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An observational study investigating the association of ultrasonographically assessed machine milking-induced changes in teat condition and teat-end shape in dairy cows

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2018

M. Wieland Open the ORCID record for M. Wieland [Opens in a new window] ,
P. D. Virkler ,
A. H. Borkowski ,
N. Älveby ,
P. Wood  and
D. V. Nydam
M. Wieland*
Affiliation:
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14 853, USA
P. D. Virkler
Affiliation:
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14 853, USA
A. H. Borkowski
Affiliation:
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14 853, USA
N. Älveby
Affiliation:
DeLaval International AB, Tumba 14 741, Sweden
P. Wood
Affiliation:
DeLaval International AB, Tumba 14 741, Sweden
D. V. Nydam
Affiliation:
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14 853, USA
*
†E-mail: mjw248@cornell.edu
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Abstract

Mechanical forces during machine milking induce changes in teat condition which can be differentiated into short-term and long-term changes. Machine milking-induced short-term changes in teat condition (STC) are defined as tissue responses to a single milking and have been associated with the risk of new intramammary infection. Albeit, their association with teat characteristics, such as teat-end shape, has not been investigated by rigorous methods. The primary objective was to determine the association of STC, as measured by ultrasonography, with teat-end shape. The second objective was to describe possible differences in the recovery time of teat tissue after machine milking among teats with different teat-end shapes. Holstein cows (n=128) were enrolled in an observational study, housed in free-stall pens with sand bedding and milked three times a day. Ultrasonography of the left front and right hind teat was performed after teat preparation before milking (t−1), immediately after milking (t0) and 1, 3, 5 and 7 h after milking (t1, t3, t5, t7). The teat tissue parameters measured from ultrasound scans were teat canal length, teat-end diameter, teat-end diameter at the midpoint between the distal and proximal end of the teat canal, teat wall thickness, and teat cistern width. Teat-end shape was assessed visually and classified into three categories: pointed, flat and round. Multivariable linear regression analyses showed differences in the relative change of teat tissue parameters (compared with t−1) at t0 among teats with different teat-end shapes, with most parameters showing the largest change for round teats. The premilking values were reached (recovery time) after 7 h in teats with a pointed teat-end shape, whereas recovery time was greater than 7 h in teats with flat and round teat-end shapes. Under the same liner and milking machine conditions, teats with a round teat-end shape had the most severe short-term changes. The results of this observational study indicated that teat-end shape may be one of the factors that contribute to the severity of STC.

Keywords

cattlemilking machineteat characteristicsteat tissueultrasound
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 13 , Issue 2 , February 2019 , pp. 341 - 348
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2018 

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