson, J. M. and Colton, R. H., pp. 19–42. Institute of Archaeology, Perspectives in California Archaeology Vol. 1. University of California. Los Angeles. Google Scholar
Gilreath, A. J. 1998 National Register of Historic Places: Registration for the Coso Rock Art District. Submitted to Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, California. Copies available from the Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, California. Google Scholar
Gilreath, A. J. and Hildebrandt, W. R. 1997 Prehistoric Use of the Coso Volcanic Field. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research. Facility No. 56. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Gilreath, A. J. and Hildebrandt, W. R. 2001 Coso Rock Art within its Archaeological Context. Manuscript on file, Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Davis, California. Google Scholar
Glassow, M. A. 1991 Early Holocene Adaptations on Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Barbara County. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by Erlandson, J. M. and Colten, R. H., pp. 113–124. University of California, Los Angeles. Google Scholar
Glassow, M. A. 1992 The Relative Dietary Importance of Marine Foods Through Time in Western Santa Barbara County. In Essays on the Prehistory of Maritime California, edited by Jones, T L., pp. 115–128. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis No. 10. Davis, California. Google Scholar
Glassow, M. A. 1993 Changes in Subsistence on Marine Resources through 7,000 Years of Prehistory on Santa Cruz Island. In Archaeology on the Northern Channel Islands of California: Studies of Subsistence, Economics, and Social Organization, edited by Glassow, M. A., pp. 75–94. Archives of California Prehistory No. 34. Coyote Press, Salinas, California. Google Scholar
Glassow, M. A. 1996 Purisimeño Chumash Prehistory: Maritime Adaptations Along the Southern California Coast. Harcourt Brace. Orlando. Google Scholar
Glassow, M. A. Wilcoxon, L. and Erlandson, J. 1988 Cultural and Environmental Change during the Early Period of Santa Barbara Channel Prehistory. In The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines, edited by Bailey, G. and Parkington, J. pp. 64–77. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar
Goldberg, S. K. Skinner, E. J., and Burton, J. F. 1990 Archaeological Excavations at Sites CA-MNO-574.-577,-578, and -833: Stoneworking in Mono County, California. Submitted to the California Department of Transportation, Office of Environmental Analysis, Sacramento. Copies available from the California Department of Transportation, Office of Environmental Analysis, Sacramento. Google Scholar
Grafen, A. 1990 Biological Signals as Handicaps. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144:517–546.Google Scholar
Grant, C Baird, J. and Pringle, K. 1968 Rock Drawings of the Coso Range, Inyo County, California. Maturango Museum Publication 4. China Lake, California. Google Scholar
Graumlich, L. J. 1993 A 1,000-Year Record of Temperature and Precipitation in the Sierra Nevada. Quaternary Research 39:249–255.Google Scholar
Gurven, M Hill, K. Kaplan, H. Hurtado, A. and Lyles, R. 2000 Food Transfers Among Hiwi Foragers of Venezuela: Tests of Reciprocity. Human Ecology 28:171–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, M. C. 1984 Obsidian, Paleoeconomy, and Volcanism in the Eastern Sierra Nevada. Paper presented at the 18th Great Basin Anthropological Conference, Boise, Idaho.Google Scholar
Hall, M. C and Basgall, M. E. 1994 Casa Diablo Obsidian in California and Great Basin Prehistory. Paper presented at the 24th Great Basin Anthropological Conference, Elko, Nevada. Google Scholar
Hames, R. B. and Vickers, W. T. 1982 Optimal Foraging Theory as a Model to Explain Variability in Amazonian Hunting. American Ethnologist 9:358–378.Google Scholar
Hawkes, K. 1990 Why Do Men Hunt? Some Benefits for Risky Strategies. In Risk and Uncertainty, edited by Cashdan, E. pp. 145–166. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Hawkes, K. 1991 Showing Off: Tests of Another Hypothesis About Men’s Foraging Goals. Ethnology and Sociobiology 11:29–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, K. 1993 Why Hunter-Gatherers Work: An Ancient Version of the Problem of Public Goods. Current Anthropology 34:341–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, K. 1996 Foraging Differences Between Men and Women. In The Archaeology of Human Ancestry, edited by Steele, J. and Shennan, S. pp. 283–305. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Heizer, R. F and Baumhoff, M. A. 1962 Prehistoric Rock Art of Nevada and Eastern California. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Google Scholar
