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The Early Bronze Age stone figurines from Akrotiri on Thera and their significance for the Early Cycladic settlement1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

Panayiota Sotirakopoulou
Affiliation:
Ministry of Culture, Archive of Monuments, Athens

Abstract

The recent excavations at Akrotiri on Thera have brought to light 21 new EC figurines which, taken together with those already known or completely unknown, raise the number of EC figurines from the site of 37. The Akrotiri figurines comprise a wide range of types, both schematic and naturalistic, covering almost the whole of the known EC sculptural repertoire and also introduce types which are entirely new. Thus they constitute a significant body of evidence, for the following reasons: first, because they show unmistakably the importance of the settlement at Akrotiri already in the third millennium BC; second, because, by contrast with most EC figurines, they come from a systematic excavation; and third, because, including types and showing features up until now rarely seen or even completely unknown in the Cyclades and the Aegean, they enrich our knowledge of EC figurative sculpture and offer us the possibility of drawing a number of inferences.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1998

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References

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27 Dikaios, P. and Stewart, J. R., The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, vol. IV, part iA: The Stone Age and the Early Bronze Age in Cyprus (Lund, 1962), 49Google Scholar and fig. XV. 2.

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31 Ergon 1992, 78; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 181, pl. 77 β

32 Burial Habits, 86, 89, pls 27 g, 29 l (Akrotiri on Naxos, T3 and T9); Kykladika I, 162, pl. 11. 15; Zervos, fig. 58 b; Figurines, 6, I. E. 1; Sculptors, pl. 2, B. 2nd row, last (Krassades on Antiparos, T117); Kykladika I, 165; Figurines, 6, I. E. 2 [Zoumbaria on Despotikon, T137 (NM 4885)]. For the dating see: Figurines, 5 and ill. 4. I.E; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 64; Emergence, 161; 184, fig. 11. 8; 420, fig. 19. 4, Type I.E; Cycladic Spirit, 91, fig. 5; Burial Habits, 16 and fig. 4 b–d.

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36 For the form and its dating to the EC I period see: Figurines, 5 and ills. 1, 4. I. C; Emergence, 159–61; 184, fig. 11. 8; 420, fig. 19. 4, Type I.C; Cycladic Spirit, 91, fig. 5; Burial Habits, 16 and fig. 4 h.

37 See n. 4.

38 Doumas 1993 (n. 9), 176.

39 See n. 5.

41 Kykladika I, 159, pl. 11, 10; Zervos, fig. 57 b–c, f, j; Sculptors, pl. 2, A. 1st row, 1st, 4th, and 6th from left.

42 Zervos, fig. 44 d; Papathanasopoulos 1961/62 (n. 14), 143, pl. 75 β.

43 Phylakopi, 194, pl. 39. 3; Figurines, 25, ‘Phylakopi 3’; Emergence, 578, pl. 8. 5.

44 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 433–4: no. 51.

45 Phylakopi, 194, pl. 39. 7; Figurines, 25, ‘Phylakopi 7’; Emergence, 578, pl. 8. 3.

46 Evans and Renfrew (n. 12), 63; fig. 76. 1; pl. 43. 1; Figurines, 5, pl. 2 c; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 60 and fig. 33; Cycladic Spirit, 40, pl. 8; Doumas, in Αυγή, 70, 303, no. 38.

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51 Ibid. 434, no. 55; D-G 1968, col. no. 333; D-G 1978, 27, no. 10; D-G 1983, 64, no. 18.

52 Evans (n. 22), 124 and fig. 126; Branigan (n. 17), 60. IF. 1, 77; fig. 1. 4.

53 Figurines, 8 n. 32; D-G 1978, 27, no. 10; D-G 1983, 64, no. 18; EC Art, 48, fig. 21.

54 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 433–4, nos. 53–5.

55 EC Art, 136, cat. no. 9.

57 Höckmann, in Art and Culture, 175, fig. 176. 12.

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69 Branigan (n. 17), 60–1.

