The political offense represents a controversial dimension of criminal law which encompasses as many degrees of chicanery, expediency, and misery as any aspect of human experience within the realm of the law.

Law in the twentieth century, no more than modern science, can be expected to stand still, especially in the developing area of international relations.

In the first study devoted to the World Court, Manley Hudson was largely concerned with the formal steps leading to its establishment and its organization. He placed the Court in historical perspective by linking it with the fruitless efforts at the 1907 Hague Peace Conference to set up a Permanent Court of Arbitral Justice.

As public international law expands into new domains formerly excluded from its province, it will, for its “formal” sources, have to depend more and more on treaties as the nearest substitute for international legislation.

In determining the location of a boundary, international as well as national tribunals have in the past been reluctant to place much evidentiary value on maps, regardless of their number or designation.

It has often been said that international law is a living institution in a living society.

Formosa (Taiwan) and the Pescadores (Penghu) were Chinese territory for several centuries before they were ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki of April 18, 1895.

On July 23, 1962, the International Conference on the Settlement of the Laotian Question in Geneva came to a close with the formal signature of a Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos and a Protocol to the Declaration.

Pursuant to agreement between the Soviet Union and the United States, endorsed by General Assembly resolution of December 20, 1961, representatives of the following countries took part in the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament: Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, India, Italy, Mexico, Nigeria, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, the Soviet Union, the United Arab Republic, the United Kingdom and the United States.

It is now over ten years since the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocol were completed.

Many problems of international law have arisen in connection with United States-Cuban relations since the establishment of the Castro regime in 1959, especially in regard to the following incidents:

1. Castro's confiscation of American property in Cuba in 1960, said to be in reprisal against the United States reduction of the Cuban sugar quota, was asserted by an American court to have been a breach of international law, and, following controversy over the number of persons in the U. S. Embassy in Havana, the United States broke diplomatic relations on January 3, 1962.

From the days when the Romans first came to appreciate the economic value of prisoners of war as a source of labor, and began to use them as slaves instead of killing them on the field of battle.

The transformation of the British Empire has affected in a striking manner relationships of the former Empire’s people with respect to their nationality.

The War Claims Act of October 22,1962, is the culmination of legislative efforts of twenty years to provide for the adjudication and payment of claims to American individuals and companies for certain losses arising from World War II.

While the world is experiencing its industrial revolution, demand for the efficient exploitation of global natural resources is making states increasingly interdependent.

On April 23, 1954, the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ratified the Geneva Conventions of 1949 with reservations not here pertinent.

There is widespread interest in the United Nations in fostering international co-operation in outer space for two basic reasons: first, to maximize co-operation between the two major space Powers despite their political differences; and second, to encourage the increased peaceful uses of outer space to benefit all countries irrespective of the stage of their economic or scientific development.