Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T07:27:34.508Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Simulation of growth in pigs: evaluation of a model to relate thermorégulation to body protein and lipid content and deposition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

P.W. Knap
P.W. Knap*
Affiliation:
PIC Group, Fyfield Wick, Kingston Bagpuise, Abingdon OX13 5NA
*
Stationed at the Roslin (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS. Correspondence to this address.
Get access

Abstract

A dynamic model for simulation of growth in pigs was extended by a module to assess maximum and minimum heat loss (HLcold, HLhot) for a given pig, to compare these figures to heat production (HP), and to take thermoregulatory action when HP < HLcold (cold conditions) or HP > HLhot (hot conditions).

HLcold and HLhot were largely determined according to algorithms obtained from the literature, hut HLcold was made dependent on body fat depth through tissue insulation. Data to establish the relation (Ύ = 0.05 + 0.002 x X) between cold tissue insulation (Ύ in °C.m2 per W) and backfat depth (X in mm) independent of body weight were obtained from the literature. The same data showed that HLhot is not related to backfat depth in pigs.

Cold thermoregulatory action included an increase of ad libitum food intake. Hot thermoregulatory action included reduction of physical activity, increase of body temperature, wetting of a proportion of the skin and reduction of dia libitum food intake.

A sensitivity analysis showed that the model’s output in terms of ãd libitum food intake, HP, protein deposition (Pdep) and lipid deposition (Ldep) is strongly sensitive to the characterization of the genotype being simulated. The model was used to simulate trials from the literature. Although the model does not explicitly calculate lower and upper critical temperatures, these could be adequately predicted from its output. Comparison of model output with experimental data revealed an adequate prediction of ad libitum food intake and of the partitioning of ad libitum ingested metabolizable energy (ME) into HP, Pdep and Ldep in cold, thermoneutral and hot conditions. At restricted ME intake, and especially in cold conditions, the model tends to overestimate HP and underestimate Ldep, probably because it does not take account of long-term acclimatization.