70 Ergon 1969, 183, fig. 228.

71 Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 62; Thimme, ibid. 432–3, no. 50; D-G 1978, 26, no. 5; D-G 1983, 63, no. 13.

72 Höckmann, in Art and Culture, 176.

73 Sotirakopoulou (n. 58), 135.

74 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 554–6, nos. 475–85.

75 Höckmann, ibid. 176, 177.

76 M. Sharp Joukowsky (n. 20), 212–13.

77 Branigan (n. 17), 60.

78 Ergon 1992, 78. Doumas 1992 (n. g), 181, pl. 77 δ.

79 Kykladika II, 101, 114 and figs. 29–30; Zervos, fig. 45 a–c; Figurines, 14, VI. 1–8.

80 Kykladika I, 161, pl. 11, 12 (erroneously written as shown on pl. 12. 12); Figurines, 14, VI. 15–17.

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82 Doumas, C., ‘Κυκλὰδες Κὲρος Νὰξος’, A. Delt. 19 (1964)Google Scholar, Chron., 409, pl. 480 α; Burial Habits, figs. 8 s–u, 9 e–f; Doumas, in Αυγή, 76, 304–5, nos. 51–2; EC Art, 260, cat. no. 88.

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85 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 434–5, nos. 57–62.

86 Metallurgy, 7, 18, pl. 4, no. 27; Figurines, 14, VI. 12.

87 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 427–8, 431, no. 44; for the dating of the Kapros Grave D to the ‘Grotta-Pelos culture’ see Art and Culture, 446, 583.

88 Figurines, 12; Metallurgy, 7.

89 Renfrew, in PC 48.

90 Metallurgy, 6–7, 18, pl. 4, nos. 26, 29; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 453, nos. 122–3.

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94 EC Art, 129.

95 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 427, 445–7, nos. 95–102.

96 Mylonas (n. 91), 75–8.

97 Getz-Preziosi, P., ‘Risk and repair in Early Cycladic sculpture’, MMJ 16 (1981), 1923Google Scholar, figs. 52–3, 56–7; EC Art, 83, fig. 45.

98 EC Art, 83.

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100 phyiakopi, 194, pl. 39, 4, 8; Figurines, 24, VII. 1–3, pl. 7 c–e; Emergence, 159, pl. 8, 6–8.

101 Caskey 1971 (n. 16), 121, 124, nos. 30–6; fig. 5, pl. 22, nos. 30–6; id. 1974 (n. 16), 78–9, pl. 11, nos. 41–2; Figurines, 24, VII. 4–5, pl. 7 f–g.

102 Ergon 1992, 80; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 181.

103 Ergon 1992, 78; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 181, pl. 77 γ.

104 D-G 1978, 145–6, nos. 167–8; D-G 1983, 162, nos. 204–5.

105 Xanthoudides, S., The Vaulted Tombs of Mesara (London, 1924), 122, no. 225Google Scholar; pl. 58. 225 a; Sapouna-Sakellarakis (n. 21), 50, ГΛ 225; ins. pl. A. A 225.

106 Branigan (n. 17), 64, 77.

107 Sapouna-Sakellarakis (n. 21), 71.

108 Figurines, 24–6 and ill. 4. VII; Emergence, 184, fig. 11. 8; 420, fig. 19. 4; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 70; Cycladic Spirit, 91, fig. 5; Burial Habits, 24, Fig. 13 q; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 416, fig. 184; Sculptors, 8, fig. 3.

109 Davis, J. L., in EC Art, 20, 39 n. 42Google Scholar; id., ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory I: the Islands of the Aegean’, AJA 96 (1992), 735.

110 Id. in EC Art, 43 n. 69.

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112 Barber, in Cycladica, 12.

113 Caskey 1971 (n. 16), 123–5.

114 Figurines, 24.

115 Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 70.