Heusser, L. 1978 Pollen in Santa Barbara Basin, California: A 12,000-yr Record. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 89:673–678.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, W. R. 1983 Archaeological Research of the Southern Santa Clara Valley Project. Report on file at the Northwest Information Center, California State University, Sonoma. Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, W. R. 1997 The Relative Importance of Lacustrine and Estuarine Resources to Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Populations: A View from the Southern Santa Clara Valley, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 19:197–225.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, W. R. and Jones, T. L. 1992 Evolution of Marine Mammal Hunting: A View from the California and Oregon Coasts. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11:360–401.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, W. R. and Mikkelsen, P. J. 1993 Archaeological Test Excavations at Fourteen Sites Along Highways 101 and 152, Santa Clara and San Benito Counties, California, Vol. I: Prehistory. Report on file at the Northwest Information Center, California State University, Sonoma. Google Scholar
Hill, K. 1984 Prestige and Reproductive Success in Man. Ethology and Sociobiology 5:77–95.Google Scholar
Hill, K. and Kaplan, H. 1993 On Why Male Foragers Hunt and Share Food. Current Anthropology 34:701–706.Google Scholar
Hill, K. Kaplan, H. Hawkes, K. and Hurtado, A. M. 1987 Foraging Decisions among the Ache Hunter-gatherers: New Data and Implications for Optimal Foraging Models. Ethology and Sociohiology 8:1–36.Google Scholar
Holanda, K. L. Delacorte, M. G. 1999 Appendix D-1: Regional Archaeofauna Summary-Condensed. In The Changing Role of Riverine Environments in the Prehistory of the Central Western Great Basin: Data Recovery Excavations at Six Prehistoric Sites in Owens Valley, California, by M. G. Delacorte. On file, Caltrans District 9, Bishop, California. Google Scholar
Hudson, T. and Blackburn, T. C. 1985 The Material Culture of the Chumash Interaction Sphere, Volume I: Food Procurement and Transportation. Ballena Press and Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California. Google Scholar
Hudson, T. Timbrook, J. and Rempe, M. 1978 Tomol: Chumash Watercraft as Described in the Ethnographic Notes of John P. Harrington. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 9. Santa Barbara, California. Google Scholar
Hurtado, A. M. and Hill, K. 1990 Seasonality in a Foraging Society: Variation in Diet, Work Effort, Fertility, and the Sexual Division of Labor among the Hiwi of Venezuela. Journal of Anthropological Research 46:293–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, T. L. 1991 Pounding Acorn: Women’s Production as Social and Economic Focus. In Engendering Archaeology, edited by Gero, J. M. and Conkey, M. W., pp. 301–328. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. R. 2000 Social Responses to Climate Change among the Chumash Indians of South Central California. In The Way the Wind Blows: Climate, History, and Human Action, edited by McIntosh, R. J., Tainter, J. A., and McIntosh, S. K., pp. 301–327. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Johnstone, R. A. 1995 Sexual Selection, Honest Advertisement and the Handicap Principle: Reviewing the Evidence. Biological Reviews 70:1–65.Google Scholar
Jones, T. L. 1996 Mortars, Pestles, and Division of Labor in Prehistoric California: A View from Big Sur. American Antiquity 61:243–264.Google Scholar
Jones, T. L. Brown, G. M., Raab, L. M., McVickar, J. L., Spaulding, W. G., Kennett, D. J., York, A. and Walker, P. L. 1999 Environmental Imperatives Reconsidered: Demographic Crises in Western North America during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly. Current Anthropology 40:137–170.Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. and Hill, K. 1985 Food Sharing Among Ache Foragers: Tests of Explanatory Hypotheses. Current Anthropology 26:223–245.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. L. 1983 Hunter-Gatherer Mobility Strategies. Journal of Anthropological Research 39:277–306.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. L. 1988 The Three Sides of a Biface. American Antiquity 53:717–734.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. L. 1995 The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
King, C. D. 1990 The Evolution of Chumash Society: A Comparative Study of Artifacts used in Social System Maintenance in the Santa Barbara Channel Region Before A.D. 1804. Garland Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
