Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T04:33:24.214Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Multiscalar Perspectives on Social Networks in the Late Prehispanic Southwest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Barbara J. Mills ,
Matthew A. Peeples ,
W. Randall Haas Jr. ,
Lewis Borck ,
Jeffery J. Clark  and
John M. Roberts Jr.
Barbara J. Mills
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, 1009 E. South Campus Drive, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 (bmills@email.arizona.edu; lsborck@email.arizona.edu)
Matthew A. Peeples
Affiliation:
Archaeology Southwest, 300 North Ash Alley, Tucson, AZ 85701 (mpeeples@archaeologysouthwest.org; jclark@archaeologysouthwest.org)
W. Randall Haas Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, 1111 Woods Hall, College Park, MD 20742 (wrhaas@umd.edu)
Lewis Borck
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, 1009 E. South Campus Drive, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 (bmills@email.arizona.edu; lsborck@email.arizona.edu)
Jeffery J. Clark
Affiliation:
Archaeology Southwest, 300 North Ash Alley, Tucson, AZ 85701 (mpeeples@archaeologysouthwest.org; jclark@archaeologysouthwest.org)
John M. Roberts Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, 2200 E. Kenwood Blvd., Milwaukee, WI 53201 (jmrob@uwm.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Analyzing historical trajectories of social interactions at varying scales can lead to complementary interpretations of relationships among archaeological settlements. We use social network analysis combined with geographic information systems at three spatial scales over time in the western U.S. Southwest to show how the same social processes affected network dynamics at each scale. The period we address, A.D. 1200–1450, was characterized by migration and demographic upheaval. The tumultuous late thirteenth-century interval was followed by population coalescence and the development of widespread religious movements in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In the southern Southwest these processes resulted in a highly connected network that drew in members of different settlements within and between different valleys that had previously been distinct. In the northern Southwest networks were initially highly connected followed by a more fragmented social landscape. We examine how different network textures emerged at each scale through 50-year snapshots. The results demonstrate the usefulness of applying a multiscalar approach to complex historical trajectories and the potential for social network analysis as applied to archaeological data.

El análisis multi-escalar de interacciones sociales y sus trayectorias históricas pueden producir interpretaciones complementarias acerca de las relaciones entre asentamientos arqueológicos. Utilizamos el análisis de redes sociales en combinación con sistemas de información geográfica mediante tres escalas espaciales a través del tiempo en el oeste de la región del Suroeste Norteamericano para demonstrar cómo procesos sociales similares afectaron la dinámica de redes en cada escala. El período de interés, A.D. 1200–1450, se caracterizó por la migración y el desorden demográfico. El tumultuoso siglo trece fue seguido por la coalescencia de poblaciones diversas y por el desarrollo de extensos movimientos religiosos en los siglos catorce y quince. En el Suroeste meridional estos procesos resultaron en una red altamente conectada que atrajo miembros de diferentes asentamientos dentro y entre diferentes valles que habían sido previamente diferenciados. En el Suroeste septentrional las redes inicialmente estuvieron muy conectadas pero fueron sucedidas por un paisaje social fragmentario. Finalmente, examinamos cómo diferentes texturas de redes emergieron en cada escala en períodos de 50 años. Los resultados demuestran la utilidad del análisis multi-escalar para investigar trayectorias históricas complejas y el potencial del análisis de redes sociales para el estudio de datos arqueológicos.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 80 , Issue 1 , January 2015 , pp. 3 - 24
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abbott, David R., and Lack, Andrew D. 2013 Prehistoric Warfare in Central Arizona, USA: Assessing Its Scale with Ceramic Chemistry. Geoarchaeology 28:147–169.Google Scholar
Adams, E. Charles 1991 The Origins and Development of the Pueblo Katsina Cult. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Geoff 1983 Concepts of Time in Quaternary Prehistory. Annual Review of Anthropology 12:165–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Geoff 2007 Time Perspectives: Palimpsests and the Archaeology of Time. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:198–223.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley 2005 Hopi Oral Tradition and the Archaeology of Identity. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley 2007 Jeddito Yellow Ware and Hopi Social Networks. Kiva 72:295–328.Google Scholar