116 Sotirakopoulou 1990 (n. 2), 42; ead. 1991 (n. 2), 27–31, Table 1; ead. 1992 (n. 2), 186–8.

117 Branigan, K., The Tombs of Mesara (London, 1970), 76Google Scholar; id. (n. 17), 64.

118 Sapouna-Sakellarakis (n. 21), 59.

119 Figurines, 14; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 70.

120 D-G 1968, 115, col. no. 209; D-G 1978, 68, no. 62; D-G 1983, 94, no. 87.

121 Papavasileiou, G. A., Περὶ των ἐν Εὐβοὶᾳ ἀρχαὶων τὰφων (Athens, 1910), 4 and fig. 3Google Scholar; Sapouna-Sakellarakis, E., ‘Nouvelles figurines cycladiques et petite glyptique du Bronze Ancien d'Eubée’, AK 34 (1991), 68Google Scholar, pl. 2. 6; Sampson (n. 92), 70.

122 Sapouna-Sakellarakis (n. 121), 3, pl. 2. 2.

123 Papavasileiou (n. 121), 4–5.

124 Sapouna-Sakellarakis (n. 21), 51, 57, 58, pls 26 γ 29 γ–δ.

125 Figurines, 7. ill. 2. III; D-G 1978, 44–5, nos. 29–30.

126 See n. 28.

127 Art and Culture, 444–5, nos. 92–3; Sculptors, pl. 3, B. 2–3.

128 Art and Culture, 444–5. nos. 88, 90 2; Sculptors, pl. 3, B. 1, 3–4, 6.

129 Art and Culture, 444, no. 91; Sculptors, pl. 3, B. 4.

130 Art and Culture, 446–7, nos. 97–101.

131 Ibid. 447, no. 101.

132 Tsountas, C., Αὶ προϊστορικαὶ ἀκροπὸλεις Διμηνὶου καὶ Σὲσκλου (Athens, 1908), 304, pls 37. 12, 38, 3Google Scholar; Figurines, pl. 3 a; Zervos, C., Naissance de la civilisation en Grèce, ii. (Paris, 1963), figs. 467–8Google Scholar.

133 Figurines, 30; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 442.

134 Sapouna-Sakellarakis (n. 21), 57–8, ГΛ 309; ins. pl. A, pl. 29 στ

135 Figurines, 28, ill. IV; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 70; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 445–9, nos. 95–109; Sculptors, 11.

136 On the dating of the Louros type figurines see n. 28.

137 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 445–6.

138 Ergon 1992, 80; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 184, pl. 79 β.

139 Ergon 1992, 80; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 184.

140 Ergon 1992, 80, fig. 104 α; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 184.

141 Ergon 1992, 80, fig. 104 β; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 184, pl. 79 γ.

142 Ergon 1992, 80; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 184, pl. 79 γ.

143 Ergon 1992, 80; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 184.

144 Ibid.

145 Ibid.

146 The figurine MN 199, which Renfrew (Figurines, 6, II. 16) reports as male, Getz-Preziosi [(n. 99), 6–7 and fig. 10 d] considers as of uncertain sex, though with masculine proportions.

147 Burial Habits, 87, pl. 28 j–k; Sculptors, pls 14–15. [1]; Marangou (n. 81), 145, no. 147 (Akrotiri, T 5); Burial Habits, 93. pl. 32 f–g (Akrotiri, T 20).

148 Burial Habits, 99–100, pl. 35 a–d; Sculptors, pl. 4. B (Plastiras, T 9); Kykladika I, 155, pl. 10. 4; Zervos, fig. 112; Emergence, 153, pl. 2. 2; Getz-Preziosi, P., ‘An Early Cycladic sculptor’, AK 18 (1975), 48, fig. 1Google Scholara; Sculptors, 37, fig. 15 a, pls 14–15. [9]; Doumas, in Αυγή, 74, 304, no. 47 (Glypha, T 23).

149 Kykladika I, 161, pl. 10. 5; Zervos, fig. 166 (Krassades, T 112).

150 See n. 146.

151 Art and Culture, 440, no. 75.

152 Females: Zervos, fig. 47; Art and Culture, 438, no. 68; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), figs. 1. no. 6, 12–13; Sculptors, 51, fig. 28 a (‘Naxos’); Figurines, 6, II. 2. pl. 1 d: Emergence, 153, pl. 2. 3; Cycladic Spirit, 60. pl. 25; Sculptors, pls 14–15. [2] (‘Lefkes, Paros’); Wolters, P., ‘Marmorkopf aus Amorgos’, AM 16 (1891), 49, fig. 1Google Scholar; Figurines, 6, II. 10. pl. 1 e; Art and Culture, 439, no. 71; Sculptors, 16, fig. 8 b (‘Kapros Grave D, Amorgos’); Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 47, pl. 19. 1–3; ead. (n. 97), figs. 1. no. 7, 14–15; Sculptors, pls 18, 20. [3] (‘Amorgos’); Bossert, H. T.. Altkreta (Berlin, 1923), pl. 14Google Scholar; Art and Culture, 438, no. 67; Sculptors, 76, fig. 33 c, pls 16 17. [3] (‘Delos’).

Males: Zervos, fig. 43; Art and Culture, 62, fig. 34; Papathanasopoulos 1981 (n. 14), 200–1, pl. 118; Figurines, 6. II. 15; Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), 31, no. 7; figs. 1. no. 7. 8–9 Sculptors, 21, fig. 11 a (‘Amorgos’); Figurines, 6, II. 14; Cycladic Spirit, 61, pl. 27; Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 47, 49; fig. 1 b, pl. 17; ead. (n. 99), 31 and fig. 1, no. 5; EC Art, 53, fig. 24 c; Sculptors, 16, fig. 8 a; 79, fig. 34; pls 18–20. [2]; Art and Culture, 156, fig. 153; Doumas, in Αυγή, 74, 304, no. 46 (‘Amorgos’); Zervos, fig. 105; Figurines, 6, II. 13; Getz-Preziosi (n. 99). 31. no. 1; figs. 1. no. 1, 2–3; EC Art, 53, fig. 24 d; Sculptors, 21, fig. 11 b (‘Antiparos’).

153 Females: (1) D-G 1978, 90, no. 97; D-G 1983, 70–1, no. 31; Cycladic Spirit, 61, pl. 26; (2) Art and Culture, 437, no. 65; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), figs. 1. 4, 4–6; EC Art, 52, fig. 23; Sculptors, 10–11; figs. 4 b, 7 a, 33 a, pls 16–17. [2]; (3) Art and Culture, 437–8, no. 66; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), figs. 1. 5, 7–11; EC Art, 54, fig. 25; Sculptors, 76, fig. 33 b, pls I. A, 16–17. [1]; (4) Art and Culture, 439, no. 70; (5) ibid. 440, no. 73; 581, fig. 191; EC Art, 132, cat. no. 5; 103, fig. 47; Sculptors, 44, fig. 23 b, pl. 4, A. 2; (6) Art and Culture, 438–9, no. 69; Sculptors, 12, fig. 5 a; (7) ibid. 50, fig. 27 b, pls 14–15. [3]; (8) Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 47, pl. 18. 1–3; EC Art, 130–1, cat. no. 4; Sculptors, pls 18, 20. [1]; (9) Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 49, pl. 20. 4–6; (10) ead. (n. 97), figs. 1. 9, 19–20; ead., Nine fragments of Early Cycladic sculpture in southern California’, The Paul Getty Museum Journal 12 (1984), 26, fig. 5Google Scholara–b; EC Art, 54, fig. 26; (11) Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), 10, fig. 10 c; EC Art, 144, cat. no. 16.

Males: (1) Figurines, 6, II. 17; Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 49, pl. 20. 1–3; ead. (n. 99), 31 and fig. 1, no. 3; Art and Culture, 440, no. 74; (2) ibid. 441, no. 77; Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 49, pl. 19. 4–5; ead. (n. 99), 31 and fig. 1. 2; ead. (n. 97), figs. 1. 8, 16–18; EC Art, 53, fig. 24 a; Sculptors, pls 14–15. [4]; (3) Art and Culture, 441, no. 79; Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), 31, no. 6; figs. 1. 6, 6–7; (4) Art and Culture, 439–40, no. 72, colour pl. VI; Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), 31, no. 4; figs. 1. 4, 4–5; EC Art, 53, fig. 24 b; Sculptors, 37, fig. 15 b, colour pl. I. B.

Heads: (1) D-G 1978, 91, no. 98; D-G 1983, 71, no. 32; Doumas, in Αυγή, 75, 304, nos. 48–9; (2) P. Getz-Preziosi and S. S. Weinberg, ‘Evidence for painted details in Early Cycladic sculpture’, AK (1970), 7, pl. 1. 4; Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 47, pl. 18. 4–6; Sculptors, pls 19–20. [4].

Leg: D-G 1978, 92, no. 99; D-G 1983, 72, no. 33.

154 Figurines, 8 and ill. 4. II; Emergence, 153, 159; 184, fig. 11. 8. II; 527; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 63, 64; Cycladic Spirit, 91, fig. 5; Burial Habits, 17 and fig. 5 e; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 436, fig. 184 on p. 416; EC Art, 48, fig. 21; Sculptors, 8, fig. 3.

155 EC Art, 52; Sculptors, 20.

156 Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), 6; EC Art, 52; Sculptors, 20.

157 Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), pl. 17; Sculptors, pls 18–20. [2].

158 Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), figs. 1. 4–5.

159 Sculptors, 49.

160 Art and Culture, 472, no. 183; Sculptors, 4g, fig. 26 a; D-G 1968, 150, col. no. 309; D-G 1978, 73, no. 69; D-G 1983, 98, no. 94; Cycladic Spirit, 104, pl. 65.

161 Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), 5–33.

162 See, for example, Papathanasopoulos 1981 (n. 14), 96–9, pls 41–5; Chourmouziadis, G. Ch., Τα Νεολιθικὰ ειδὼλια (Thessaloniki, 1994), 8691, fig. 9, pls 1, 3–4Google Scholar; Gallis, K. and Orphanidis, L., Figurines of Neolithic Thessaly (Academy of Athens, Research Centre for Antiquity, Monograph 3; Athens, 1996), 196–7, no. 142Google Scholar.

163 I am grateful to Professor Y. Sakellarakis for pointing this out to me and recommending that I comment on it.

164 Figurines, 29–30; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 417; EC Art, 129; Sculptors, 9–10.

165 (1) Art and Culture, 439, no. 71; Sculptors, 16, fig. 8 b; (2) EC Art, 130–1, cat. no. 4; Sculptors, pls 18, 20. [1]; (3) Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 48, fig. 1 b, pl. 17; EC Art, 53, fig. 24 c; Sculptors, 16, fig. 8 a, pls 18–20. [2]; Art and Culture, 156, fig. 153.

166 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 449–50; EC Art, 60–2, 145; Sculptors, 13–14.

167 Renfrew, Cycladic Spirit, 92, does not accept the existence of a special class of ‘precanonical figures’ as transitional between the ‘Grotta-Pelos’ forms and the foldedarm type and regards them simply as different renderings of the five standard varieties of the folded-arm figures.

168 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 450–3, nos. 110–23, fig. 184 on p. 416; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), 16 n. 20; EC Art, 145, fig. 21 on p. 48; Sculptors, 13, fig. 3 on p. 8.

169 Ergon 1992, 80; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 184.

170 Ergon 1992, 80; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 184, pl. 79 δ.

171 Papavasileiou (n. 121), 4, fig. 2; Sapouna-Sakellarakis (n. 121), 8, pl. 4. 3–4.

172 N. M. Kontoleon, ‘᾿Ανασκαφαὶ Νἀξου: Νεκρὸπολις τῶν ῾Απλωμὰτων , PAE 1972, 151, pl. 135; Sculptors, 145 n. 8.

173 Zervos, fig. 51; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 450–3, nos. 110–23; Brouscari, M., ‘Collection P. Canellopoulos (XVI): Antiquités cycladiques’, BCH 105 (1981), i. 501Google Scholar, inv. 1921, fig. 1; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), figs. 2. no. 13, 28–30; EC Art, 146–50, cat. nos. 17–19; Sculptors, 51, fig. 28 b; Doumas, in Αυγή 77, 305, no. 53.

174 The backward-tilting head is not uncommon in the precanonical idols; see, for example, Art and Culture, 450–3, nos. 112, 117, 123; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), figs. 2. no. 13, 28–30; Sapouna-Sakellarakis (n. 121), 8, pl. 4. 3–4.

175 Art and Culture, 436. See the Plastiras figures from Akrotiri discussed above as well as: (1) Figurines, 6, II. 10, pl. 1 e; Art and Culture, 439, no. 71; Sculptors, 16, fig. 8 b; (2) Sculptors, pls 16–17. [1]–[3].

176 (1) Doumas, in Αυγή, 77, 305, no. 53; (2) EC Art, 146–7, cat. no. 17; (3) Art and Culture, 451, no. 115; EC Art, 150, cat. no. 19; Sculptors, 12, fig. 5 c.

177 EC Art, 150, cat. no. 19.

178 Ibid. 145. Compare with: (1) Art and Culture, 450–1, nos. 110–11, 114–15; Sculptors, 12, fig. 5 c; 14, fig. 6 a, d; (2) EC Art, 150, cat. no. 19; (3) Zervos, fig. 51; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), figs. 2. no. 13, 28–30; (4) Doumas, in Αυγή, 77, 305, no. 53.

179 Art and Culture, 450–1, nos. 112–15; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), figs. 2. no. 14, 34–6; EC Art, 150, cat. no. 19; Sculptors, 12, fig. 5 c; 14, fig. 6 b, d.

180 Art and Culture, 423, no. 19, fig. 184 on p. 416.

181 Ibid. 417, 423, no. 19.

182 For Plastiras-type figurines with hollowed ears see: Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), pls 17–18; ead. (n. 99), 31, no. 4; figs. 1. 4, 4–5; D-G 1978, 91, no. 98; Doumas, in Αυγή, 75, nos. 48–9. See also the harper in New York, of the precanonical style: Art and Culture, 495, no. 253 a–b; Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), 11, 31, no. 9; figs. 14. 9, 16–19.

183 Art and Culture, 450–1, nos. 111, 116.

184 Figurines, pl. 3 c; Art and Culture, 157, fig. 155.

185 Figurines, 31; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 67.

186 Höckmann, in Art and Culture, 158; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 449.

187 On the folded-arm figurines of the Kapsala variety see: Figurines, 15–16, IV. A; Cycladic Spirit, 78–9; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 457–8; EC Art, 151; Sculptors, 15–16.

188 Ergon 1992, 80; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 184, pl. 79 ε.

189 Kykladika I, 152, pl. 10. 2; Figurines, 16, IV. A. 1 (Kapsala, T 5); Kykladika I, 146, 154, pl. 10. 3; Zervos, figs. 294–5; Figurines, 16, IV. A. 2 (Dokathismata, T 13).

190 Bent (n. 13), 51 and fig. 8; Figurines, 12, 16, IV. A. 5–6.

191 Zervos, figs. 174–5; Papathanasopoulos 1961/62 (n. 14). 120. pl. 52 α; id. 1981 (n. 14). 190–1 pls 107–8; Marangou (n. 81), 150, no. 155 (Spedo, T 12); X. Kontoleon, ῾᾿Ανασκαφὴ Νὰξου: Α. Νεκροταφεῖον ῾Απλωμὰτων᾿, PAE 1970, 151, pl. 195 α (Aplomata, T IV); Ergon 1971, 184, fig. 218 α–β; Kontoleon (n. 81), 178–9; Sculptors, 60, 64–5 (Aplomata, T XIII).

192 (1–2) Metallurgy, 5, 18, nos. 15–16; pl. 3. 15–16; Figurines, 11, Φ11–12; 16, IV. A. 3–4; pl. 3 d–e; Cycladic Spirit, 112, pl. 69; Sculptors, pl. 5; (3) Figurines, 16, IV A. 7; Cycladic Spirit, 77, pl. 52; Sculptors, 12, fig. 5 e; 15, fig. 7 c; pls 21–22. [1]; Doumas, in Αυγή, 78, 305, nos. 54–5; (4) Figurines, 16, IV A. 8; Sculptors, 12, fig. 5 d.

