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³⁵ See Lewis-Beck and Mohr, 1976, for a complete explication of the effects coefficient. Basically, the effects coefficient is an extension of earlier attempts to assess “total effects” in a causal system (for earlier treatments, see Alwin, Duane G. and Hauser, Robert M., “The Decomposition of Effects in Path Analysis,” American Sociological Review, 40 (February, 1975), 37–47 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Duncan, Otis D., “Path Analysis: Sociological Examples,” in Causal Models in the Social Sciences, ed. Blalock, H. M. (Chicago: Aldine, 1971), pp. 137–138 Google Scholar; Finney, John M., “Indirect Effects in Path Analysis,” Sociological Methods and Research, 2 (November, 1972), 175–186 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Land, Kenneth C., “Principles of Path Analysis,” in Sociological Methodology 1969, ed. Bongatta, E. F. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1969), pp. 16–17 Google Scholar; Lewis-Beck, Michael S., “Determining the Importance of an Independent Variable: A Path Analytic Solution,” Social Science Research, 3 (June, 1974), 95–107)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. However, the effects coefficient is more satisfactory than prior efforts for a number of reasons. First, it has generalized applicability. That is, it may be used to assess the impact of any independent variable in the system, endogenous as well as exogenous (on this distinction, see Wonnacott and Wonnacott, pp. 155–156). And, it is applicable to any linear additive causal structure, whether it be recursive or nonrecursive, just-identified or overidentified (on these differences, see Wonnacott and Wonnacott, pp. 193–195, 172–189). (Of course, for nonrecursive systems, estimation techniques such as twostage least squares must be used, rather than ordinary least squares; see Johnston, J., Econometric Methods (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972), pp. 380–384)Google Scholar. Further, the effects coefficient is based on a more precise and comprehensive breakdown of relationships in the causal system, dividing the possible relations between two variables into direct effect (DE), indirect effect (IE), spurious relation (S) and unanalyzed relation (U).

³⁶ Sharkansky and Hofferbert, pp. 876–877.

³⁷ Sharkansky and Hofferbert, p. 877.

³⁸ When totally different causal structures underlie the statistics employed for evaluation, comparable results cannot reasonably be expected. In an analysis of two distinct data sets, not only were tlie distances between the effects of variables altered considerably depending on whether simple correlation, partial correlation, standardized partial regression, or effects coefficients were used, but there was also an occasional discrepancy in sign, and tlie rank ordering of the variables in terms of their effects was changed in a great many instances (Michael S. Lewis-Beck and Lawrence Mohr, B., “Evaluating Effects of Independent Variables: A Path Analytic Approach,” Institute of Public Policy Studies (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan, Discussion Paper #59)Google Scholar.