Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T23:06:18.020Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

KINGS OF THE EAST: ALTUN HA AND THE WATER SCROLL EMBLEM GLYPH

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2018

Christophe Helmke Open the ORCID record for Christophe Helmke [Opens in a new window] ,
Stanley P. Guenter  and
Phillip J. Wanyerka
Christophe Helmke*
Affiliation:
Institute of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
Stanley P. Guenter
Affiliation:
Foundation for Archaeological Research and Environmental Studies, 164 W 400 N, Rupert, Idaho 83350
Phillip J. Wanyerka
Affiliation:
Department of Criminology, Anthropology, and Sociology, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave. RT 932, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
*
E-mail correspondence to: cgbh@hum.ku.dk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The importance of emblem glyphs to Maya studies has long been recognized. Among these are emblems that have yet to be conclusively matched to archaeological sites. The Water Scroll emblem glyph is one such example, although it appears numerous times in the Classic Maya written corpus between the sixth and the eighth centuries. These many references are found at a variety of sites across the lowlands, attesting to the importance of this ancient kingdom and the kings who carried this title. In the present paper, we review the epigraphic and archaeological evidence and propose that this may be the royal title of the kings who reigned from Altun Ha, in the east central Maya lowlands, in what is now Belize. In so doing, we also begin to reconstruct the dynastic history of the Water Scroll kings, from the vantage of both local and foreign sources.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 29 , Issue 1 , Spring 2018 , pp. 113 - 135
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acuña, Mary Jane 2015 Royal Death, Tombs, and Cosmic Landscapes: Early Classic Maya Tomb Murals from Río Azul, Guatemala. In Maya Archaeology 3, edited by Golden, Charles, Houston, Stephen, and Skidmore, Joel, pp. 168–185. Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Andres, Christopher R. 2009 Architecture and Sociopolitical Transformation at Chau Hiix, Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 34:1–24.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W. 1977 The Archaeological Ceramics of Becan, Campeche, Mexico. Middle American Research Institute, Publication No. 43. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W. 1993 Pottery, Potters, Palaces, and Polities: Some Socioeconomic and Political Implications of Late Classic Maya Ceramic Industries. In New Perspectives on Classic Maya Civilization: Lowland Societies in the Eighth Century a.d., edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Henderson, John S., pp. 243–272. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Barthel, Thomas 1968 El complejo emblema. Estudios de Cultura Maya 7:159–193.Google Scholar
Bassie-Sweet, Karen, Zender, Marc, de Lara, Jorge Pérez and Guenter, Stanley 2015 The Paintings of Joljá Cave 1. In The Ch'ol Maya of Chiapas, edited by Bassie-Sweet, Karen, Laughlin, Robert M., Hopkins, Nicholas A., and Brizuela Casimir, Andrés, pp. 86–104. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Beliaev, Dmitri 2000 Wuk Tsuk and Oxlahun Tsuk: Naranjo and Tikal in the Late Classic. In The Sacred and the Profane: Architecture and Identity in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Colas, Pierre R., Delvendahl, Kai, Kuhnert, Marcus, and Schubart, Annette, pp. 63–82 Acta Mesoamericana, Vol. 10. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben.Google Scholar
Beliaev, Dmitri 2013 Western Foreigners in the Dresden Codex. In The Maya in a Mesoamerican Context: Comparative Approaches to Maya Studies, edited by Nielsen, Jesper and Helmke, Christophe, pp. 167–173. Acta Mesoamericana, Vol. 26. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben.Google Scholar
Berlin, Heinrich 1958 El glifo emblema en las inscripciones Maya. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris 47:111–119.Google Scholar
Blom, Frans 1950 A Polychrome Plate from Quintana Roo. Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 98. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Boot, Erik 2005 Continuity and Change in Text and Image at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico: A Study of the Inscriptions, Iconography, and Architecture at a Late Classic to Early Postclassic Maya Site. CNWS Publications, Leiden.Google Scholar
Boot, Erik 2009 The Updated Preliminary Classic Maya - English, English - Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings. Mesoweb. http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/Vocabulary-2009.01.pdf, accessed February 13, 2018.Google Scholar
Brady, James E. 1989 An Investigation of Maya Ritual Cave Use with Special Reference to Naj Tunich, Peten, Guatemala. Ph.D. dissertation, Archaeology Program, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E., Bill, Cassandra R., and Prager, Christian M. 2008 Exchange, Political Relations and Regional Interaction: The Ancient Maya City of Pusilhá in the Late Classic Maya World. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 5:51–62.Google Scholar
Carter, Nicholas P. 2015 Once and Future Kings: Classic Maya Geopolitics and Mythic History on the Vase of the Initial Series from Uaxactun. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Journal 15:1–15.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 2001 Ancient Maya Causeways and Site Organization at Caracol, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:273–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Closs, Michael P. 1988 The Hieroglyphic Text of Stela 9, Lamanai, Belize. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 21:9–16.Google Scholar
Closs, Michael P. 1989 The Dynastic History of Naranjo: The Late Period. In Word and Image in Maya Culture: Explorations in Language, Writing, and Representation, edited by Hanks, William F. and Rice, Don S., pp. 244–254. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Colas, Pierre Robert 2003 K'inich and King: Naming Self and Person among Classic Maya Rulers. Ancient Mesoamerica 14:269–283.Google Scholar
Cook, Patricia M. 1997 Basal Platform Mounds at Chau Hiix, Belize: Evidence for Ancient Maya Social Structure and Cottage Industry Manufacturing. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Dacus, Chelsea 2005 Weaving The Past: An Examination of Bones Buried with an Elite Maya Woman. M.A. thesis, Meadows School of the Arts, Southern Methodist University, Dallas.Google Scholar
Easby, Elizabeth K. 1966 Ancient Art of Latin America from the Collection of Jay C. Leff. Brooklyn Museum, New York.Google Scholar
Emmerich, André 1984 Masterpieces of Pre-Columbian Art from the Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Wray. André Emmerich Gallery and Perls Galleries, New York.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., Schele, Linda, and Parker, Joy 1993 Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path. William Morrow and Company, New York.Google Scholar
Gifford, James C. 1976 Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie in the Belize Valley. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. 18. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai 1998 Speaking Through Stones: A Quotative Particle in Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions. In 50 Years of Americanist Studies at the University of Bonn: New Contributions to the Archaeology, Ethnohistory, Ethnolinguistics and Ethnography of the Americas, edited by Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz, Sabine, Arellano Hoffmann, Carmen, König, Eva, and Prümers, Heiko, pp. 543–558. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai 2003 Epigraphic Analysis of Altar 3 of Altar de los Reyes. In Archaeological Reconnaissance in Southern Campeche, Mexico: 2002 Field Season, edited by Sprajč, Ivan, pp. 34–40. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/01014/01014Sprajc01.pdf, accessed September 16, 2017.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai 2004 La historia dinástica de Naranjo, Petén. Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 24:195–213.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai, MacLeod, Barbara, and Wanyerka, Phil 1999 A Commentary on the Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Nim Li Punit, Belize. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 41:17–39.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H. 1993 Ancient Maya Traders of Ambergris Caye. Cubola Productions, Benque Viejo.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., and Garber, James F. (editors) 1995 Maya Maritime Trade, Settlement, and Populations on Ambergris Caye, Belize. Labyrinthos Press, Lancaster.Google Scholar
Guenter, Stanley P. 2002 Under a Falling Star: The Hiatus at Tikal. Master's thesis, La Trobe University, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Guenter, Stanley P. 2007 The Tomb of K'inich Janaab Pakal: The Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque. Electronic document, http://www.mesoweb.com/articles/guenter/TI.pdf, accessed May 24, 2017.Google Scholar
Guenter, Stanley P. 2008 Martillando el cielo: La epigrafía de la región Petexbatún. Paper presented at the VI Mesa Redonda de Palenque. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Palenque.Google Scholar
Guenter, Stanley P. 2013 La Corte Real de los K'uhul Chatan Winik: Recuperando Información de la cerámica estilo-códice. Paper presented at XXVII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Guenter, Stanley P. 2014 The Queen of Cobá: A Reanalysis of the Macanxoc Stelae. In The Archaeology of Yucatán, edited by Stanton, Travis W., pp. 395–421. Archaeopress Pre-Columbian Archaeology 1. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hall, Grant D. 1986 Results of Tomb Investigations at Río Azul, Season of 1984. In Proyecto Río Azul, Informe 2, 1985, edited Adams, Richard E.W., pp. 69–110. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter D. 1999 The Lords of Tikal: Rulers of an Ancient Maya City. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Hellmuth, Nicholas M. 1987 Monster und Menschen in der Maya-Kunst: Eine Ikonographie der alten Religionen Mexikos und Guatemalas. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe 1999 Preliminary Comments on the Altun Ha Dynastic Sequence: An Epigraphic and Ceramic Analysis. Paper presented at Maya Universe Symposium and Exhibit, Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art, Toronto.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe 2009 Ancient Maya Cave Usage as Attested in the Glyphic Corpus of the Maya Lowlands and the Caves of the Roaring Creek Valley, Belize. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, London.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe 2012 Mythological Emblem Glyphs of Ancient Maya Kings. Contributions in New World Archaeology 3:91–126.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe 2016 Indicators of Matrifocality and Maternal Dominance during the Regency of Lady Six Sky at Naranjo, Guatemala. Paper presented at the 5th Cracow Maya Conference: Weaving Histories: Women in Mesoamerican Culture, Society and Politics. Department of New World Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, Andres, Christopher R., Morton, Shawn G., and Wrobel, Gabriel D. 2015 For Love of the Game: The Ballplayer Panels of Tipan Chen Uitz in Light of Late Classic Athletic Hegemony. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Journal 16:1–30.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Kupprat, Felix 2016 Where Snakes Abound: Supernatural Places of Origin and Founding Myths in the Titles of Classic Maya Kings. In Places of Power and Memory in Mesoamerica's Past and Present: How Toponyms, Landscapes and Boundaries Shape History and Remembrance, edited by Graña-Behrens, Daniel, pp. 33–83. Estudios Indiana, Vol. 9. Gebrüder Mann Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Kupprat, Felix 2017 Los glifos emblema y los lugares sobrenaturales: El caso de Kanu'l y sus implicaciones. Estudios de Cultura Maya 50:95–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Kettunen, Harri 2005 Caracol and Its Neighbours. Workshop tutored at 10th European Maya Conference, Leiden University, Leiden.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Savchenko, Ivan 2016 The Legacy of Lady Six Sky: Problematic Dynastic Successions at Naranjo in the Eighth Century. Paper presented at the 21st European Maya Conference, Knorozov Center for Mesoamerican Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Awe, Jaime J. 2008 Organización territorial de los antiguos mayas de Belice Central: Confluencia de datos arqueológicos y epigráficos. Mayab 20:65–91.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Awe, Jaime J. 2016 Sharper than a Serpent's Tooth: A Tale of the Snake-Head Dynasty as Recounted on Xunantunich Panel 4. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Journal 17:1–22.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, Awe, Jaime J., and Grube, Nikolai 2010 The Carved Monuments and Inscriptions of Xunantunich. In Classic Maya Provincial Politics: Xunantunich and Its Hinterlands, edited by LeCount, Lisa J. and Yaeger, Jason, pp. 97–121. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Nielsen, Jesper 2009 Hidden Identity and Power in Ancient Mesoamerica: Supernatural Alter Egos as Curses and Diseases. Acta Americana 17:49–98.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, Hoggarth, Julie A., Awe, Jaime J., Bednar, Sarah E., and López-Johnson, Amber 2017 Some Initial Comments on the Komkom Vase Discovered at Baking Pot, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 14:227–240.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1984 An Example of Homophony in Maya Script. American Antiquity 49:790–805.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1993 Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas: Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen, and Stuart, David 1989 The Way Glyph: Evidence for Co-essences among the Classic Maya. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 30:1–16.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen, Stuart, David, and Taube, Karl 2006 The Memory of Bones: Body, Being, and Experiences among the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen, Robertson, John, and Stuart, David 2001 Quality and Quantity in Glyphic Nouns and Adjectives. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 47:1–56.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen, Chatham, Robert, Chinchilla, Oswaldo, Ponciano, Erick, and Wright, Lori 1992 Mapeo y sondeos en Tamarindito, Petén. In IV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1990, edited by Pedro Laporte, Juan, Escobedo, Héctor, and Brady, Sandra, pp. 154–163. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Just, Bryan R. 2013 Collecting Art of the Maya. Electronic document, http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/story/collecting-art-maya, accessed March 5, 2017.Google Scholar
Knowlton, Timothy W. 2012 Some Historical Continuities in Lowland Maya Magical Speech Genres: Keying Shamanic Performance. In Parallel Worlds: Genre, Discourse, and Poetics in Contemporary, Colonial and Classic Maya Literature, edited by Hull, Kerry M. and Carrasco, Michael D., pp. 253–269. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Lacadena, Alfonso 2000 Nominal Syntax and the Linguistic Affiliation of Classic Maya Texts. In The Sacred and the Profane: Architecture and Identity in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Robert Colas, Pierre, Delvendahl, Kai, Kuhnert, Marcus, and Schubart, Annette, pp. 111–128. Acta Mesoamericana, Vol. 10. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Munich.Google Scholar
Lacadena, Alfonso 2003 El sufijo verbalizador -Vj (-aj ~ -iij) en la escritura jeroglífica maya. In De la tablilla a la inteligencia artificial, edited by González Blanco, Antonino, Pablo Vita Barra, Juan, and Ángel Zamora López, José, pp. 847–865. Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo, Zaragoza.Google Scholar
MacLeod, Barbara, and Stone, Andrea 1995 The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Naj Tunich. In Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting, edited by Stone, Andrea J., pp. 155–184. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1973 Territorial Organization of the Lowland Classic Maya. Science 180:911–916.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 1996 Tikal's “Star War” Against Naranjo. In Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993, edited by Macri, Martha J. and McHargue, Jan, pp. 223–236. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 1999 The Queen of Middle Classic Tikal. Pre-Columbian Art Research Newsletter 27:4–5.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2001 The Power in the West: The Maya and Teotihuacan. In Maya: Divine Kings of the Rainforest, edited by Grube, Nikolai, Eggebrecht, Eva, and Seidel, Matthias, pp. 98–111. Könemann, Cologne.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2004 Identity and Distinction in the Classic Maya Polity. Paper presented at the 9th European Maya Conference, Bonn.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2005 Of Snakes and Bats: Shifting Identities at Calakmul. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Journal 6:5–13.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2015 The Old Man of the Maya Universe: A Unitary Dimension to Ancient Maya Religion. In Maya Archaeology 3, edited by Golden, Charles, Houston, Stephen, and Skidmore, Joel, pp. 186–227. Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, Tokovinine, Alexandre, Treffel, Elodie, and Fialko, Vilma 2017 La Estela 46 de Naranjo Sa'al, Petén, Guatemala: Hallazgo y texto jeroglífico. In XXX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, Tomo II, edited by Arroyo, Bárbara, Salinas, Luis Méndez, and Ajú Álvarez, Gloria, pp. 669–684. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia y Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Velásquez García, Erik 2016 Polities and Places: Tracing the Toponyms of the Snake Dynasty. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Journal 17:23–33.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Skidmore, Joel 2012 Exploring the 584286 Correlation between the Maya and European Calendars. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Journal 13:3–16.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 1994 Evidence for Macro-Political Organization amongst Classic Maya Lowland States. Electronic document, http://www.mesoweb.com/articles/Martin-Grube/Macro-Politics.pdf, accessed November 11, 2017.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2000 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter 1979 The Glyphs on the Ear Ornaments from Tomb A-1/1. In Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Volume 1, edited by Pendergast, David M., pp. 79–80. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter 1991 Classic Maya Emblem Glyphs. In Classic Maya Political History, edited by Patrick Culbert, T., pp. 19–29. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter, and Pendergast, David M. 1979 The Altun Ha Jade Plaque: Deciphering the Inscription. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 41:197–214.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter, and Pendergast, David M. 1981 The Altun Ha Jade Plaque: Deciphering the Inscription. In Ancient Mesoamerica: Selected Readings, edited by Graham, John A., pp. 239–251. Peek Publications, Palo Alto.Google Scholar
Matteo, Sebastían 2015 Un grafema para “espuma”, OM, ohm. Unpublished manuscript in possession of the authors.Google Scholar
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula 2008 The Artifacts of Tikal: Ornamental and Ceremonial Artifacts and Unworked Material. Tikal Report No. 27, Part A. University Museum Monograph 127. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Pallán Gayol, Carlos 2012 A Glimpse from Edzna's Hieroglyphics: Middle, Late and Terminal Classic Processes of Cultural Interaction between the Southern, Northern and Western Lowlands. Contributions in New World Archaeology 4:89–110.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1969 An Inscribed Jade Plaque from Altun Ha. Archaeology 22:85–92.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1979 Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Volume 1. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1982 Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Volume 2. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1990 Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Volume 3. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 2003 Teotihuacan and Altun Ha: Did It Make a Difference? In The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 235–248. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Prager, Christian 2013 A Study of the Classic Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Pusilha, Toledo District, Belize. Indiana 30:247–282.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1993 Maya History. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Pyburn, K. Anne 1991 Chau Hiix: A New Archaeological Site in Northern Belize. Mexicon 8:84–86.Google Scholar
Pyburn, K. Anne 2005 Complex Deposits at Chau Hiix. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 2:143–153.Google Scholar
Reents-Budet, Dorie, Bishop, Ronald L., and MacLeod, Barbara 1994 Painting Styles, Workshop Locations and Pottery Production. In Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period, edited by Reents-Budet, Dorie, pp. 164–233. Duke University Press, Durham, and Duke University Museum of Art, London.Google Scholar
Scarre, Chris 1995 Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda 1992 The Founders of Lineages at Copan and Other Maya Sites. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:135–144.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Miller, Mary E. 1986 The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Mathews, Peter 1998 The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Temples and Tombs. Scribner, New York.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, Mathews, Peter, and Lounsbury, Floyd 1990 Untying the Headband. Texas Notes on Precolumbian Art, Writing, and Culture 4:1–6.Google Scholar
Stone, Andrea J. 1995 Images from the Underworld: Naj Tunich and the Tradition of Maya Cave Painting. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Stone, Andrea, and Zender, Marc 2011 Reading Maya Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya Painting and Sculpture. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1995 A Study of Maya Inscriptions. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1997 Kinship Terms in Maya Inscriptions. In The Language of Maya Hieroglyphs, edited by Macri, Martha and Ford, Anabel, pp. 1–11. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2000 “The Arrival of Strangers”: Teotihuacan and Tollan in Classic Maya Texts. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, Davíd, Jones, Lindsay, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 465–513. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2004 New Year Records in Classic Maya Inscriptions. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Journal 5:1–6.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2012 The Name of Paper: The Mythology of Crowning and Royal Nomenclature on Palenque's Palace Tablet. In Maya Archaeology 2, edited by Golden, Charles, Houston, Stephen, and Skidmore, Joel, pp. 116–142. Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Stuart, David, Canuto, Marcello A., Barrientos Q., Tomás, Ponce, Jocelyne, and Baron, Joanne 2015 Death of the Defeated: New Historical Data on Block 4 of La Corona's Hieroglyphic Stairway 2. La Corona Notes 1:1–7.Google Scholar
Stuart, David, and Grube, Nikolai 2000 A New Inscription from Nim Li Punit, Belize. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 45:1–7.Google Scholar
Stuart, David, and Houston, Stephen 1994 Classic Maya Place Names. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Architecture, No. 33. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stuart, David, and Houston, Stephen 2001 Peopling the Classic Maya Court. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume I, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Houston, Stephen, pp. 54–83. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stuart, David, Houston, Stephen, and Robertson, John 1999 Recovering the Past: Classic Maya Language and Classic Maya Gods. In Notebook for the XXIII Maya Hieroglyphic Forum at Texas, edited by Grube, Nikolai, pp. 1–80. University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1992 The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatan. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, No. 33. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 2000 Flowering Mountain: Concepts of Resurrection among the Ancient Maya. Paper presented at the Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl, Hruby, Zachary, and Romero, Luis 2005 Jadeite Sources and Ancient Workshops: Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Upper Río El Tambor, Guatemala. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/03023/03023Taube01.pdf, accessed March 30, 2017.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1950 Maya Hieroglyphic Writing: An Introduction. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 589. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1962 A Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Tokovinine, Alexandre 2013 Place and Identity in Classic Maya Narratives. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, No. 37. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Tsukamoto, Kenichiro, and Esparza Olguín, Octavio Q. 2014 Ajpach’ Waal: The Hieroglyphic Stairway of the Guzmán Group of El Palmar, Campeche, Mexico. In Maya Archaeology 3, edited by Golden, Charles, Houston, Stephen, and Skidmore, Joel, pp. 30–55. Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Valencia Rivera, Rogelio and Sheseña Hernández, Alejandro 2016 Acerca del jeroglífico [T544.501] y las colectividades geopolíticas entre los mayas clásicos. Estudios de Cultura Maya 48:101–127.Google Scholar
Wanyerka, Phillip J. 2003 The Southern Belize Epigraphic Project: The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Southern Belize. Report submitted to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., Crystal River.Google Scholar
Wanyerka, Phillip J. 2009 Classic Maya Political Organization: Epigraphic Evidence of Hierarchical Organization in the Southern Maya Mountains Region of Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Zender, Marc 1998 Ki Wech Kaminak’: Death-Eye Iconography and Epigraphy in the light of T15, T108, and T135 as syllabic cha. Unpublished manuscript in possession of the authors.Google Scholar
Zender, Marc 1999 Diacritical Marks and Underspelling in the Classic Maya Script: Implications for Decipherment. Master's thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Zender, Marc 2005 The Raccoon Glyph in Classic Maya Writing. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Journal 5:6–16.Google Scholar
Zender, Marc 2016 ‘The Crown Was Held Above Him’: Revisiting a Classic Maya Coronation Ceremony. Paper presented at the Institute of Maya Studies, Miami.Google Scholar
Zender, Marc, Lacadena, Alfonso, and Davletshin, Albert 2015 Abbreviational Conventions of Classic Maya Writing. Workshop held at the 20th European Maya Conference. Department of Anthropology, University of Bonn, Bonn.Google Scholar