Koerper, H. C Langenwalter, P. E. II, and Schroth, A. 1991 Early Holocene Adaptations and the Transition Phase Problem: Evidence from the Allan O. Kelly Site, Agua Hedionda Lagoon. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by Erlandson, J. M. and Colton, R. H., pp. 43–62. Institute of Archaeology, Perspectives in California Archaeology Vol. 1. University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Kowta, M. 1969 The Sayles Complex: A Late Millingstone Assemblage from Cajon Pass and the Ecological Implications of its Scraper Planes. University of California Publications in Anthropology No. 6. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. and Davies, N. B. (editors) 1997 Behavioral Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. 4th Edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lambert, P. M. 1993 Health in Prehistoric Populations of the Santa Barbara Channel Islands. American Antiquity 58:509–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1986 Cognitive and Optical Illusions in San Rock Art Research. Current Anthropology 27:171–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. D. and Dowson, T. A. 1988 The Sign of the Times: Entoptic Phenomena in Upper Paleolithic Art. Current Anthropology 29:201–245.Google Scholar
Mason, R. D. Koerper, H. C., and Langenwalter, P. E. II 1997 Middle Holocene Adaptations on the Newport Coast of Orange County. In Archaeology of the California Coast during the Middle Holocene , edited by Erlandson, J. M. and Glassow, M. A., pp. 35–60. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Google Scholar
Masters, P. M. and Gallegos, D. R. 1997 Environmental Change and Coastal Adaptations in San Diego County during the Middle Holocene. In Archaeology of the California Coast during the Middle Holocene , edited by Erlandson, J. M. and Glassow, M. A., pp. 11–22. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology No. 4. University of California, Los Angeles. Google Scholar
McCarthy, H. 1993 A Political Economy of Western Mono Acorn Production. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis. Google Scholar
McGuire, K. R. 1993 Test Excavations at CA-FRE-61: Final Report. Report on file at the Southern San Joaquin Information Center, California State University, Bakersfield. Google Scholar
McGuire, K. R. 1997 Fort Sage Uplands and Spanish Springs Valley. In Culture Change along the Eastern Sierra Nevada/Cascade Front, Vol. IV, pp. 1–131. Coyote Press, Salinas. Google Scholar
McGuire, K. R and Gilreath, A. J. 1998 Archaeological Data Recovery on the East Flank of the Coso Volcanic Field, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, Inyo County, California. Submitted to the Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, California. Copies available from the Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, California. Google Scholar
McGuire, K. R. and Hildebrandt, W. R. 1994 The Possibilities of Women and Men: Gender and the California Milling Stone Horizon. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 16:41–59.Google Scholar
Metheny, R. L. Smith, T. S., and Matheny, D. G. 1997 Animal Ethology Reflected in the Rock Art of Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. Journal of California Great Basin Anthropology 19:70–103.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. and Rosenthal, J. S. 1997 Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Investigations at Eight Prehistoric Sites in the Los Vaqueros Reservoir Area, Contra Costa County, California. Submitted to the Contra Costa Water District, Contra Costa, California. Copies available from the Contra Costa Water District, Contra Costa, California. Google Scholar
Mikkelsen, P. J., Hildebrandt, W. R., and Jones, D. A. 1994 Toolstone Procurement and Lithic Production Technology, California. In Archaeological Investigations PGTPG & E Pipeline Expansion Project Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and California, edited by Moratto, M. J., pp. 8.1-8.63. Submitted to Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco. Copies available from Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Milliken, R., Nelson, J. S., Hildebrandt, W. R., and Mikkelsen, P. 1999 The Moss Landing Marine Lab Site: A Technical Report on Archaeological Studies at CA-MNT-234 in 1994, 1997 and 1998. Submitted to California State University Marine Laboratory, Moss Landing, California. Copies available from California State University Marine Laboratory, Moss Landing, California.Google Scholar
Moratto, M. J. 1972 A Study of Prehistory in the Southern Sierra Nevada Foothills, California. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene.Google Scholar
Moratto, M. J. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Moss, M. J. 1993 Shellfish, Gender, and Status on the Northwest Coast:, Reconciling Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Ethnohistorical Records of the Tlingit. American Anthropologist 95:631–651.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. S. 1997 Interpersonal Violence in Prehistoric Northern California: A Bioarchaeological Approach. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico.Google Scholar
