Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T20:39:27.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Three men and a boat: Sutton Hoo and the East Saxon kingdom

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 September 2008

Michael Parker Pearson
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
Robert Van De Noort
Affiliation:
University of Hull
Alex Woolf
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield

Extract

In August 1939 I drove from Cambridge with Hector and Nora Chadwick to see the Sutton Hoo dig. Phillips and Chadwick had never met and both were slightly apprehensive. The encounter turned out to be a great success. As we were leaving Chadwick said to Charles ‘It's the grave of King Rædwald you know. I've no doubt of that.’

Glyn Daniel (address given at the funeral of Charles Phillips at Teddington on 2 October 1985)

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Phillips, C. W., My Life in Archaeology (Gloucester, 1987), p.x.Google Scholar

2 See Carver, M. O. H., ‘Kingship and Material Culture in Early Anglo-Saxon East Anglia’, The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms ed. Bassett, S. (Leicester, 1989), pp. 141–58Google Scholar, and Carver, M. O. H., ‘Anglo-Saxon Discoveries at Sutton Hoo, 1987–88’, OEN 22.2 (1989), 33–7.Google Scholar

3 Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ed. Bassett.

4 See among others Bruce-Mitford, R., The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial, 3 vols. (London, 19751983) 1Google Scholar; Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., ‘The Graves of Kings: an Historical Note on Some Archaeological Evidence’, in his Early Medieval History (Oxford, 1975), pp. 3959Google Scholar; Wood, I., The Merovingian North Sea, Occasional Papers on Med. Topics 1 (Alingsås, 1983)Google Scholar; R. I. Page, ‘Who was He?’, in Biddle, M. et al. , ‘Sutton Hoo Published: a Review’, ASE 6 (1976), 249–65, at 254–7Google Scholar; and Nerman, B., ‘Sutton Hoo: en Svensk Kunga- eller Hövdinggrav?Fornvännen 43 (1948), 6593.Google Scholar

5 Chadwick, H. M., ‘Who was He?’, Antiquity 14 (1940), 7687CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Phillips, , My Life, p. x.Google Scholar

6 Wallace-Hadrill, ‘The Graves of Kings’; Wood, The Merovingian North Sea; Page, ‘Who was He?’.

7 Evison, V. I., ‘The Body in the Ship at Sutton Hoo’, ASS AH 1 (Oxford, 1979), 121–38Google Scholar; East, K., ‘The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial: a Case against the Coffin’, ASS AH 3 (Oxford, 1984), 7984.Google Scholar

8 Carver, M. O. H., ‘Anglo-Saxon Objectives at Sutton Hoo, 1985’, ASE 15 (1986), 139–52, at 146.Google Scholar

9 Bruce-Mitford, , Sutton Hoo Ship Burial I, pp. 688–90.Google Scholar

10 Ibid. p. 690.

11 Nerman, ‘Sutton Hoo: en Svensk Kunga- eller Hövdinggrav?’.

12 Bruce-Mitford, R.Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and Other Discoveries (London, 1974), pp. 160.Google Scholar

13 Bruce-Mitford, , Sutton Hoo Ship Burial I, p. 691.Google Scholar

14 Bruce-Mitford, , Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, p. 33.Google Scholar

15 Werner, J., The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial. Research and Publication between 1939 and 1980 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 24.Google Scholar

16 Bruce-Mitford, , Sutton Hoo Ship Burial I, pp. 684–90.Google Scholar

17 Dumville, D., ‘Essex, Middle Anglia, and the Expansion of Mercia in the South-east Midlands’, Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ed. Bassett, , pp. 123–40, at 125.Google Scholar

18 Ekwall, E., The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names, 4th ed. (Oxford, 1960), p. 485.Google Scholar

19 Grierson, P., ‘The Dating of the Sutton Hoo Coins’, Antiquity 26 (1952), 83–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20 See Kent, J. P. C., ‘The Coins and the Date of the Burial’, in Bruce-Mitford, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial I, pp. 578647, at 607Google Scholar, for the former date, and Brown, D., ‘The Dating of the Sutton Hoo Coins’, ASS AH 2 (Oxford, 1981), 7186, at 84, for the latter.Google Scholar

