Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T18:38:15.111Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Road transport of farm animals: effects of journey duration on animal welfare

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2010

B. L. Nielsen ,
L. Dybkjær  and
M. S. Herskin
B. L. Nielsen*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
L. Dybkjær
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
M. S. Herskin
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
*
†E-mail: Birte.Nielsen@jouy.inra.fr
Get access

Abstract

Transport of farm animals gives rise to concern about their welfare. Specific attention has been given to the duration of animal transport, and maximum journey durations are used in legislation that seek to minimise any negative impact of transport on animal welfare. This paper reviews the relatively few scientific investigations into effects of transport duration on animal welfare in cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and poultry. From the available literature, we attempt to distinguish between aspects, which will impair welfare on journeys of any duration, such as those associated with loading, and those aspects that may be exacerbated by journey time. We identify four aspects of animal transport, which have increasing impact on welfare as transport duration increases. These relate to (i) the physiological and clinical state of the animal before transport; and – during transport – to (ii) feeding and watering; (iii) rest and (iv) thermal environment. It is thus not journey duration per se but these associated negative aspects that are the cause of compromised welfare. We suggest that with a few exceptions, transport of long duration is possible in terms of animal welfare provided that these four issues can be dealt with for the species and the age group of the animals that are transported.

Keywords

farm animal welfaretransport durationjourney time
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , March 2011 , pp. 415 - 427
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberghina, D, Medica, P, Cusumano, F, Fazio, E, Ferlazzo, A 2000. Effects of transportation stress and influence of different distance and age on beta-endorphin, ACTH and cortisol levels of horses. Proceedings of the 34th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology, Florianopolis, Brazil, p. 108.Google Scholar
Anon 2008. Hold og fremvisning af dyr i cirkus mv [The keeping and showing of animals in circus a.o.]. Report by a working group under the Danish Ministry of Justice, November 2008, 89pp. Danish Ministry of Justice, Denmark.Google Scholar
Appleby, MC, Cussen, C, Garcés, L, Lambert, LA, Turner, J (ed.) 2008. Long distance transport and welfare of farm animals, 450pp. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthington, JD, Eicher, SD, Kunkle, WE, Martin, FG 2003. Effect of transportation and commingling on the acute-phase protein response, growth, and feed intake of newly weaned beef calves. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1120–1125.Google Scholar
Averós, X, Herranz, A, Sanchez, R, Comella, JX, Gosálvez, LF 2007. Serum stress parameters in pigs transported to slaughter under commercial conditions in different seasons. Veterinarni Medicina 52, 333–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Averós, X, Knowles, TG, Brown, SN, Warriss, PD, Gosálvez, LF 2008. Factors affecting the mortality of pigs being transported to slaughter. Veterinary Record 163, 386–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldock, NB, Sibly, RM 1990. Effects of handling and transportation on the heart rate and behaviour of sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28, 15–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayliss, PA, Hinton, MH 1990. Transportation of broilers with special reference to mortality rates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28, 93–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, RJ, Lewis, NJ 2001. The effect of duration and temperature of simulated transport on the performance of early-weaned piglets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, 199–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, RH, Hall, SJG, Broom, DM 1996a. Behavioural and cortisol response of pigs and sheep during transport. Veterinary Record 138, 233–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradshaw, RH, Parrott, RF, Goode, JA, Lloyd, DM, Rodway, RG, Broom, DM 1996b. Behavioural and hormonal responses of pigs during transport: effect of mixing and duration of journey. Animal Science 62, 547–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brogden, KA, Lehmkuhl, HD, Cutlip, RC 1998. Pasteurella haemolytica complicated respiratory infections in sheep and goats. Veterinary Research 29, 233–254.Google ScholarPubMed