Orians, G. H., and Pearson, N. E. 1979 On the Theory of Central Place Foraging. In Analysis of Ecological Systems, edited by Horn, D. J., Mitchell, R. D., and Stairs, G. R., pp. 154–177. Ohio State University Press, Columbus.Google Scholar
Orians, G. H., and Pearson, N. E. Osborne, A. J. 1993 Snowblind in the Desert Southwest: Moisture Islands, Ungulate Ecology, and Alternative Prehistoric Overwintering Strategies. Journal of Anthropological Research 49:135–164.Google Scholar
Parry, W. J. and Kelly, R. L. 1987 Expedient Core Technology and Sedentism. In Organization of Core Technology, edited by Johnson, J. R. and Morrow, C. A., pp. 285–304. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Quinlan, A. 2000 The Ventriloquist's Dummy: A Critical Review of Shamanism and Rock Art in Far Western North America. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 22:92–108.Google Scholar
Raab, L. M. 1994 The Dead at Calleguas Creek: A Study of Punctuated Cultural Evolution during the Middle/Late Period Transition in Southern California. Center for Public Archaeology, California State University, Northridge. Prepared for Environmental Division, Naval Air Weapons Station, Point Mugu, California.Google Scholar
Raab, L. M., Porcasi, J. F., Bradford, K., and Yatsko, A. 1995 Debating Cultural Evolution: Regional Implication of Fishing Intensification at Eel Point, San Clemente Island. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 31:3–27.Google Scholar
Rick, T. C., and Glassow, M. A. 1999 Middle Holocene Fisheries of the Central Santa Barbara Channel, California: Investigations at CA-SBA-53. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 21:236–256.Google Scholar
Rogers, D. B. 1929 Prehistoric Man on the Santa Barbara Coast. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Special Publications No. 1. Santa Barbara, California.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. J. 1945 An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1:167–198.Google Scholar
Salls, R.A. 1988 Prehistoric Fisheries of the California Bight. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Schalk, R. 1994 Project Overview and Research Design. In Archaeological Investigations PGT-PG&E Pipeline Expansion Project Idaho. Washington, Oregon, and California, vol. 1, edited by Moratto, M. J., pp. 5.1–5.57. Submitted to Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco. Copies available from Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1996 Some Relationships between Behavioral and Evolutionary Archaeologies. American Antiquity 61:643–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwaderer, R. 1992 Archaeological Test Excavation at the Duncans Point Cave, CA-SON-348/H. In Essays on the Prehistory of Maritime California, edited by Jones, T. L., pp. 55–72. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis No. 10. Davis, California.Google Scholar
Skinner, C. E. 1995a Obsidian Hydration Studies. In Archaeological Investigations PGT-PG&E Pipeline Expansion Project Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and California, edited by Moratto, M. J., pp. 5.1–5.51. Submitted to Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco. Copies available from Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Skinner, C. E. 1995b Obsidian Characterization Studies. In Archaeological Investigations PGT-PG&E Pipeline Expansion Project Idaho. Washington, Oregon, and California, edited by Moratto, M. J., pp. 4.1–1.54. Submitted to Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco. Copies available from Bechtel Corporation, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1929 Petroglyphs of California and Adjoining States. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 24:47–238.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1968 Foreward. In Rock Drawings of the Coso Range, Inyo County, California, edited by Grant, C., Baird, C. J., and Pringle, K., pp. vii–x. Maturango Museum Publication No. 4. China Lake, California.Google Scholar
Stine, S. 1994 Extreme and Persistent Drought in California and Patagonia during Mediaeval Time. Nature 369:546–549.Google Scholar
Taite, K. 1997 Appendix I- Faunal Remains. In Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Investigations at Eight Prehistoric Sites in the Los Vaqueros Reservoir Area, Contra Costa County, California, by Meyer, J. and Rosenthal, J. S.. On file at the Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University.Google Scholar
True, D. L. 1958 An Early Gathering Complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 23:255–263.Google Scholar