Keywords

body compositionmathematical modelspigsthermorégulation
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Science , Volume 68 , Issue 4 , June 1999 , pp. 655 - 679
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, G. 1974. Heat loss from sheep. In Heat loss from animals and man (ed. Monteith, J.L. and Mount, L. E.), pp. 173–203. Butterworths, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bianca, W. 1969. Temperature regulation. In Handbuch der Tierernährung. 1. Allgemeine Grundlagen (ed. Lenkeit, W., Breirem, K. and Crasemann, E.), pp. 493–513. Parey, Hamburg.Google Scholar
Black, J. L., Bray, H. J. and Giles, L. R. 1998. The thermal and infectious environment. In Quantitative biology of the pig (ed. Kyriazakis, I.), pp. 71–97. CAB International, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Black, J. L., Campbell, R. G., Williams, I. H., James, K. J. and Davies, G. T. 1986. Simulation of energy and amino acid utilisation in the pig. Research and Development in Agriculture 3: 121–145.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. 1989. Energy metabolism in animals and man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bligh, J. 1973. Temperature regulation in mammals and other vertebrates. North-Holland, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Bruce, J. M. 1981. Ventilation and temperature control criteria for pigs. In Environmental aspests of housing for animal production fed. Clark, J. A.), pp. 197–216. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Bruce, J. M. and Clark, J. J. 1979. Models of heat production and critical temperature for growing pigs. Animal Production 28: 353–369.Google Scholar
Chato, J. C. 1985. Selected thermophysical properties of biological materials. In Heat transfer in medicine and biology. Analysis and applications, vol. 1 (ed. Shitzer, A. and Eberhart, R.C.), pp. 413–418. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Close, W. H. 1981. The climatic requirements of the pig. In Environmental aspects of housing for animal production (ed. Clark, J. J.), pp. 149–166. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Close, W. H. and Mount, L. E. 1978. The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 1. Heat loss and critical temperature. British Journal of Nutrition 40: 413–421.Google Scholar
Close, W. H., Mount, L. E. and Brown, D. 1978. The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 2. Growth rate; including protein and fat deposition. British Journal of Nutrition 40: 423–431.Google Scholar
Currie, W. B. 1988. Structure and function of domestic animals. Butterworths, Boston.Google Scholar
Curtis, S. E. 1983. Environmental management in animal agriculture. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IO.Google Scholar
Curtis, S.E. 1993. The physical environment and swine growth. In Growth of the pig (ed. Hollis, G. R.), pp. 93–105. CAB International, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Emmans, G. C. 1988. Genetic components of potential and actual growth. In Animal breeding opportunities (ed. Land, R.B., Bulfield, G. and Hill, W. G.), British Society of Animal Production occasional publication no. 12, pp. 153–181.Google Scholar
Emmans, G. C. 1994. Effective energy: a concept of energy utilization applied across species. British Journal of Nutrition 71: 801–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmans, G. C. 1997. A method to predict the food intake of domestic animals from birth to maturity as a function of time. Journal of Theoretical Biology 186: 189–199.Google Scholar
Emmans, G. C. and Kyriazakis, I. 1995. A general method for predicting the weight of water in the empty bodies of pigs. Animal Science 61: 103–108.Google Scholar
Ferguson, N. S. and Gous, R. M. 1997. The influence of heat production on voluntary food intake in growing pigs given protein-deficient diets. Animal Science 64: 365–378.Google Scholar
Ferguson, N. S., Gous, R. M. and Emmans, G. C 1994. Preferred components for the construction of a new simulation model of growth, feed intake and nutrient requirements of growing pigs. South African Journal of Animal Science 24: 10–17.Google Scholar
Ferguson, N. S., Gous, R. M. and Emmans, G. C 1997. Predicting the effects of animal variation on growth and food intake in growing pigs using simulation modelling. Animal Science 64: 513–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, M. F. and Boyne, A. W. 1971. The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food. 1. Nitrogen metabolism, growth and body composition. British Journal of Nutrition 25: 259–272.Google Scholar
Fuller, M. F. and Boyne, A. W. 1972. The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food. 2. Energy metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition 28: 373–384.Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. 1991. A contrarian view of the wisdom of the body as it relates to dietary self-selection. Psychological Review 98: 218–223.Google Scholar
Giles, L. R. and Black, J. L. 1991. Voluntary food intake in growing pigs at ambient temperatures above the zone of thermal comfort. In Manipulating pig production III (ed. Batterham, E. S.), pp. 162–166. Australasian Pig Science Association, Attwood, VIC.Google Scholar
Giles, L. R., Dettmann, E. B. and Lowe, R. F. 1988. Influence of diurnally fluctuating high temperature on growth and energy retention of growing pigs. Animal Production 47: 467–474.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. and Blaxter, K. L. 1962. The metabolism and thermal regulation of calves in the first month of life. British Journal of Nutrition 16: 199–222.Google Scholar
Hel, W. van der, Verstegen, M. W. A., Schrama, J. W., Brandsma, H. A. and Sutton, A. L. 1997. Effect of varying ambient temperature and porcine somatotropin treatment in pigs on feed intake and energy balance traits. Livestock Production Science 51: 21–28.Google Scholar
Henken, A. M., Brandsma, H. A., Hel, W. van der and Verstegen, M. W. A. 1991. Heat balance characteristics of limit-fed growing pigs of several breeds kept in groups at and below thermal neutrality. Journal of Animal Science 69: 2434–2442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, C. W. 1973. The energy and protein metabolism of pigs growing at a high ambient temperature. Animal Production 16: 117–133.Google Scholar
Holmes, C. W. and Close, W. H. 1977. The influence of climatic variables on energy metabolism and associated aspects of productivity in the pig. In Nutrition and the climatic environment (ed. Haresign, W., Swan, H. and Lewis, D.), pp. 51–73. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Holmes, C. W. and McLean, N. R. 1974. The effect of low ambient temperatures on the energy metabolism of sows. Animal Production 19: 1–12.Google Scholar