Broom, DM, Goode, JA, Hall, SJG, Lloyd, DM, Parrott, RF 1996. Hormonal and physiological effects of a 15h road journey in sheep: comparison with the response to loading, handling and penning in the absence of transport. British Veterinary Journal 152, 593–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, SN, Knowles, TG, Edwards, JE, Warriss, PD 1999. Behavioural and physiological responses of pigs to being transported for up to 24 hours followed by six hours recovery in lairage. Veterinary Record 145, 421–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruininx, EMAM, Binnendijk, GP, van der Peet-Schwering, CMC, Schrama, JW, den Hartog, LA, Everts, H, Beynen, AC 2002. Effect of creep feed consumption on individual feed intake characteristics and performance of group-housed weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1413–1418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruininx, EMAM, Schellingerhout, AB, Binnendijk, GP, van der Peet-Schwering, CMC, Schrama, JW, den Hartog, LA, Everts, H, Beynen, AC 2004. Individually assessed creep food consumption by suckled piglets: influence on post-weaning food intake characteristics and indicators of gut structure and hind-gut fermentation. Animal Science 78, 67–75.Google Scholar
Caspersen, O 2003. Spildt ko: Afmagrede malkekøer med dårlig velfærd er et stigende problem [Wasted cow: Emaciated dairy cows with poor welfare is an increasing problem]. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 86, 12–14.Google Scholar
Cavallone, E, Di Giancamillo, M, Secchiero, B, Belloli, A, Pravettoni, D, Rimoldi, EM 2002. Variations of serum cortisol in Argentine horses subjected to ship transport and adaptation stress. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 22, 541–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chirase, NK, Greene, LW, Purdy, CW, Loan, RW, Auvermann, BW, Parker, DB, Walborg, EF, Stevenson, DE, Xu, Y, Klaunig, JE 2004. Effect of transport stress on respiratory disease, serum antioxidant status, and serum concentrations of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in beef cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65, 860–864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chupin, J-M, Savignac, C, Aupiais, A, Lucbert, J 2000. Influence d’un jeûne hydrique et alimentaire prolongé sur le comportement, la dénutrition, la déshydratation et le confort des bovins [Influence of varying periods of water and feed restriction on behaviour, malnutrition, dehydration and comfort in cattle]. Rencontres autour des recherches sur les ruminants 7, p. 79.Google Scholar
Cockram, MS 2004. A review of behavioural and physiological responses of sheep to stressors to identify potential behavioural signs of distress. Animal Welfare 13, 283–291.Google Scholar
Cockram, MS 2007. Criteria and potential reasons for maximum journey times for farm animals destined for slaughter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 106, 234–243.Google Scholar
Cockram, MS, Mitchell, MA 1999. Rôle of research in the formulation of ‘rules’ to protect the welfare of farm animals during road transportation. In Farm animal welfare – who writes the rules? (ed. AJF Russel, CA Morgan, CJ Savory, MC Appleby and TLF Lawrence), Occasional Publication No. 23, pp. 43–64. British Society of Animal Science, Midlothian, UK.Google Scholar
Cockram, MS, Ranson, M, Imlah, P, Goddard, PJ, Burrells, C, Harkiss, GD 1994. The behavioural, endocrine and immune responses of sheep to isolation. Animal Production 58, 389–399.Google Scholar
Cockram, MS, Baxter, EM, Smith, LA, Bell, S, Howard, CM, Prescott, RJ, Mitchell, MA 2004. Effect of driver behaviour, driving events and road type on the stability and resting behaviour of sheep in transit. Animal Science 79, 165–176.Google Scholar
Cockram, MS, Kent, JE, Goddard, PJ, Waran, NK, McGilp, IM, Jackson, RE, Muwanga, GM, Prytherch, S 1996. Effect of space allowance during transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of lambs during and after transport. Animal Science 62, 461–477.Google Scholar