21 Kent, , ‘The Coins and the Date of the Burial’, pp. 608–44.Google Scholar

22 Brown, , ‘The Dating of the Sutton Hoo Coins’, pp. 83–4.Google Scholar

23 Grierson, P. and Blackburn, M., Medieval European Coinage, I: The Early Middle Ages (5th-10th Centuries) (Cambridge, 1986), p. 124Google Scholar. See also Kent, , ‘The Coins and the Date of the Burial’, p. 609.Google Scholar

24 Oddy, W. A. and Hughes, M. J., ‘The Analysis of the Sutton Hoo Gold Coins by the Method of Specific Gravity Determination’, in Bruce-Mitford, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial I, pp. 648–53.Google Scholar

25 Kent, , ‘The Coins and the Date of the Burial’, and Brown, ‘The Dating of the Sutton Hoo Coins’.Google Scholar

26 Grierson, and Blackburn, , European Medieval Coinage, pp. 90, 97 and 100.Google Scholar

27 Ibid. p. 109.

29 M. Blackburn, pers. comm.

30 Kent, , ‘The Coins and the Date of the Burial’, p.607.Google Scholar

31 Stahl, A. M. and Oddy, W. A., ‘The Date of the Sutton Hoo Coins’, Sutton Hoo: Fifty Years After, ed. Farrell, R. and Neuman de Vegvar, C. (Kalamazoo, MI, 1992), pp. 129—47Google Scholar. See also Stahl, A. M., ‘The Nature of the Sutton Hoo Coin Parcel’, Voyage to the Other World: the Legacy of Sutton Hoo, ed. Kendall, C. B. and Wells, P. S., Med. Stud, at Minnesota 5 (Minneapolis, 1992), 314.Google Scholar

32 For the Frankish cement, see Wilson, D. M., ‘Sverige – England’, Vendeltid, ed. Sandwall, A. (Borås, 1980), pp. 212–18, at 214.Google Scholar

33 Müller-Wille, M., ‘Royal and Aristocratic Graves in Central and Western Europe in the Merovingian Period’, Vendel Period Studies (Stockholm, 1983), pp. 109–16Google Scholar, especially fig. 3; Theuws, F. C. W. J., ‘Centre and Periphery in Northern Austrasia (6th–8th Centuries). An Archaeological Perspective’, Medieval Archaeology in the Netherlands. Studies presented to H.H. van Regteren Altena, ed. Besteman, J. C., Bos, J. M. and Heidinga, H. A. (Assen and Maastricht, 1990), pp. 4169, at 45.Google Scholar

34 Steuer, H. ‘Archaeology and History: Proposals on the Social Structure of the Merovingian Kingdom’, The Birth of Europe: Archaeology and Social Development in the First Millennium AD, ed. Randsborg, K. (Rome, 1989), pp. 100–22.Google Scholar

35 Theuws, , ‘Centre and Periphery’, p. 46.Google Scholar

36 Steuer, H., ‘Helm und Ringschwert. Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger. Eine Übersicht’, Studien zur Sachsenforschung 6 (1987), 189236.Google Scholar

37 For the distribution pattern of the Coptic bowls, see Hawkes, S. Chadwick, ‘Anglo-Saxon Kent c. 424–725’, Archaeology in Kent to AD 1500, ed. Leach, P. E., CBA Research Report 48 (1982), 6478, fig. 33.Google Scholar

38 Wood, , The Merovingian North Sea, p. 14.Google Scholar

39 James, E., The Franks (Oxford, 1988), pp. 5864.Google Scholar

40 Doppelfeld, O. and Pirling, R., Fränkischen Fürsten im Rheinland. Die Gräber aus der Kölner Dom, Von Krefeld-Gellep und Morken (Bonn, 1966)Google Scholar; Werner, J., ‘Frankish Royal Tombs in the Cathedrals of Cologne and St-Denis’, Antiquity 38 (1968), 201–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41 Wood, The Merovingian North Sea.

42 Evison, V. I., The Fifth-Century Invasions South of the Thames (London, 1965)Google Scholar. See also Group 2 in Hugget, J. W., ‘Imported Grave Goods and the Early Anglo-Saxon Economy’, MA 32 (1988) 6396.Google Scholar

43 Chadwick, Hawkes. ‘Anglo-Saxon Kent’, p. 90.Google Scholar

44 Huggett, , ‘Imported Grave Goods’, p. 90.Google Scholar

45 Dunnett, R., The Trinovantes (London, 1975), pp. 27–9.Google Scholar

46 Ibid. p. 45.

48 Martin, E., Burgh: an Iron Age and Roman Enclosure, East Anglian Archaeol. 40 (Ipswich, 1988), 68, and figs. 60–1.Google Scholar

49 See Dix, B., ‘The Raunds Area Project: Second Interim Report’, Northamptonshire Archaeol. 21 (1987), 330Google Scholar; Hayes, P. P., ‘Roman to Saxon in the South Lincolnshire Fens’, Antiquity 62 (1988), 321–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Newman, J., ‘East Anglian Kingdom Survey — Final Interim Report on the South East Suffolk Pilot Field Survey’, Bull. of the Sutton Hoo Research Committee 6 (1989), 1720.Google Scholar

50 For dress ornaments, see Hines, J., The Scandinavian Character of Anglian England in the Pre-Viking Period, BAR Brit. Ser. 124 (Oxford, 1984), fig. 2Google Scholar; for ceramics, see Myres, J. N. L., Anglo-Saxon Pottery and the Settlement of England (Oxford, 1969), fig. 3; for trade goods, see Huggett, ‘Imported Grave Goods’, fig. 4.Google Scholar

51 See also Hines, The Scandinavian Character, maps 2.1, 2.5–2.17, 3.6–3.7, 5.1–5.3.

52 Ibid. maps 3.4, 5.3; Åberg, N., The Anglo Saxons in England, during the Early Centuries after the Invasion (n.p., 1926).Google Scholar

53 T. M. Dickinson, ‘Material Culture as Social Expression: the Case of Saxon Saucer Brooches with Running Spiral Decoration’, Studien zur Sachsenforschung (forthcoming).

54 Ozanne, A., ‘The Context and Date of the Anglian Cemetery at Ipswich’, Proc. of the Suffolk Inst. of Archaeol. and Hist. 29 (1962), 208–12, at 209.Google Scholar

55 West, S. E. and Owles, E., ‘Anglo-Saxon Cremation Burials from Snape’, Proc. of the Suffolk Inst. of Archaeol. and Hist. 33 (1976), 4757.Google Scholar

56 S. E. West, pers. comm.

57 Ozanne, ‘Context and Date’.

58 J. Newman and J. Hines, pers. comm.

59 Tyler, S., ‘The Early Saxon Grave-Goods’, The Bronze Age and Saxon Settlements at Springfield Lyons. An Interim Report, ed. Buckley, D. and Hedges, J. D., Essex County Council, Occasional Paper 5 (1987), 1823.Google Scholar

60 S. Tyler, pers. comm.

61 For Shudy Camps, see Lethbridge, T. C., A Cemetery at Shudy Camps, Cambridgeshire, Cambridge Ant. Soc. ns 5 (Cambridge, 1936)Google Scholar; and for Burwell, see Lethbridge, T. C., Recent Excavations in Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries in Cambridgeshire and Suffolk Cambridge Ant. Soc. ns 3 (Cambridge, 1931).Google Scholar

62 Richards, J. D., ‘Style and Symbol: Explaining Variability in Anglo-Saxon Cremation Burials’, Power and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, ed. Driscoll, S. T. and Nieke, M. R. (Edinburgh, 1988), pp. 145–61, at 155.Google Scholar