Hoveli, F. D. deB., Gordon, J. G. and MacPherson, R. M. 1977. Thin sows. 2. Observations on the energy and nitrogen exchanges of thin and normal sows in environmental temperatures of 20 and 5°C. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 89: 523–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyun, Y., Ellis, M., Riskowski, G. and Johnson, R. W. 1998. Growth performance of pigs subjected to multiple concurrent environmental Stressors. Journal of Animal Science 76: 721–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingram, D. L. 1964. The effect of environmental temperature on heat loss and thermal insulation in the young pig. Research in Veterinary Science 5: 357–364.Google Scholar
Ingram, D. L. 1974. Heat loss and its control in pigs. In Heat loss from animals and man (ed. Monteith, J. L. and Mount, L. E.), pp. 233–254. Butterworths, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jørgensen, J.N., Fernandez, J. A., Jørgensen, H. H. and Just, A. 1985. Anatomical and chemical composition of female pigs and barrows of Danish Landrace related to nutrition. Zeitschrift für Tier physiologie, Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 54: 253–263.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, R. G. and StClair, L. E. 1965. Porcine myology. Agricultural Experiment Station bulletin no. 715. University of Illinois College of Agriculture, Urbana, IL.Google Scholar
Kelley, K. W., Curtis, S. E., Marzan, G. T., Karara, H. M. and Anderson, C. R. 1973. Body surface area of female swine. Journal of Animal Science 36: 927–930.Google Scholar
Knap, P. W. 1996. Stochastic simulation of growth in pigs: protein turn-over-dependent relations between body composition and maintenance requirements. Animal Science 63: 549–561.Google Scholar
Knap, P. W. and Schrama, J. W. 1996. Simulation of growth in pigs: approximation of protein turn-over parameters. Animal Science 63: 533–547.Google Scholar
Kyriazakis, L, Dotas, D. and Emmans, G. C 1994. The effect of breed on the relationship between feed composition and the efficiency of protein utilization in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 71: 849–859.Google Scholar
Kyriazakis, I. and Emmans, G. C 1995. The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feeds based on wheat bran, dried citrus pulp and grass meal, in relation to measurements of feed bulk. British Journal of Nutrition 73: 191–207.Google Scholar
Kyriazakis, I., Emmans, G. C. and Whittemore, C.T.. 1991. The ability of pigs to control their protein intake when fed in three different ways. Physiology and Behaviour 50: 1197–1203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McArthur, A. J. 1981. Thermal insulation and heat loss from animals. In Environmental aspects of housing for animal production (ed. Clark, J. J.), pp. 197–216. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
McArthur, A. J. 1987. Thermal interaction between animal and microclimate: a comprehensive model. Journal of Theoretical Biology 126: 203–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moughan, P. J. and Smith, W.C. 1984. Prediction of dietary protein quality based on a model of the digestion and metabolism of nitrogen in the growing pig. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 27: 501–507.Google Scholar
Moughan, P. J. and Verstegen, M. W. A. 1988. The modelling of growth in the pig. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Research 36: 145–166.Google Scholar
Mount, L.E. 1974. The concept of thermal neutrality. In Heat loss from animals and man (ed. Monteith, J. L. and Mount, L. E.), pp. 425–439. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Mount, L.E. 1979. Adaptation to thermal environment; man and his domestic animals. Arnold, London.Google Scholar
Mount, L. E., Holmes, C. W., Close, W. H., Morrison, S. R. and Start, I. B. 1971. A note on the consumption of water by the growing pig at several environmental temperatures and levels of feeding. Animal Production 13: 561–563.Google Scholar
Neter, J., Wasserman, W. and Kutner, M. 1985. Applied linear statistical models. Irwin, Homewood, IL.Google Scholar
Nienaber, J. A., Hahn, G. L., McDonald, T. P. and Korthals, R. L. 1996. Feeding patterns and swine performance in hot environments. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 39: 195–202.Google Scholar
Nienaber, J. A., Hahn, G. L. and Yen, J. T. 1987. Thermal environment effects on growing-finishing swine. 1. Growth, feed intake and heat production. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 30: 1772–1775.Google Scholar
Stombaugh, D. P. and Roller, W. L. 1977. Temperature regulation in young pigs during milk cold and severe heat stress. Traqnsactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 20: 1110–1118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stombaugh, D. P., Roller, W.L. Adams, T. and Teague, H. S. 1973. Temperature regulation in neonatal piglets during mild cold and severe heat stress. American Journal of Physiology 225: 1192–1198.Google Scholar
Straub, G., Weniger, J. H., Tawfik, E. S. and Steinhauf, D. 1976. The effect of high environmental temperatures on fattening performance and growth of boars. Livestock Production Science 3: 65–74.Google Scholar
Susenbeth, A. and Keitel, K. 1988. Partition of whole body protein in different body fractions and some constants in body composition in pigs. Livestock Production Science 20: 37–52.Google Scholar
Susenbeth, A. and Mencke, K.H.. 1991. Energy requirement for physical activity in pigs. In Energy metabolism of farm animals (ed. Wenck, C. and Boessinger, M.), European Association for Animal Production publication no. 58, pp. 416–419.Google Scholar
Tess, M. W., Dickerson, G. E., Nienaber, J. A., Yen, J. T. and Ferrell, C. L. 1984. Energy costs of protein and fat deposition in pigs fed ad libitum. Journal of Animal Science 58: 111–122.Google Scholar
Tullis, J. B. 1981. Protein growth in pigs. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh. Google Scholar
Turnpenny, J. R. 1997. Potential impacts of climate change on the energy balance of UK livestock. Ph.D. thesis, University of Nottingham. Google Scholar
Turnpenny, J. R., Clark, J. A., Wathes, C.M. and McArthur, A. J. 1999. Parsimonious models of livestock thermal balance. 3. Pigs and broiler chickens indoors. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology In press.Google Scholar
Verstegen, M. W. A., Close, W. H., Start, I. B. and Mount, L. E. 1973. The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 30: 21–35.Google Scholar
Verstegen, M. W. A. and Curtis, S.E. 1988. Energetics of sows and gilts in gestation crates in the cold. Journal of Animal Science 66: 2865–2875.Google Scholar
Verstegen, M. W. A., Greef, K.H.de and Gerrits, W.J.J. 1995. Thermal requirements in pigs and modelling the effects of coldness. In Modelling growth in the pig (ed. Moughan, P.J., Verstegen, M. W. A. and M.L Visser-Reyneveld, ), pp. 123–135. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Whittemore, C.T. and Fawcett, R. H. 1976. Theoretical aspects of a flexible model to simulate protein and lipid growth in pigs. Animal Production 22: 87–96.Google Scholar
Wilhelm, L. R. 1976. Numerical calculation of psychrometrie properties in SI units. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 10: 318–325.Google Scholar