Cockram, MS, Kent, JE, Goddard, PJ, Waran, NK, Jackson, RE, McGilp, IM, Southall, EL, Armory, JR, McConnell, TI, O’Riordan, T, Wilkins, BS 2000. Behavioural and physiological responses of sheep to 16h transport and a novel environment post-transport. The Veterinary Journal 159, 139–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockram, MS, Kent, JE, Jackson, RE, Goddard, PJ, Doherty, OM, McGilp, IM, Fox, A, Studdert-Kennedy, TC, McConnell, TI, O’Riordan, T 1997. Effect of lairage during 24h of transport on the behavioural and physiological responses of sheep. Animal Science 65, 391–402.Google Scholar
Dybkjær, L, Jacobsen, AP, Tøgersen, FA, Poulsen, HD 2006. Eating and drinking activity of newly weaned piglets: effects of individual characteristics, social mixing and addition of extra zinc to the feed. Journal of Animal Science 84, 702–711.Google Scholar
Ehinger, F, Gschwindt, B 1981. Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher tranzportzeiten auf die Fleischqualität und auf physiologische Merkmale bei Broilern verschiedener Herkunft [The influence of different transport duration on meat quality and physiological traits in broilers of different origins]. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 45, 260–265.Google Scholar
EU 2004. Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending Directives 64/432/EEC and 93/119/EC and Regulation (EC) No. 1255/97. Official Journal of the European Union L3/1 (5.1.2005), 1–44.Google Scholar
Fazio, E, Medica, P, Ferlazzo, A 1995. Effetto delle procedure pre-trasporto e del trasporto sulle funzionalità surrenalica e tiroidea nel Cavallo [Effect of pre-transport procedures and transportation on thyroid and adrenal function in horses]. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Veterinarie 49, 265–266.Google Scholar
Fazio, E, Medica, P, Aronica, V, Grasso, L, Ferlazzo, A 2008. Circulating β-endorphin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol levels of stallions before and after short road transport: stress effect of different distances. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 50, 1–7.Google Scholar
Ferlazzo, A, Medica, P, Campo, GM, Grasso, L, Aronica, V 1997. Circulating levels of catecholamines, beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol, total and free iodothyronines in horses after transport on roads of different lenghts. Proceedings of the 5th World Equine Veterinary Association, Padua, Italy, p. 53.Google Scholar
Fisher, AD, Verkerk, GA, Morrow, CJ, Matthews, LR 2002. The effects of feed restriction and lying deprivation on pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in lactating cows. Livestock Production Science 73, 255–263.Google Scholar
Fisher, AD, Colditz, IG, Lee, C, Ferguson, DM 2009. The influence of land transport on animal welfare in extensive farming systems. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, 157–162.Google Scholar
Freeman, BM 1984. Transportation of poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal 40, 19–30.Google Scholar
Friend, TH 2000. Dehydration, stress, and water consumption of horses during long-distance commercial transport. Journal of Animal Science 78, 2568–2580.Google Scholar
Friend, TH, Martin, MT, Householder, DD, Bushong, DM 1998. Stress response of horses during a long period of transport in a commercial truck. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212, 838–844.Google Scholar
Gade, PB, Christensen, L 1998. Effect of different stocking densities during transport on welfare and meat quality in Danish slaughter pigs. Meat Science 48, 237–247.Google Scholar
Gade, PB, Christensen, L, Baltzer, M, Petersen, JV 2007. Causes of pre-slaughter mortality in Danish slaughter pigs with special emphasis on transport. Animal Welfare 16, 459–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosálvez, LF, Averós, X, Valdelvira, JJ, Herranz, A 2006. Influence of season, distance and mixed loads on the physical and carcass integrity of pigs transported to slaughter. Meat Science 73, 553–558.Google Scholar
Grandin, T 1998. Handling of crippled and nonambulatory livestock. Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin 9, 12–13.Google Scholar