Bevan, Andrew, and Connolly, James 2006 Multiscalar Approaches to Settlement Pattern Analysis. In Confronting Scale in Archaeology: Issues of Theory and Practice, edited by Gary Lock and Brian Molyneaux, pp. 217–234. Kluwer, New York.Google Scholar
Bishop, Ronald L., Canouts, Veletta, De Atley, Suzanne P., Qöyawayma, Alfred, and Aikins, C. W. 1988 The Formation of Ceramic Analytical Groups: Hopi Pottery Production and Exchange, A.D. 1300–1600. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:317–337.Google Scholar
Blinman, Eric, and Dean Wilson, C. 1992 Ceramic Perspectives on Northern Anasazi Exchange. In The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: Systems of Prehistoric Exchange, edited by Jonathon E. Ericson and Timothy G. Baugh, pp. 65–94. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bonacich, Phillip 1972 Factoring and Weighting Approaches to Clique Identification. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 2:113–120.Google Scholar
Borgatti, Stephen P. 2005 Centrality and Network How. Social Networks 27:55–71 Google Scholar
Borgatti, Stephen P., and Halgin, Daniel S. 2011 On Network Theory. Organization Science 22:1168–1181.Google Scholar
Brainerd, George W. 1951 The Place of Chronological Ordering in Archaeological Analysis. American Antiquity 16:301–313.Google Scholar
Braudel, Fernand 1972 History and the Social Sciences. In Economy and Society in Early Modern Europe: Essays from Annates, edited by Peter Burke, pp. 11–42. Harper, New York.Google Scholar
Brughmans, Tom 2013 Thinking Through Networks: A Review of Formal Network Methods in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20:623–662.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., and Yaeger, Jason (editors) 2000 The Archaeology of Communities: A New World Perspective. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Carrington, Peter J., Scott, John, and Wasserman, Stanley (editors) 2005 Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Clark, Jeffery J. 2001 Tracking Prehistoric Migrations: Pueblo Settlers among the Tonto Basin Hohokam. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 65. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Clark, Jeffery J., Brett Hill, J., Lyons, Patrick D., and Lengyel, Stacey N. 2012 Of Migrants and Mounds. In Mounds and Migrants: Late Prehistoric Archaeology of the Lower San Pedro River Valley, Arizona, edited by Jeffery J. Clark and Patrick D. Lyons, pp. 345–405. Anthropological Papers No. 45. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Clark, Jeffery J., and Lyons, Patrick D. (editors) 2012 Mounds and Migrants: Late Prehistoric Archaeology of the Lower San Pedro River Valley, Arizona. Anthropological Papers No. 45. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Clarke, David L. 1977 Spatial Information in Archaeology. In Spatial Archaeology, edited by David L. Clarke, pp. 1–32. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Collar, Anna C. F. 2007 Network Theory and Religious Innovation. Mediterranean Historical Review 22:149–162.Google Scholar
Coward, Fiona 2010 Small Worlds, Material Culture and Ancient Near Eastern Social Networks. Proceedings of the British Academy 158:453–484.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George 1990 Why Pearson’s r is Not a Good Similarity Coefficient for Comparing Collections. American Antiquity 55:512–521.Google Scholar
Crown, Patricia L. 1994 Ceramics & Ideology: Salado Polychrome Pottery. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Diani, Mario 2003 Social Movements, Contentious Actions, and Social Networks: ‘From Metaphor to Substance’? In Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action, edited by Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, pp. 1–20. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diani, Mario 2011 The Concept of Social Movement. The Sociological Review 40:1–25.Google Scholar
Di Peso, Charles C. 1958 The Reeve Ruin of Southeastern Arizona: A Study of Prehistoric Western Pueblo Migration into the Middle San Pedro Valley. Amerind Foundation Series No. 8. Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona.Google Scholar
Donati, Pierpaolo 2011 Relational Sociology: A New Paradigm for the Social Sciences. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Duff, Andrew I. 2002 Western Pueblo Identities: Regional Interaction, Migration, and Transformation. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Edelman, Marc 2001 Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics. Annual Review of Anthropology 30:285–317.Google Scholar
Elson, Mark D. 1998 Expanding the View of Hohokam Platform Mounds: An Ethnographic Perspective. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 63. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Emirbayer, Mustafa 1997 Manifesto for a Relational Sociology. American Journal of Sociology 103:281–317.Google Scholar
Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Goodwin, Jeff 1994 Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency. American Journal of Sociology 99:1411–1453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, Christopher T., and Feinman, Gary M. 2005 Introduction to “Landscapes over Time.” American Anthropologist 107:62–69.Google Scholar
Gamble, Clive 1999 The Paleolithic Societies of Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Garaganova, Galina, Pattison, Pip, Koskinen, Johan, Mitchell, Bill, Bill, Anthea, Watts, Martin, and Baum, Scott 2012 Networks and Geography: Modelling Community Network Structures as the Outcome of Both Spatial and Network Processes. Social Networks 34:6–17.Google Scholar
Geib, Phil R., and Callahan, Martha 1987 Ceramic Exchange within the Kayenta Anasazi Region: Volcanic Ash-Tempered Tusayan White Ware. Kiva 52:95–112.Google Scholar
Glowacki, Donna, and Van Keuren, Scott (editors) 2011 Religious Transformation in the Late Pre-Hispanic Southwest. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Golitko, Mark, Meierhoff, James, Feinman, Gary M., and Williams, Patrick Ryan 2012 Complexities of Collapse: The Evidence of Maya Obsidian as Revealed by Social Network Graphical Analysis. Antiquity 86:507–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosselain, Olivier P. 2000 Materializing Identities: An African Perspective. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 7:187–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, George P., and Rey, Agapito 1966 The Rediscovery of New Mexico, 1580–1584. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hart, John P., and Englebrecht, William 2012 Northern Iroquoian Ethnic Evolution: A Social Network Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 19:322–349.Google Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1958 Evidence at Point of Pines for a Prehistoric Migration from Northern Arizona. In Migrations in New World Culture History, edited by Raymond H. Thompson, pp. 1–8. Social Science Bulletin 27. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hays-Gilpin, Kelley A., and Schaafsma, Polly (editors) 2010 Painting the Cosmos: Metaphor and Worldview in Images from the Southwest and Pueblos and Mexico. Bulletin No. 67. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Hegmon, Michelle, Peeples, Matthew A., Kinzig, Ann P., Kulow, Stephanie, Meegan, Cathryn M., and Nelson, Margaret C. 2008 Social Transformation and Its Human Costs in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. American Anthropologist 110(3):313–324.Google Scholar
Hill, J. Brett, Clark, Jeffery J., Doelle, William H., and Lyons, Patrick D. 2004 Prehistoric Demography in the Southwest: Migration, Coalescence, and Hohokam Population Decline. American Antiquity 69:689–716.Google Scholar
Simon, Holdaway, and Wandsnider, Luann (editors) 2008 Time in Archaeology: Time Perspectivism Revisited. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Irwin-Williams, Cynthia 1977 A Network Model for the Analysis of Prehistoric Trade. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Timothy K. Earle and Jonathan Ericson, pp. 141–151. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kantner, John 2012 The Archaeology of Regions: From Discrete Analytical Toolkit to Ubiquitous Spatial Perspective. Journal of Archeological Research 16:37–81.Google Scholar
Knapp, A. Bernard (editor) 1992 Archaeology, Annates, and Ethnohistory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Knappett, Carl 2011 An Archaeology of Interaction: Network Perspectives on Material Culture and Society. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Knappett, Carl (editor) 2013 Network Analysis in Archaeology: New Approaches to Regional Interaction. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A. 2003 Scale and Demographic Change: 3,500 Years in the Valley of Oaxaca. American Anthropologist 105:313–325.Google Scholar
Laumann, Edward O., Marsden, Peter V., and Prensky, David 1992 The Boundary Specification Problem in Network Analysis. In Research Methods in Social Network Analysis, edited by Linton C. Freeman, Douglas R. White, and A. Kimbell Romney, pp. 61–87. Transaction Publishers, Piscataway, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Lave, Jean, and Wenger, Etienne 1991 Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lyons, Patrick D. 2012 Ceramic Typology, Chronology, Production, and Circulation. In Mounds and Migrants: Late Prehistoric Archaeology of the Lower San Pedro River Valley, Arizona, edited by Clark, Jeffery J. and Lyons, Patrick D., pp. 211–308 Anthropological Papers No. 45. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Lyons, Patrick D., and Clark, Jeffery J. 2012 A Community of Practice in Diaspora: The Rise and Demise of Roosevelt Red Ware. In Potters and Communities of Practice: Glaze Paint and Polychrome Pottery in the American Southwest AD. 1250–1700, edited by Linda S. Cordell and Judith Habicht-Mauche, pp. 19–33. Anthropological Papers No. 75. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
