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2 Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).Google Scholar

3 Andrew von Hirsch, Doing Justice: The Choice of Punishments (New York: Hill & Wang, 1976); Ernest Van den Haag, Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question (New York: Basic Books, 1975).Google Scholar

4 Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, 36 Crim. L. Rep. (BNA) 3017.Google Scholar

5 Kennedy, Duncan, Toward an Historical Understanding of Legal Consciousness: The Case of Classical Legal Thought in America, 1850–1940, 3 Research L. & Soc. 3, 14 (1980).Google Scholar

6 Andrew von Hirsch & Don M. Gottfredson, Selective Incapacitation: Some Questions About Research Design and Equity, 12 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 11, 38 (1983-84).Google Scholar

7 Peter Greenwood & Allan Abrahamse, Selective Incapacitation (Rand Corporation R–2815, August 1982).Google Scholar

8 Von Hirtch & Gottfredson, supra note 6, at 22–23.Google Scholar

9 Zimring, Franklin E., Sentencing Reform in the States: Lessons from the 1970s, in Michael H. Tonry & Franklin E. Zimring, eds., Reform and Punishment: Essays on Criminal Sentencing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).Google Scholar

10 Id. at 13.Google Scholar

11 Minnesota Sentencing Commission, Preliminary Report on The Development and Impact of the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines (St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission, 1982).Google Scholar

12 Foucault, supra note 2, at 251–56.Google Scholar

13 This literature is already rather vast, but for a sampling of the kind of work being done one might read Alfred Blumstein & Jacqueline Cohen, Estimation of Individual Crime Rates from Arrest Records, 70 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 561 (1979); Alfred Blumstein et al., Demographically Disaggregated Projections of Prison Populations, 8 J. Crim. Jus. 1 (1980); Joan Petersiliaet al., Criminal Careers of Habitual Felons (Washington, D.C.: Department of Justice, July 1978).Google Scholar

14 Rothman, David J., The Discovery of the Asylum 85 (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1971).Google Scholar

15 Foucault, supra note 2; Dario Melossi & Massimo Pavarini, The Prison and the Factory, trans. Glynis Cousin (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble Books—Imports, 1981); Rothman, supra note 14.Google Scholar

16 Foucault, supra note 2, 32–69.Google Scholar

17 Goffman, Erving, Interaction Ritual (New York: Doubleday & Co., Anchor Books, 1967).Google Scholar

18 Marx, Gary, I'll Be Watching You: The New Surveillance, 1985 Dissent 26.Google Scholar