Grandin, T 2008. Foreword: strategies to improve farm animal welfare and reduce long distance transport of livestock going to slaughter. In Long distance transport and welfare of farm animals (ed. MC Appleby, C Cussen, L Garcés, LA Lambert and J Turner), pp. ix–xv. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Grigor, PN, Cockram, MS, Steele, WB, le Sueur, CJ, Forsyth, RE, Guthrie, JA, Johnson, AK, Sandilands, V, Reid, HW, Sinclair, C, Brown, HK 2001. Effects of space allowance during transport and duration of mid-journey lairage period on the physiological, behavioural and immunological responses of young calves during and after transport. Animal Science 73, 341–360.Google Scholar
Hall, SJG, Broom, DM, Kiddy, GNS 1998. Effect of transportation on plasma cortisol and packed cell volume in different genotypes of sheep. Small Ruminant Research 29, 233–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, H, Bruer, A, Herzog, H, Meyer, H, Rhode, H, Schulze, F, Steinbach, G 1973. General adaptation syndrome (Selye) in calf. 6. Stress conditions – their impact upon antibody levels, following active and passive immunisation, and upon the topographic distribution of certain groups of germs in the gastrointestinal system. Archiv für experimentelle Veterinarmedizin 30, 553–566.Google Scholar
Higgs, ARB, Norris, RT, Richards, RB 1993. Epidemiology of salmonellosis in the live sheep export industry. Australian Veterinary Journal 70, 330–335.Google Scholar
Hobo, S, Kuwano, A, Oikawa, M 1995. Respiratory changes in horses during automobile transportation. Journal of Equine Science 6, 135–139.Google Scholar
Hogan, JP, Petherick, JC, Phillips, CJC 2007. The physiological and metabolic impacts on sheep and cattle of feed and water deprivation before and during transport. Nutrition Research Reviews 20, 17–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, RR, Mitchell, MA, Matheu, C 1997. Distribution of ‘dead on arrivals’ within the bio-load on commercial broiler transporters: correlation with climatic conditions and ventilation regimen. British Poultry Science 38 (suppl.), S7–S9.Google Scholar
Iacono, CM, Friend, TH, Johnson, RD, Krawczel, PD, Archer, GS 2007. A preliminary study on the utilization of an onboard watering system by horses during commercial transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 105, 227–231.Google Scholar
Ito, S, Hobo, S, Eto, D, Sato, H 2001. Bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia associated with transport in thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 63, 1263–1269.Google Scholar
Jensen, MB, Pedersen, LJ, Munksgaard, L 2005. The effect of reward duration on demand functions for rest in dairy heifers and lying requirements as measured by demand functions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 90, 207–217.Google Scholar
Jensen, MB, Munksgaard, L, Pedersen, LJ, Ladewig, J, Matthews, L 2004. Prior deprivation and reward duration affect the demand function for rest in dairy heifers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 88, 1–11.Google Scholar
Kenny, FJ, Tarrant, PV 1987. The reaction of young bulls to short-haul road transportation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17, 209–227.Google Scholar
Kent, JE, Ewbank, R 1983. The effect of road transportation on the blood constituents and behaviour of calves. I. Six months old. British Veterinary Journal 139, 228–235.Google Scholar
Kent, JE, Ewbank, R 1986a. The effect of road transportation on the blood constituents and behaviour of calves. II. One to three weeks old. British Veterinary Journal 142, 131–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kent, JE, Ewbank, R 1986b. The effect of road transportation on the blood constituents and behaviour of calves. III. Three months old. British Veterinary Journal 142, 326–335.Google Scholar
Kim, WK, Donalson, LM, Herrera, P, Kubena, LF, Nisbet, DJ, Ricke, SC 2005. Comparisons of molting diets on skeletal quality and eggshell parameters in hens at the end of the second egg-laying cycle. Poultry Science 84, 522–527.Google Scholar
Knights, M, Smith, GW 2007. Decreased ACTH secretion during prolonged transportation stress is associated with reduced pituitary responsiveness to tropic hormone stimulation in cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 33, 442–450.Google Scholar
Knowles, TG 1994. Handling and transport of spent hens. World’s Poultry Science Journal 50, 60–61.Google Scholar
Knowles, TG 1998. A review of road transport of slaughter sheep. Veterinary Record 143, 212–219.Google Scholar
Knowles, TG 1999. A review of the road transport of cattle. Veterinary Record 144, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, TG, Broom, DM 1990. The handling and transport of broilers and spent hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28, 75–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, TG, Warriss, PD 2000. Stress physiology of animals during transport. In Livestock handling and transport (ed. T Grandin), pp. 385–408. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Knowles, TG, Warriss, PD, Brown, SN, Edwards, JE 1998. Effects of stocking density on lambs being transported by road. Veterinary Record 142, 503–509.Google Scholar
Knowles, TG, Warriss, PD, Brown, SN, Edwards, JE 1999a. Effects on cattle of transportation by road for up to 31 hours. Veterinary Record 145, 575–582.Google Scholar
Knowles, TG, Brown, SN, Edwards, JE, Phillips, AJ, Warriss, PD 1999b. Effect on young calves of a one-hour feeding stop during a 19-h road journey. Veterinary Record 144, 687–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, TG, Warriss, PD, Brown, SN, Edwards, JE, Watkins, PE, Phillips, AJ 1997. Effects of calves less than one month old of feeding or not feeding them during road transport of up to 24h. Veterinary Record 140, 116–124.Google Scholar
Knowles, TG, Warriss, PD, Brown, SN, Kestin, SC, Rhind, SM, Edwards, JE, Anil, MH, Dolan, SK 1993. Long distance transport of lambs and the time needed for subsequent recovery. Veterinary Record 133, 286–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, TG, Warriss, PD, Brown, SN, Kestin, SC, Edwards, JE, Perry, AM, Watkins, PE, Phillips, AJ 1996. Effects of feeding, watering and resting intervals on lambs transported by road and ferry to France. Veterinary Record 139, 335–339.Google Scholar
Leadon, DP, Frank, J, Backhouse, W, Frank, C, Atock, MA 1990. Environmental, haematological and blood biochemical changes in equine transit stress. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 36, 485–490.Google Scholar
Lewis, NJ, Berry, RJ 2006. Effects of season on the behaviour of early-weaned piglets during and immediately following transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100, 182–192.Google Scholar
Madec, F, Bridoux, N, Bounaix, S, Jestin, A 1998. Measurement of digestive disorders in the piglet at weaning and related risk factors. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 35, 53–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malena, M, Voslarova, E, Kozak, A, Belobradek, P, Bedanova, I, Steinhauser, L, Vecerek, V 2007. Comparison of mortality rates in different categories of pigs and cattle during transport for slaughter. Acta Veterinaria Brno 76, S109–S116.Google Scholar
Manteca, X, Ruiz de la Torre, JL 1996. Transport of extensively farmed animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49, 89–94.Google Scholar
Mars, LA, Kiesling, HE, Ross, TT, Armstrong, JB, Murray, L 1992. Water acceptance and intake in horses under shipping stress. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 12, 17–20.Google Scholar
McCracken, BA, Spurlock, ME, Roos, MA, Zuckermann, FA, Gaskins, HR 1999. Weaning anorexia may contribute to local inflammation in the piglet small intestine. Journal of Nutrition 129, 613–619.Google Scholar
Minka, NS, Ayo, JO 2007. Effects of loading behaviour and road transport stress on traumatic injuries in cattle transported by road during the hot-dry season. Livestock Science 107, 91–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, MA, Kettlewell, PJ 2009. Welfare of poultry during transport – a review. Proceedings of the 8th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Cervia, Italy, pp. 90–100.Google Scholar
Moberg, GP 2000. Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. In The biology of animal stress (ed. GP Moberg and JA Mench), pp. 1–22. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Mormede, P, Soissons, J, Bluth, R, Raoult, J, Legarff, G, Levieux, D, Dantzer, R 1982. Effect of transportation on blood serum composition, disease incidence, and production traits in young calves. Influence of the journey duration. Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires 13, 369–384.Google ScholarPubMed
Mota-Rojas, D, Becerril, M, Lemus, C, Sánchez, P, González, M, Olmos, SA, Ramírez, R, Alonso-Spilsbury, M 2006. Effects of mid-summer transport duration on pre- and post-slaughter performance and pork quality in Mexico. Meat Science 73, 404–412.Google Scholar
Munksgaard, L, Simonsen, HB 1996. Behavioral and pituitary adrenal-axis responses of dairy cows to social isolation and deprivation of lying down. Journal of Animal Science 74, 769–778.Google Scholar
Munksgaard, L, Jensen, MB, Pedersen, LJ, Hansen, SW, Matthews, LI 2005. Quantifying behavioural priorities – effects of time constraints on behaviour of dairy cows, Bos taurus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 92, 3–14.Google Scholar
Nevill, CH, Friend, TH 2003. The behavior of circus tigers during transport. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 82, 329–337.Google Scholar
Odore, R, D’Angelo, A, Badino, P, Bellino, C, Pagliasso, S, Re, G 2004. Road transportation affects blood hormone levels and lymphocyte glucocorticoid and beta-adrenergic receptor concentration in calves. The Veterinary Journal 168, 297–303.Google Scholar
Oikawa, M, Hobo, S, Oyamada, T, Yoshikawa, H 2005. Effects of orientation, intermittent rest and vehicle cleaning during transport on development of transport-related respiratory disease in horses. Journal of Comparative Pathology 132, 153–168.Google Scholar
Oikawa, M, Kusunose, R 1995. Some epidemiological aspects of equine respiratory disease asociated with transport. Journal of Equine Science 6, 25–29.Google Scholar
Parrott, RF, Misson, BH, de la Riva, CF 1994. Differential stressor effects on the concentrations of cortisol, prolactin and catecholamines in the blood of sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 56, 234–239.Google Scholar
Parrott, RF, Hall, SJG, Lloyd, DM, Goode, JA, Broom, DM 1998. Effects of a maximum permissible journey time (31h) on physiological responses of fleeced and shorn sheep to transport, with observations on behaviour during a short (1h) rest stop. Animal Science 66, 197–207.Google Scholar
Petherick, JC, Phillips, CJC 2009. Space allowance for confined livestock and their determination from allometric principles. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117, 1–12.Google Scholar
Petracci, M, Bianchi, M, Cavani, C, Gaspari, P, Lavazza, A 2006. Preslaughter mortality in broiler chickens, turkeys, and spent hens under commercial slaughtering. Poultry Science 85, 1660–1664.Google Scholar
Phillips, CJC 2008. The welfare of livestock during sea transport. In Long distance transport and welfare of farm animals (ed. MC Appleby, C Cussen, L Garcés, LA Lambert and J Turner), pp. 137–156. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Pisarski, RK, Pijarska, I, Malec, H 2005. The effect of feeding broiler chicks during transportation on yolk sac, body weight and anti-IBDV level in blood. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 14 (suppl. 1), 479–482.Google Scholar
Raphel, CF, Beech, J 1982. Pleuritis secondary to pneumonia or lung abscessation in 90 horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 181, 808–810.Google Scholar
Ritter, MJ, Ellis, M, Brinkmann, J, DeDecker, JM, Keffaber, KK, Kocher, ME, Peterson, BA, Schlipf, JM, Wolter, BF 2006. Effect of floor space during transport of market-weight pigs on the incidence of transport losses at the packing plant and the relationships between transport conditions and losses. Journal of Animal Science 84, 2856–2864.Google Scholar
Scholtyssek, S, Ehinger, F 1976. Transporteinflüsse auf Broiler und deren Schlachtkörper. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 40, 27–35.Google Scholar
Scholtyssek, S, Ehinger, F, Lohman, F 1977. Einfluss von Transport und Nüchterung auf die Schlachtqualität von Broilern [Influence of transport and fasting on the slaughter quality of broilers]. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 41, 27–30.Google Scholar
Schwartzkopf-Genswein, KS, Booth-McLean, ME, Shah, MA, Entz, T, Bach, SJ, Mears, GJ, Schaefer, AL, Cook, N, Church, J, McAllister, TA 2007. Effects of pre-haul management and transport duration on beef calf performance and welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 108, 12–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (SCAHAW) 2002. The welfare of animals during transport (details for horses, pigs, sheep and cattle). Report to the European Commission, 11 March 2002, 130 pp. European Commission, Brussels.Google Scholar
Stull, CL 1999. Responses of horses to trailer design, duration, and floor area during commercial transportation to slaughter. Journal of Animal Science 77, 2925–2933.Google Scholar
Stull, CL, Rodiek, AV 2000. Physiological responses of horses to 24 hours of transportation using a commercial van during summer conditions. Journal of Animal Science 78, 1458–1466.Google Scholar
Stull, CL, Rodiek, AV 2002. Effects of cross-tying horses during 24 h of road transport. Equine Veterinary Journal 34, 550–555.Google Scholar
Stull, CL, Spier, SJ, Aldridge, BM, Blanchard, M, Stott, JL 2004. Immunological response to long-term transport stress in mature horses and effects of adaptogenic dietary supplementation as an immunomodulator. Equine Veterinary Journal 36, 583–589.Google Scholar
Stull, CL, Morrow, J, Aldridge, BA, Stott, JL, McGlone, JJ 2008. Immunophysiological responses of horses to a 12-hour rest during 24 hours of road transport. Veterinary Record 162, 609–614.Google Scholar
Tadich, N, Gallo, C, Brito, ML, Broom, DM 2009. Effects of weaning and 48 h transport by road and ferry on some blood indicators of welfare in lambs. Livestock Science 121, 132–136.Google Scholar
Tarrant, PV, Grandin, T 2000. Cattle transport. In Livestock handling and transport (ed. T Grandin), pp. 151–173. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Tarrant, PV, Kenny, FJ, Harrington, D, Murphy, XX 1992. Long distance transportation of steers to slaughter, effect of stocking density on physiology, behaviour and carcass quality. Livestock Production Science 30, 223–238.Google Scholar
Terlouw, EMC, Arnould, C, Auperin, B, Berri, C, le Bihan-Duval, E, Deiss, V, Lefèvre, F, Lensink, BJ, Mounier, L 2008. Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research. Animal 2, 1501–1517.Google Scholar
Tinker, DB, Berry, PS, Rycroft, JA, Sparks, NH 2004. Handling and catching of hens during depopulation. In Welfare of the laying hen (ed. G Perry), Poultry Science Symposium Series 27, pp. 345–360. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Valros, A, Vuorenrnaa, R, Janczak, AM 2008. Effect of simulated long transport on behavioural characteristics in two strains of laying hen chicks. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109, 58–67.Google Scholar
Van Adrichem, PWM, Vogt, JE 1993. The effect of isolation and separation on the metabolism of sheep. Livestock Production Science 33, 151–159.Google Scholar
Van Reenen, CG, O’Connell, NE, van der Werf, JTN, Korte, SM, Hopster, H, Jones, RB, Blokhuis, HJ 2005. Responses of calves to acute stress: individual consistency and relations between behavioral and physiological measures. Physiology & Behavior 85, 557–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vecerek, V, Grbalova, S, Voslarova, E, Janackova, B, Malena, M 2006a. Effects of travel distance and the season of the year on death rates of broilers transported to poultry processing plants. Poultry Science 85, 1881–1884.Google Scholar
Vecerek, V, Malena, M, JrMalena, M, Voslarova, E, Chloupek, P 2006b. The impact of the transport distance and season on losses of fattened pigs during transport to the slaughterhouse in the Czech Republic in the period from 1997 to 2004. Veterinarni Medicina 51, 21–28.Google Scholar
Voslarova, E, Janackova, B, Vitula, F, Kozak, A, Vecerek, V 2007. Effects of transport distance and the season of the year on death rates among hens and roosters in transport to poultry processing plants in the Czech Republic in the period from 1997 to 2004. Veterinarni Medicina 52, 262–266.Google Scholar
Wamnes, S, Lewis, NJ, Berry, RJ 2006. The performance of early-weaned piglets following transport: effect of season and weaning weight. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, 337–343.Google Scholar
Warriss, PD, Bevis, EA, Brown, SN, Edwards, JE 1992. Longer journeys to processing plants are associated with higher mortality in broiler-chickens. British Poultry Science 33, 201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warriss, PD, Brown, SN, Knowles, TG, Kestin, SC, Edwards, JE, Dolan, SK, Phillips, AJ 1995. Effects on cattle of transport by road for up to 15 hours. Veterinary Record 136, 319–323.Google Scholar
Wehnert, C, Schmidt, A, Aurich, J, Müller, J, Aurich, C 2009. Changes in heart rate during road transport of horses for one, 3.5 and 8 hours. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of the International Society for Equitation Science, Dublin, Ireland, p. 26.Google Scholar
Werner, C, Reiners, K, Wicke, M 2007. Short as well as long transport duration can affect the welfare of slaughter pigs. Animal Welfare 16, 385–389.Google Scholar
Williams, JL, Minton, JE, Patterson, JA, Marchant Forde, J, Eicher, SD 2008. Lairage during transport of eighteen-kilogram pigs has an impact on innate immunity and commensal bacteria diversity in the intestines. Journal of Animal Science 86, 1232–1244.Google Scholar