McGuire, Randall H. 2011 Pueblo Religion and the Mesoamerican Connection. In Religious Transformation in the Late Pre-Hispanic Pueblo World, edited by Donna M. Glowacki and Scott Van Keuren, pp. 23–49. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2007a Multicrafting, Migration, and Identity in the Greater Southwest. In Rethinking Craft Production: Multicrafting and the Nature of Producers, edited by Izumi Shimada, pp. 25–13. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2007b Performing the Feast: Visual Display and Supra-household Commensalism in the Puebloan Southwest. American Antiquity 72:210–239.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2011 Themes and Models for Understanding Migration in the Southwest. In Movement, Connectivity, and Landscape Change in the Ancient Southwest, edited by Margaret C. Nelson and Colleen Strawhacker, pp. 345–359. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., Herr, Sarah A., Stinson, Susan L., and Triadan, Daniela 1999 Ceramic Production and Distribution. In Living on the Edge of the Rim: Excavations and Analysis of the Silver Creek Archaeological Research Project 1993–1998, edited by Barbara J. Mills, Sarah A. Herr, and Scott Van Keuren, pp. 295–324. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series 192. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., and Ferguson, T. J. 2008 Animate Objects: Shell Trumpets and Ritual Networks in the Greater Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 15:338–361.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., Clark, Jeffery J., Peeples, Matthew A., Haas, Jr., Roberts, John M. Jr., Hill, Brett William R., Huntley, Deborah L., Borck, Lewis, Breiger, Ronald L., Clauset, Aaron, and Steven Shackley, M. 2013a The Transformation of Social Networks in the Late Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. Proceedings of the National. Academy of Sciences 110:5785–5790.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., Roberts, Jr., Clark, Jeffery J. John M., Haas, Jr., Huntley, Deborah L. William R., Peeples, Matthew A., Trowbridge, Meaghan, Borck, Lewis, Ryan, Susan C., and Breiger, Ronald L. 2013b The Dynamics of Social Networks in the Late Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. In Network Analysis in Archaeology: New Approaches to Regional Interaction, edited by Carl Knappett, pp. 181–202. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Mische, Ann 2011 Relational Sociology, Culture, and Agency. In Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis, edited by John Scott and Peter Carrington, pp. 80–97. Sage, London.Google Scholar
Muir, Robert J., and Driver, Jonathan C. 2002 Scale of Analysis and Zooarchaeological Interpretation: Pueblo III Faunal Variation in the Northern San Juan Region. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21:165–199.Google Scholar
Munson, Jessica L., and Macri, Martha J. 2009 Sociopolitical Network Interactions: A Case Study of the Classic Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28:424–438.Google Scholar
Neitzel, Jill E. 1999 Examining Social Organization in the Southwest: An Application of Multiscalar Analysis. In Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast, edited by Jill E. Neitzel, pp. 183–214. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Nelson, Margaret C, Hegmon, Michelle, Kulow, Stephanie R., Peeples, Matthew A., Kintigh, Keith W., and Kinzig, Ann P. 2011 Resisting Diversity: A Long-Term Archaeological Study. Ecology and Society 16(1):25.Google Scholar
Netting, Robert M., Wilk, Richard, and Arnould, Eric (editors) 1984 Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Neuzil, Anna A. 2008 In the Aftermath of Migration: Renegotiating Ancient Identity in Southeastern Arizona. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 73. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Newman, M. E. J. 2010 Networks. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Newman, Mark, Albert László-Barabási, and Watts, Duncan J. (editors) 2006 The Structure and Dynamics of Networks. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Ownby, Mary R, Peeples, Matthew A., Ferguson, Jeffery R., and Huntley, Deborah 2014 Chemistry and Connections: Utilizing Neutron Activation Analysis and Social Network Analysis to Track Large-scale Patterns of Ceramic Consumption and Distribution. Paper presented at the Biennial Southwest Symposium, Las Vegas.Google Scholar
Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet, and Loren, Diana DiPaolo 2012 Presentation is Everything: Foodways, Tablewares, and Colonial Identity at Presidio Los Adaes. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 16:199–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peeples, Matthew A. 2011 Identity and Social Transformation in the Prehispanic Cibola World: AD. 1150–1325. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Peeples, Matthew A., and Randall Haas, W. Jr. 2013 Brokerage and Social Capital in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. American Anthropologist 115:232–247.Google Scholar