True, D. L. 1980 The Pauma Complex in Northern San Diego County: 1978. Journal of New World Archaeology 3(4): 1–39.Google Scholar
True, D. L., Pankey, R., and Warren, C. N. 1991 Tom-Kav: A Late San Luis Rey Village Site in Northern San Diego County, California, and its Place in the San Luis Rey Complex. University of California Anthropological Records vol. 30. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Walker, P. L. and Erlandson, J. 1986 Dental Evidence for Prehistoric Dietary Change on the Northern Channel Islands. American Antiquity 51:375–383.Google Scholar
Walker, P. L., and Lambert, P. M. 1989 Skeletal Evidence for Stress During a Period of Culture Change in Prehistoric California. In Advances in Paleopathology, edited by Capasso, L., pp. 207–212. Marino Solfanelli, Chieti.Google Scholar
Walker, P. L., DeNiro, M. J., and Lambert, P. M. 1989 The Effects of European Contact on the Health of Alta California Indians. In Columbian Consequences, Vol. I, edited by Thomas, D. H., pp. 349–364. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Walker, P. L., and DeNiro, M. J. 1986 Stable Nitrogen and Carbon Isotope Ratios in Collagen as Indices of Prehistoric Dietary Dependence on Marine and Terrestrial Resources in Southern California. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 71:51–61.Google Scholar
Wallace, W. J. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11:214–230.Google Scholar
Warren, C. N. 1968 Cultural Tradition and Ecological Adaptation of the Southern California Coast. In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, edited by Irwin-Williams, C., pp. 1–14. Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology No. 1. Portales, New Mexico.Google Scholar
West, G. J. 1993 The Late Pleistocene-Holocene Pollen Record and Prehistory of California's North Coast Ranges. In There Grows a Green Tree: Papers in Honor of David A. Fredrickson, edited by White, G., Mikkelsen, P., Hildebrandt, W., and Basgall, M., pp. 214–236. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis No. 14. Davis, California.Google Scholar
West, G. J., Davis, O. K., and Wallace, W J. 1991 Fluted Points at Tulare Lake, California: Environmental Background. In Contributions to Tulare Lake Archaeology I, edited by Wallace, W. J. and Riddell, F. A., pp. 1–10. Tulare Lake Archaeological Research Group. Redondo Beach, California.Google Scholar
White, G. 1998 Resource Abundance and Social Change in Early Northern California II: The Clear Lake Evidence. Society for California Archaeology Newsletter 32:16–20.Google Scholar
Whitley, D. S. 1987 Socioreligious Context and Rock Art in East-Central California. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6:159–188.Google Scholar
Whitley, D. S. 1992 Shamanism and Rock Art in Far Western North America. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2:89–113.Google Scholar
Whitley, D. S. Ethnography and Rock Art in the Far West: Some Archaeological Implications. In New Light on Old Art: Recent Advances in Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art Research, edited by Whitley, D. S. and Loendorf, L. L., pp. 13–36. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Whitley, D. S. 1994b By the Hunter, for the Gatherer: Art, Social Relations and Subsistence Change in the Prehistoric Great Basin. World Archaeology 25:356–373.Google Scholar
Whitley, D. S. 1996 A Guide to Rock Art Sites: Southern California and Southern Nevada. Mountain Press Publishing Company. Missoula, Montana.Google Scholar
Whitley, D. S., and Dorn, R. I. 1988 Cation-ratio Dating of Petroglyphs Using PIXE. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 35:410–14.Google Scholar
Wilson, N. 1963 The Archaeology of the Loyalton Rock Shelter, Sierra County, California. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento.Google Scholar
Wilson, M., and Daley, M. 1985 Competiveness, Risk Taking, and Violence: The Young Male Syndrome. Ethology and Sociobiology 6:59–73.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, B., and Smith, E. A. 1992 Evolutionary Ecology and the Social Sciences. In Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, edited by Smith, E. A. and Winterhalder, B., pp. 3–23. Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne, New York.Google Scholar
Woodman, C. E., Rudolph, J. L., and Teresa P., Rudolph 1991 Resource Use and Settlement in the Santa Ynez River Valley. Report on file at National Technical Information Service, Operations Division, Springfield, Virginia.Google Scholar
Zahavi, A. 1975 Mate Selection—a Selection for Handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology 53:205–214.Google Scholar
Zahavi, A. 1977 Reliability in Communication Systems and the Evolution of Altruism. In Evolutionary Ecology, edited by Stonehouse, B. and Perrins, C. M., pp. 252–259. Macmillan Press, London.Google Scholar