63 See Rigold, S. E., ‘The Sutton Hoo Coins in the Light of the Contemporary Background of Coinage in England’, in Bruce-Mitford, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial I, pp. 653–77Google Scholar, esp. figs. 23 and 24, for the coin distributions, and Werner, J., ‘Waage und Geld in der Merowingerzeit’, Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 50 (Munich, 1954), 340Google Scholar, and Scull, C. J., ‘Scales and Weights in Anglo-Saxon England’, ArchJ 147 (1991), 183215, for the balances.Google Scholar

64 Rigold, , ‘The Sutton Hoo Coins’, p. 663.Google Scholar

65 James, The Franks, fig. 23.

66 Huggett, ‘Imported Grave Goods’; Rigold, ‘The Sutton Hoo Coins’, fig. 426.

67 For crystal balls, see also Huggett, ‘Imported Grave Goods’; for Coptic bowls, see Chadwick Hawkes, ‘Anglo-Saxon Kent’; for Frankish coins, see Rigold, ‘The Sutton Hoo Coins’, figs. 424–5; and for the scales, see also Werner, ‘Waage und Geld in der Merowingerzeit’, James, The Franks, fig. 23, and Scull, ‘Scales and Weights’; for hanging-bowls, see Fowler, E., ‘Hanging Bowls’, Studies in Ancient Europe: Essays Presented to Stuart Piggott, ed. Coles, J. (Leicester, 1968), pp. 287310Google Scholar; Brenan, J., Hanging Bowls and their Contexts: an Archaeological Survey of their Socio-Economic Significance from the Fifth to the Seventh Centuries A D, BAR Brit. ser. 220 (Oxford, 1991).Google Scholar

68 Bassett, S., ‘In Search of the Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms’, Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ed. Bassett, , pp. 327.Google Scholar

69 Charles-Edwards, T., ‘Early Medieval Kingships in the British Isles’, Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ed. Bassett, , pp. 2839.Google Scholar

70 Warner, P., ‘Pre-Conquest Territorial and Administrative Organization in East Suffolk’, Anglo-Saxon Settlements, ed. Hooke, D. (Oxford, 1988), pp. 934, esp. 1421.Google Scholar

71 Ibid. pp. 26–34.

72 Birch, W. de G., Cartularium Saxonicum, 3 vols. (London, 18851893)Google Scholar, no. 111; Bailey, K., ‘The Middle Saxons', Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ed. Bassett, , pp. 108–22, at 111–12.Google Scholar

73 Morris, C., ‘Baptismal Places: 600–800’, People and Places in Northern Europe 500–1600: Essays in Honour of Peter Hayes Sawyer, ed. Wood, I. and Lund, N. (Woodbridge, 1991), pp. 1524, at 21.Google Scholar

74 Nerman, ‘Sutton Hoo’.

75 Bruce-Mitford, , Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, pp. 4053Google Scholar, and Bruce-Mitford, , Sutton Hoo Ship Burial II, pp. 595611.Google Scholar

76 Müller-Wille, M., ‘Bestattung im Boot. Studien zu einer nordeuropäischen Grabsitte’, Offa 25/26 (19681969), pl. 16.Google Scholar

77 Hines, , The Scandinavian Character, pp. 287–9.Google Scholar

78 Carver, M. O. H., ‘Pre-Viking Traffic in the North Sea’, Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons, ed. McGrail, S., CBA Research Report 71 (1990), 117–25, esp. fig. 15.1.Google Scholar

79 In the Swedish boat burials the grave goods are placed to the south of the body, in the prow and midships, whereas the Mound 1 grave goods are arranged all around the body space, in a manner similar to the princely graves of the Rhineland and Saxony; Arwidson, G., ‘Valsgärde’, Vendel Period Studies, pp. 7182, at 75–6; M. Müller-Wille, ‘Royal and Aristocratic Graves’, Vendel Period Studies.Google Scholar

80 Evison, V. I., A Corpus of Wheel-Thrown Pottery in Anglo-Saxon Graves (London, 1979), maps 1–3; Huggett, , ‘Imported Grave Goods’, fig. 8.Google Scholar

81 Youngs, S. M., ‘The Pottery Bottle’, in Bruce-Mitford, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial III, p. 607.Google Scholar

82 Bruce-Mitford, , Sutton Hoo Ship Burial III, pp. 784–6.Google Scholar

83 Swanton, M. J., The Spearheads ofthe Anglo-Saxon Settlements (London, 1973)Google Scholar; Swanton, M. J., A Corpus of Pagan Anglo-Saxon Spear-Types, BAR, Brit. ser. 7 (Oxford, 1974).Google Scholar

84 Swanton, , Corpus, p. 10.Google Scholar

85 Swanton, , The Spearheads, p. 141Google Scholar. See Green, B. and Rogerson, A., The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Bergh Apton, Norfolk: Catalogue, East Anglian Archaeol. 7 (Gressenhall, 1978)Google Scholar; West, S. E., Westgarth Gardens Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Suffolk: Catalogue, East Anglian Archaeol. 38 (Ipswich, 1988)Google Scholar; Hills, C., The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham, Part III Catalogue of Inhumations, East Anglian Archaeol. 21 (Gressenhall, 1984)Google Scholar; Green, B., Rogerson, A. and White, S. G., The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Morning Thorpe, Norfolk, East Anglian Archaeol. 36 (Gressenhall, 1987).Google Scholar

86 Swanton, , Corpus pp. 2890.Google Scholar

87 Swanton, , The Spearheads p. 144Google Scholar; see also Schnurbein, S. von, ‘Zum Ango’, Studien Zu vor- und frühgeschichtliche Archäologie. Archäologische Festschrift für J. Werner, ed. Kossack, G. and Ulbert, G. (Munich, 1974), pp. 411–34.Google Scholar

88 Galloway, P., ‘The Combs — Discussion’, in Bruce-Mitford, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial III, p. 828.Google Scholar

89 West, S. E., West Stow: the Anglo-Saxon Village, East Anglian Archaeol. 24 (Ipswich, 1985), 127.Google Scholar

90 Galloway, , ‘The Combs’, p. 829.Google Scholar

91 Poulton, R., ‘Rescue Excavations on an Early Saxon Cemetery Site and a later (probably Late Saxon) Execution Site at the Former Goblin Works, Ashtead, near Leatherhead’, Surrey Archaeol. Collections 79 (1989), 6797., esp. fig. 3:14.Google Scholar

92 Galloway, , ‘The Combs’, p. 830.Google Scholar

93 Lethbridge, ‘Recent Excavations’.

94 Speake, G., Anglo-Saxon Animal Art and its Germanic Background (Oxford, 1980)Google Scholar; Bruce-Mitford, R., ‘The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial: Some Foreign Connections’, SettSpol 32 (1986), 143210.Google Scholar

95 Speake, , Anglo-Saxon Animal Art, p. 34.Google Scholar

96 Ibid p. 35.

97 Ibid. pp. 34 and 94.

98 Ibid p. 36.

99 Ibid. p. 47.

100 Hawkes, S. Chadwick, Davidson, H. R. Ellis and Hawkes, C., ‘The Finglesham Man’, Antiquity 39 (1965), 1732, at 1920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

101 Parfitt, K., ‘Deal’, Current Archaeol. 11 (1991), 215–20, at 217.Google Scholar

102 Chadwick, Hawkes et al. , ‘Finglesham Man’, pp. 20–1.Google Scholar

103 Arrhenius, B., Merovingian Garnet Jewellery: Emergence and Social Implications (Stockholm, 1985), p. 157.Google Scholar

104 Bruce-Mitford, , Sutton Hoo Ship Burial I, pp. 693717.Google Scholar

105 Yorke, B., ‘The Kingdom of the East SaxonsASE 14 (1985), 136Google Scholar; Yorke, B., Kinġs and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1990), pp. 4357.Google Scholar

106 Yorke, , ‘The Kingdom’, p. 3.Google Scholar

107 Davidson, H. R. Ellis, Gods and Myths of Northern Europe (Harmondsworth, 1977), p. 60.Google Scholar

108 Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. Colgrave, B. and Mynors, R. A. B. (Oxford, 1969), p. 143.Google Scholar

109 Bremmer, J., ‘Avunculate and Fosterage’, Jnl of Indo-European Stud. 14 (1976), 6578.Google Scholar

110 Beekes, R., ‘Uncle and Nephew’, Jnl of Indo-European Stud. 14 (1976), 4363.Google Scholar

111 Bruce-Mitford, , Sutton Hoo Ship Burial III, pp. 136–43.Google Scholar

112 Bruce-Mitford, R. and Youngs, S., ‘Late Roman and Byzantine Silver’, in Bruce-Mitford, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial III, pp. 1201, at 124 and 146.Google Scholar

113 Bede's Ecclesiastical History, ed. Colgrave, and Mynors, , p. 153.Google Scholar

114 Yorke, , ‘The Kingdom’, p. 18.Google Scholar

115 The inference that three spears might have formed a set, carried by a single warrior, is supported by the representations of two dancing warriors, with three spears each, on four plates of the Sutton Hoo helmet (Bruce-Mitford, , Sutton Hoo Ship Burial II, pp. 186–9Google Scholar) and grave finds of three spears at Morken and in some south Scandinavian burials of the Late Roman period; see Böhner, K., ‘Das Grab eines fränkischen Herren aus Morken im Rheinland’, Neue Ausgrabungen in Deutschland (Berlin, 1958), pp. 432–68Google Scholar, and Hedeager, L., Iron Age Societies: From Tribe to State in Northern Europe, 500 BC to AD (London, 1992), pp. 126–7.Google Scholar

116 It should be noted that other princely burials in Saxony and the Rhineland have combs placed both inside and outside the body space, sometimes in an outer chamber within which the coffin lies; see Müller-Wille, ‘Royal and Aristocratic Graves’; Böhner, ‘Das Grab eines fränkischen Herren’; and Doppelfeld, O. and Pirling, R., Fränkische Fürsten im Rheinland (Bonn, 1966).Google Scholar

117 Selkirk, A., ‘Sutton Hoo: a Drama in Three Acts’, Current Archaeol. 11 (1992), 324–30, at 325–6.Google Scholar

118 Kaske, R. E., ‘The Silver Spoons of Sutton Hoo’, Speculum 42 (1967), 670–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sherlock, D., ‘Saul, Paul and the Silver Spoons from Sutton Hoo’, Speculum 47 (1972), 91–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bruce-Mitford, , Sutton Hoo Ship Burial III, pp. 132–46.Google Scholar

119 A. Ailes, pers. comm.

120 Carver, M. O. H., ‘The Future of Sutton Hoo’, A Voyage to the Other World: the Legacy of Sutton Hoo, ed. Kendall, and Wells, , pp. 183200.Google Scholar

121 Carver, ‘Anglo-Saxon Objectives’; Carver, ‘Anglo-Saxon Discoveries’.

122 Warner, , ‘Pre-Conquest Territorial and Administrative Organization’; Bassett, ‘In Search of the Origins’, pp. 21–6.Google Scholar

123 We wish to thank John Moreland who suggested the title and gave many helpful suggestions. Our thanks are also due to those who commented or discussed with MPP over the telephone, by post or in person. Particular thanks go to Mark Blackburn, Rupert Bruce-Mitford, Martin Carver, Tania Dickinson, Clive Hart, Catherine Hills, John Hines, Jeremy Huggett, John Newman, Chris Scull, Alan Stahl, Jane Stevenson, Martin Welch and Barbara Yorke, for their detailed comments. They are, of course, not responsible for the views expressed here. We would also like to thank Simon Keynes, for his patience in the editing of this paper, Colin Merrony, for drawing the illustrations and Mavis Torry, for helping with the text processing.