Peeples, Matthew, Mills, Barbara J., Roberts, Jr, Clark, Jeffery J. John M., and Haas, William R. Jr. 2014 Analytical Issues in the Application of Network Analyses to Archaeology. In The Connected Past: Challenging Networks in Archaeology and History, edited by Tom Brughmans, Fiona Coward, and Anna Collar, Oxford University Press, Oxford, in press.Google Scholar
Peeples, Matthew A., and Roberts, John M. Jr 2013 To Binarize or not to Binarize: Relational Data and the Construction of Archaeological Networks. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:3001–3010.Google Scholar
Peregrine, Peter 1991 A Graph-Theoretic Approach to the Evolution of Cahokia. American Antiquity 56:66–75.Google Scholar
Peterson, Christopher E., and Drennan, Robert D. 2005 Communities, Settlements, Sites, and Surveys: Regional-scale Analysis of Prehistoric Human Interaction. American Antiquity 70:5–30.Google Scholar
Potter, James M. 2000 Pots, Parties, and Politics: Communal Feasting in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 65:471–492.Google Scholar
Rautman, Alison E. 1993 Resource Variability, Risk, and the Structure of Social Networks: An Example from the Prehistoric Southwest. American Antiquity 58:403–424.Google Scholar
Robb, John, and Pauketat, Timothy R. 2013a From Moments to Millennia: Theorizing Scale and Change in Human History. In Big Histories, Human Lives: Tackling Problems of Scale in Archaeology, edited by John Robb and Timothy R. Pauketat, pp. 3–33. SAR Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Robb, John, and Pauketat, Timothy R. (editors) 2013b Big Histories, Human Lives: Tackling Problems of Scale in Archaeology. SAR Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Roberts, John M. Jr, Mills, Barbara J., Clark, Jeffery J., Randall Haas, Jr., Huntley, Deborah L. W., and Trowbridge, Meaghan A. 2012 A Method for Chronological Apportioning of Ceramic Assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:1513–1520.Google Scholar
Robinson, William S. 1951 A Method for Chronologically Ordering Archaeological Deposits. American Antiquity 16(4):293–301.Google Scholar
Scott, John 2000 Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. 2nd ed. Sage, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Shackley, M. Steven 2005 Obsidian: Geology and Archaeology in the North American Southwest. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Sindbæk, Søren M. 2007 Networks and Nodal Points: The Emergence of Towns in Early Viking Age Scandinavia. Antiquity 81:119–132.Google Scholar
Spielmann, Katherine A. 2006 Clusters Revisited. In The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A D. 1275–1600, edited by E. Charles Adams and Andrew I. Duff, pp. 137–143. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrell, John E. 1977 Human Biogeography in the Solomon Islands. Fieldiana: Anthropology Vol. 68, No.1. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.Google Scholar
Toll, H. Wolcott 2001 Making and Breaking Pots in the Chaco World. American Antiquity 66:56–78.Google Scholar
Wasserman, Stanley, and Faust, Katherine 1994 Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wellman, Barry 1988 Structural Analysis: From Method and Metaphor to Theory and Substance. In Social Structures: A Network Approach, edited by Barry Wellman and Stephen D. Berkowitz, pp. 19–61. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wiessner, Polly 1982 Risk, Reciprocity, and Social Influences on !Kung San Economics. In Politics and History in Band Societies, edited by Eleanor Leacock and Richard Lee, pp. 61–84. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R., Doelle, William H., Brett Hill, J., and Holmlund, James P. 2003 Coalescent Communities GIS Database: Museum of Northern Arizona, Center for Desert Archaeology, Western Mapping, Inc. Manuscript on file, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilson, C. Dean 2007 Mogollon Pottery Production and Exchange. In Zuni Origins: Toward a New Synthesis of Southwestern Archaeology, edited by David A. Gregory and David R. Wilcox, pp. 239–246. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason, and Canuto, Marcello A. 2000 Introducing an Archaeology of Communities An The Archaeology of Communities: A New World Perspective, edited by Marcello A. Canuto and Jason Yaeger, pp. 1–15. Roudedge, London.Google Scholar
Zedeno, M. Nieves 1994 Sourcing Prehistoric Ceramics at Chodistaas Pueblo, Arizona: The Movement of Pots and People in the Grasshopper Region. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 58. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Zedeno, M. Nieves 2002 Artifact Design, Composition, and Context: Updating the Analysis of Ceramic Circulation at Point of Pines, Arizona. In Ceramic Production and Circulation in the Greater Southwest, edited by Donna M. Glowacki and Hector Neff, pp. 74–84. Monograph 44, the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar