Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T18:12:43.195Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Die genetischen Probleme der Schizophrenien. Nebst vorläufiger Mitteilung der Ergebnisse in einem Schweizer Isolat (mit 3 Stammbaumskizzen)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2014

E. Hanhart

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The so-called endogenous psychoses, i. e. the manic-depressive pychosis and the schizophrenias have still to be treated like functional characters, as their probably existing somatic bases are still unknown. It may be granted that these two groups are genetically different, though there are — particularly in isolates — hereditary types of psychoses mixed with both manic-depressive and schizophrenic symptoms. According to the data of twin research, schizophrenias and cyclic psychoses have no common genetic background.

The very high concordance of monozygotic twins for schizophrenia is liable to prove the high importance of genetic factors, while it does not exclude accessorial environmental influences in its etiology.

A simple recessive inheritance, which seemed to be outruled by most authors, appears now to be possible according to Garrone (1962). Other authors (Slater, Böök) pleaded for irregular dominance of major genes with or without single accessory genes, and others even for an unspecific polygenic origin.

The term “ schizoid ” is vague and does not correspond to a satisfactorily clear conception either clinically or genetically. It may be the incomplete expression of a disposition to schizophrenia and more often that of a recessive gene in heterozygotic state or an incompletely dominant gene. Schizoid features which have been observed twice in children with trisomy-22 are not likely to have anything to do with schizophrenic psychoses.

Most probably the schizophrenias are heterogenic, but not with regard to clinical variations such as hebephrenia, catatonia, dementia simplex or paranoides. At any rate, we should not rely too much on the empirical hereditary prognosis.

The study of the occurrence of schizophrenia in isolates has the advantage that we have to do mostly with one and the same biotype and that we are able to trace the presumable genes throughout 8 and more generations. On the other hand the number of character-bearers is numerically limited.

In an isolate of eastern Switzerland with about 400 individuals of a highly inbred and fertile population, the frequency of schizophrenia is at least 1.75%. There are accumulations of the trait in some families and collateral lines. The oldest cases of presumable schizophrenics go back a hundred years; the more recent ones were or are interned in the two Cantonal asylums. The diagnoses in their records were controlled by prominent Swiss psychiatrists. Among the parents and sibs of those schizophrenics only a few can be judged as “ schizoid ” at a psychopathic degree.

The parental consanguinity of our propositi is about three times higher than the average of this population, which also contains 3.5% of undifferentiated oligophrenia being low-grade in 1%. The frequency of both schizophrenia and oligophrenia does not account at all for the relatively high number of 5 so-called “ Pfropf-schizophrenias ” (i. e., combinations of schizophrenias with inborn mental deficiency); however, Larsson and Sjögren found the same in a Swedish isolate.

While the 14 cases of sure or most probable schizophrenia in our isolate do not clearly show a monomeric recessive inheritance (since Weinberg's sibmethod gives a =10.4% and Bernstein's a priori-method a P = 3.0%), the undifferentiated oligophrenia of all degrees most probably depends on one specific simple recessive gene. It is not unlikely after all that the schizophrenias be inherited in the same way in this population, provided there is a considerably reduced manifestation of a mutated autosomal gene.

Type
Research Article
Information
Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , January 1965 , pp. 13 - 40
Copyright
Copyright © The International Society for Twin Studies 1965

References

Literatur

Altshuler, K. Z.: Genetic elements in schizophrenia. Eugenics Quarterly, Vol. 4, N. 2, 1957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellak, L.: Schizophrenia, a review of the syndrome. New York, Logos Press, 1958.Google Scholar
Bender, L. (1953): zit. nach F. J. Kallmann u. B. Roth, 1956.Google Scholar
Biesele, J. J., Schmid, W., Lawlis, M. G.: Mentally retarded schizoid twin girls with 47 chromosomes. The Lancet, 02 24, pp. 403–405, 1962 Google Scholar
Bleuler, M.: Vererbungsprobleme bei Schizophrenen. Zschr. f. d. ges. Neuro, u. Psychiatr. 127, 321–388, 1930.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M.: Krankheitsverlauf, Persönlichkeit und Verwandtschaft Schizophrener und ihre gegenseitigen Beziehungen. Georg Thieme Verlag, Leipzig, 1941.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M.: Schizophrenes und endokrines Krankheitsgeschehen Arch. Jul. Klaus-Stift. Bd. XVIII, Heft 3/4, 1943.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M.: Untersuchungen aus dem Grenzgebiet zwischen Psychopathologie und Endokrinologie. Arch. f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten, Bd. 118-180, Heft 3/4, 1948.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M.: Die erbpathologische Forschungsrichtung in der Psychiatrie. Schw. Arch. v. Neur. u. Psych., LXII, S. 59–76, 1948.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M.: Psychiatrie sociale. Ier Congrès int. de Psychiatrie, Paris, 1950.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M.: Endokrinologische Psychiatrie, G. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1964.Google Scholar
Böök, J. A.: Schizophrenia as a gene mutation, Acta Genetica et Statistica Medica, 4, 133–139, 1953.Google Scholar
Böök, J. A.: Genetical aspects of schizophrenia. In Jackson, : “The etiology of schizophrenia” D. D. New York, Basic Books, 1960.Google Scholar
Böök, J. A.: Genetical etiology in mental illness. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, Vol. XXXVIII, N. 3, 1960.Google Scholar
Brugger, C.: Die erbbiologische Stellung der Pfropfschizophrenie. Z. Neur., 113, 1928.Google Scholar
Brugger, C.: Psychiatrisch-genealogische Untersuchungen an einer Allgäuer Landbevölkerung im Gebiet eines psychiatrischen Zensus. Z. ges. Neuro. Psychiat., 145, 60; 146, 55, 1933.Google Scholar
Corboz, R.: Gibt es Geisteskrankheiten im Kindesalter? Schw. Med. Wschr., 88, N. 29, 703, 1958.Google Scholar
Elsässer, G.: Die Nachkommen geisteskranker Elternpaare, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, 1952.Google Scholar
Ernst, K.: Wann besteht Verdacht auf eine schizophrene Psychose. Schweiz. Med. Wschr., 94, 23, 1964.Google Scholar
Essen-Möller, E.: Untersuchungen über die Fruchtbarkeit gewisser Gruppen von Geisteskranken. Act. Psychiatr. et Neurologica, Suppl. VIII, Copenhagen, 1935.Google Scholar
Essen-Möller, E.: Die Heiratshäufigkeit der Geschwister von Schizophrenen Arch. f. Rassen- u. Gesellschaftsbiol., Bd. 30, Heft 5, 1936.Google Scholar
Essen-Möller, E.: The concept of schizoidia. Monthly Review of Psychiatry and Neurology, 09 Vol. 112, N. 5/6, 1946.Google Scholar
Essen-Möller, E.: Das erbpsychiatrische Lebenswerk von Bruno Schulz Sep. Act. Psychiatr. et Neurolog. Scandin. Vol. 34, Fase. I, 1958.Google Scholar
Essen-Möller, E.: Twin Research and Psychiatry. Act. Psychiatr. Scandin., 39, 1, 1963.Google Scholar
Forssman, H.: The anancastic syndrome. Celebration Volume for Torsten Sjögren, S. 208–217, 1963.Google Scholar
Garrone, G.: Etude statistique et génétique de la schizophrénie à Genève de 1901 à 1950. J. Génét. hum., 11, p. 89–219, 1962.Google Scholar
Gaupp, R. & Mauz, F.: Krankheitseinheiten und Mischpsychosen. Z. Neur., 101, 1, 1926.Google Scholar
Gedda, L.: Studio dei gemelli. Ed. Orizzonte Medico, Roma, 1951.Google Scholar
Haberlandt, W. F.: Der genuin-konstitutionelle Faktor bei der Schizophrenie. Z. menschl. Vererb.-u.Konstit. Lehre, 35, 507–517, 1960.Google Scholar
Hanhart, E.: Zur Mendelistischen Auswertung einer, 33 Jahre langen Erforschung von Isolaten. In Gedda: Novant'anni delle Leggi Mendeliane, Ed. Istituto Mendel, Roma, 1956.Google Scholar
Hanhart, E.: Ergebnisse der demogenetischen Erforschung der Isolate mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schweizer Inzuchtgebiete. In: Proc. of the Sec. Intern. Cong, of Human Genet. (Rome, 1961), Ed. Istituto Mendel, Roma, 1963-1964.Google Scholar
Hanhart, E.: Die. genealogische und otologische Erforschung des grossen Walliser Herdes von recessiver Taubheit und Schwerhörigkeit im Laufe der letzten 30 Jahre (1933-1962) Arch. Klaus-Stift., Bd. XXXVII, Heft, 3/4, 1962.Google Scholar
Hanhart, E.: Zur genetischen Abgrenzung neurologischer Krankheitseinheiten und « nervöser Belastungen ». Act. Psychiat. Scandinavia, Vol. 39, Fasc. 1, S. 85–106, 1963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanhart, E.: Zur Erbbedingtheit des differenzierten und undifferenzierten Schwachsinns. Arch. Jul. Klaus-Stift., Bd. XXXVIII, Heft, 3/4, 1963.Google Scholar
Hoch & Polatin (1949): zit, n. F. J. Kallmann, 1950.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, H.: Studien über Vererbung und Neuentstehung geistiger Störungen. Die Nachkommenschaft bei endogenen Psychosen. Monographien Neur., H. 26, 1921.Google Scholar
Hoskins, R. G.: The biology of schizophrenia W. W. Norton & Co. New York, 1946.Google Scholar
Inouye, E.: Similarity and dissimilarity of schizophrenia in twins. The Third World Congress of Psychiatry. Montreal. Proceedings, vol. I, 524–530, 1961.Google Scholar
Kahn, E.: Ueber die Bedeutung der Erbkonstitution für die Entstehung, den Aufbau und die Systematik der Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins. Z. Neur, 74, 1922.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: Erbprognose und Fruchtbarkeit bei den verschiedenen Formen der Schizophrenie. Allg.. Z. Psychiat., 104, 119, 1936.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: The genetics of schizophrenia. New York. J. J. Augustin, 1938.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: The genetic theory of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat., 103, 309 1946.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: Applicability of modern genetic concepts in the management of schizophrenia. J. of Heredity, D. C. Vol. XXXIX, N. 11, 1948.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: The genetics of psychoses and analysis of 1232 twin index families. Amer. J. hum. Genet., 2, 385, 1950.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: The genetics of psychoses. Congrès international de psychiatrie, vol. VI, Hermann et Cie., Paris, 1950.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: Genetic aspects of psychoses. The biology of mental health and disease., New York, Paul B. Hoeber, 1952.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: Heredity in health and mental disorder. New York W. W. Norton and Co., 1953.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: The genetics of psychotic behavior patterns. Genetics and the inheritance of integrated neurological and psychiatric patterns (ed. by Hooker, D. & Hare, C. C.), Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1954.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: Barrera, J. E.: The heredoconstitutional mechanisms of predisposition and resistance to schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 98, 544, 1942 Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: Michey, J. S.: The concept of induced insanity in family units. The Journal of nervous and mental diseases, Vol. 104, Nr. 3, 1946.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J.: Roth, B.: Genetic aspects of preadolescent schizophrenia. Am. J. of Psychiatry, Vol. 112, No. 8, 1956.Google Scholar
Katzenfuss, H.: Beitrag zum Problem der Pfropfschizophrenie. Diss. Zürich, 1935.Google Scholar
Kehrer, F. A.: Kritisches und Katamnestisches zum Schizophrenieproblem. Schweiz, med. Wschr., 83, Beih. z. N. 38, 1508–1512, 1953.Google Scholar
Kleist, K.: Fortschritte der Psychiatrie. Verlag Dr. Waldemar Kramer, 1947.Google Scholar
Koller, S.: Ueber den Erbgang der Schizophrenie. Z. Neurol., 164, 199–228, 1939.Google Scholar
Kretschmer, E.: Körperbau und Charakter. Jul. Springer, 1921.Google Scholar
Kringlen, E.: Discordance with respect to schizophrenia in monozygotic male twins. J. nerv. ment. Dis., 1963.Google Scholar
Larsson, T. & Sjögren, T.: A methodological, psychiatric and statistical study of a large Swedish rural population. E. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1954.Google Scholar
Lange, J.: Zwillingspathologische Probleme der Schizophrenic Wiener klin. Woch. S. 1213 u. 1247, 1929.Google Scholar
Lenz, F., Wer wird schizophren? Der Erbarzt N. 11. S. 154, 1937.Google Scholar
Lenz, F., Mendeln die Geisteskrankheiten? Zschr. f. indukt. Abstammungs- u. Vererbungslehre, Bd. LXXIII, Heft 3/4.Google Scholar
Leonhard, K.: Grundsätzliche Bemerkungen zur Einteilung der Schizophrenien. Congress Report of the Und Internat. Congress for Psychiatry, Vol. IV, Zürich, 1957.Google Scholar
Leonhard, K.: Zur Methodik der erbbiologischen Untersuchungen bei Schizophrenien. Schw. Arch. f. Neuroi., Neurochir. u. Psychiatr., Bd. 85, Heft, 1/2, 1960.Google Scholar
Lewis, N. D. C. (1949): zit. n. F. J. Kallmann, 1950.Google Scholar
Luxenburger, H.: Untersuchungen an schizophrenen Zwillingen und ihren Geschwistern zur Prüfung der Realität von Manifestationsschwankungen. Z. Neurol., 154, 351, 1935.Google Scholar
Luxenburger, H.: Die Schizophrenie und ihr Erbkreis. Handbuch der Erbbiologie des Menschen. I. Springer 5, 769–872, 1939.Google Scholar
Luxenburger, H.: Erbpathologie der Schizophrenie. Part II, Vol. II des Handbuch d. Erbkrankheiten, G. Thieme, Leipzig, 1940.Google Scholar
Myerson, A. (1948): zit. n. F. J. Kallmann, 1950.Google Scholar
Nachtsheim, H.: Erbleiden des Nervensystems bei Säugetieren. Hdb. d. Erbbiologie d. Menschen, Bd. I, 07.Google Scholar
Oberholzer: Erblichkeitsverhältnisse und Erbgang bei Dementia praecox. Verein Schweizer. Irrenärzte, 1914.Google Scholar
Rosanoff, A. J., Handy, L. M., Plesset, I. R. & Brush, S.: The etiology of so-called schizophrenic psychoses with special reference to their occurrence in twins. Amer. J. Psychiat., 91, 247–286, 1934.Google Scholar
Rüdin, E.: Zur Vererbung und Neuentstehung der Dementia praecox. J. Springer (1916).Google Scholar
Ruepp, G.: Erbbiologische Bestandsaufnahme in einem Walserdorf der Voralpen. Diss. Zürich, 1935.Google Scholar
Schade, H.: Ergebnisse einer Bevölkerungsuntersuchung in der Schwalm. Akadem. d. Wissensch, u. d. Lit.. 16, 419. 1950.Google Scholar
Schneider, K.: Probleme der klinischen Psychiatrie. Thieme Verlag Leipzig, 1932.Google Scholar
Schulz, B.: Zur Erbpathologie der Schizophrenie. Z. Neurol., 143, 175, 1932.Google Scholar
Schulz, B.: Empirische Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung beiderseitiger Belastung mit endogenen Psychosen. Z. ges. Neur. u. Psychiat., 165, 7, 1939.Google Scholar
Schulz, B.: Sterblichkeit endogen Geisteskranker und ihrer Eltern. Z. menschl. Vererb.-u. Konstit. lehre, Bd. 29, S. 338–367, 1949.Google Scholar
Schulz, B.: Die Schizophreniegegährdung der Verwandten Schizophrener. Aerztl. Monatshefte, V, Heft, 4, 1949/1950.Google Scholar
Sjögren, T.: Genetic-statistical and psychiatric investigations of a West Swedish population. Act. Psychiatr. et Neurolog. Suppl. 52, 1948.Google Scholar
Sjögren, T.: Génétique et Eugénique. Congrès Internat, de Psychiatrie, Paris, 1950.Google Scholar
Sjögren, T.: A methodological, psychiatrie and statistical study of a large Swedish rural population. Act. Psychiatr. et Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 89, 1954.Google Scholar
Slater, E.: The inheritance of mental disorder. Eugen. Rev. 28, 277, 1937.Google ScholarPubMed
Slater, E.: Genetics in psychiatry. J. Ment. Sci., 90, 17, 1944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, E.: Heredity, genetic causes of symptoms. Monastschr. Psychiat. Neurol., 113, 50–57, 1947.Google Scholar
Slater, E.: Psychiatric genetics. In: Recent progress in psychiatry (ed. by Fleming, G. W. T. H.). London, Churchill, 1950.Google Scholar
Slater, E.: An investigation into psychotic and neurotic twins. London, University of London, 1951.Google Scholar
Slater, E.: Psychiatry chapt. 3. In: Sorsby, Clinical Genetics. London, Butterworth, 1953.Google Scholar
Slater, E.: Psychotic and neurotic illness in twins. London. Her. Mag. Stat. Office, 1953.Google Scholar
Slater, E.: The monogenic theory of schizophrenia. Act. Genet. Stat. Med., 8, 50–56, 1958.Google Scholar
Staehelin, J. E.: Katatoniforme? (diencephalotische) Psychose eines dreijährigen Kindes. Schw. Med. Wschr. 74, N. 16, S. 447, 1944.Google Scholar
Stenstedt, A.: Involutional melancholia. Act. Psychiatr. et Neurolog. Scand. Suppl., 127, 34, 1959.Google ScholarPubMed
Stern, A.: Das Zwillingsproblem in der Psychiatrie. A. Ge. Me. Ge., Vol. VII, 1958.Google Scholar
Strömgren, E.: Psychiatric researches in heredity during recent years in the northern countries. Schweiz. Arch. Neurolog. Psychiat., 62, 378 1948.Google Scholar
Stockard, Cii. R.: Die körperliche Grundlage der Persönlichkeit. G. Fischer Jena, 1932.Google Scholar
Tienari, P.: Psychiatric illness in identical twins. Acta Psychiat. Scand., Suppl. 171, 39, 1963.Google Scholar
Tuczek, K.: Die Kombination des manisch-depressiven und schizophrenen Erbkreises. Arch. d. Jul. Klaus-Stiftg., Bd. VIII, Heft, 3/4, 1933.Google Scholar
Vogel, F.: Eine vorläufige Abschätzung der Anzahl menschlicher Gene. Z. menschl. Vererb.-u. Konstit. lehre, 37, 291–299, 1964.Google Scholar
Weinberg, W.: Methodische Gesichtspunkte für die statistische Untersuchung der Vererbung bei Dementia praecox. Z. f. Neurol, u. Psychiatr., Bd. LIX, 1920.Google Scholar
Welner, J. & Strömgren, E.: Clinical and genetic studies on benign schizophreniform psychosis based on an follow-up. Acta psych, et Neur., 33, 377, 1958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wertheimer, N. M.: Rheumatische Schizophrenie, Arch. Gen. Psychiatr., 4, 579, 1961.Google Scholar
Wittermans, A. W. & Schulz, B.: Genealogischer Beitrag zur Frage der geheilten Schizophrenien. Arch. Psychiatr. u. Z. Neur., 185, 211, 1950.Google Scholar
Zerbin-Rudin, E.: Ueber die Bedeutung der Familien und Zwillingsbefunde für die Schizophrenie-Entstehung. IIe Congrès intern, de psychiatrie, vol. II, 35 Paris, 1957.Google Scholar
Zerbin-Rudin, E.: Zur Erbpathologie Der Schizophrenien: Mitteilungen a. d. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. H. 1–2 S. 87–101, 1963.Google Scholar