193 (1) Figurines, 16, IV. A. 9; (2) Thimme, in Art and Culture, 458, no. 124; Sculptors, 84, fig. 35 a, pls 21–22. [2].

194 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 459, no. 129.

195 (1–4) Figurines, 16, IV. A. 10; Art and Culture, 65, 457–9, nos. 125–8; EC Art, 152, cat. no. 20; (5–9 ) Getz-Preziosi and Weinberg (n. 153), pl. 2. 2–3; Getz-Preziosi, in Art and Culture, 73, fig. 40 (where, however, the figure is classed in the ‘Spedos variety’); EC Art, 153–9, cat. nos. 21–5; Sculptors, 55, fig. 29; 84, fig. 35 b; pls VI. A, 21–2. [6]; (10) D-G 1978, 97, no. 107; D-G 1983, 115, no. 131 (according to Renfrew, Cycladic Spirit, 79, this figurine combines features of both the Kapsala and Spedos varieties and can thus be considered as transitional between the two); (11) Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), figs. 2. 16, 39–42; Sculptors, pls 21–2. [5]; (12) Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), figs. 2. 15, 37–8; (13) Marangou (n. 81), 147–8, no. 152.

196 Figurines, 21 and ill. 4. IV A; Emergence, 184, fig. 11. 8. IV. A; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 67; Cycladic Spirit, 79, 90; 91, fig 5; Höckmann, in Art and Culture, 45; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 454, fig. 184 on p. 416; EC Art, 48, fig. 21; Sculptors, 8, fig. 3.

197 On the Spedos variety see: Figurines, 20–1, IV. F; Cycladic Spirit, 86; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 459–80, nos. 130–213; EC Art, 160–1, cat. nos. 26–58, 73–87, colour pls 2–9; Sculptors, 16–17. For additional examples see: Zapheiropoulou, , ‘Πρωτοκυκλαδικὰ εἰδὼλια τῆς Νὰξου’, in Στὴλη, Τὸμος εἰς μνὴμην Ν. Κοντοκὲοντος (Athens, 1980) 532–40, pls 233–46Google Scholar; Brouscari (n. 173), 503–12, figs. 3–15; D-G 1983, nos. 58, 61–2, 64, 66, 70, 82, 91, 94, 96, 108–10, 118, 122, 133, 135, 148, 172–5, 177; Doumas, in Αυγή, 84–91, 100, 306–8, 310, nos. 64–75, 90.

198 See n. 3.

199 An ivory folded-arm figurine and three marble heads from Tholos C at Archanes [I. Sakellarakis, ‘ἈνασκαΦὴ Ἀρχανῶν’, PAE 1972, 334–5, 336–8, 341, 342, 350–1, pl. 285 α–β; id. 1977 (n. 22), 100, 102; figs. 1–3, 16–18; id. in Art and Culture, 150–1, figs. 142–3; Sakellarakis, Y. and Sakellarakis, E., Κρήτη:Αρχάνες (Athens, 1991), 118Google Scholar and figs. 93–4] were classed by I. Sakellarakis in the Spedos variety; Thimme, however, classified the ivory idol in the postcanonical figures and the three marble heads in the Koumasa variety (Art and Culture, 460).

200 Figurines, 21, ill. 4. IV. F; Emergence, 184, fig. 11. 8. IV. F; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 67; Cycladic Spirit, 91, fig. 5; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 416, fig. 184; D-G 1983, 44; EC Art, 48, fig. 21; Sculptors, 8, fig. 3; Sapouna-Sakellarakis (n. 121), 8.

201 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 459–60.

202 EC Art, 160–1; Sculptors, 16–17. Getz-Preziosi, not accepting Thimme's ‘middle’ group of the Spedos variety, suggests the subdivision of the variety into an ‘early’ and a ‘late’ group on somewhat different criteria than those proposed by Thimme.

203 Art and Culture, 468, no. 166.

204 D-G 1968, col. nos. 107, 309; D-G 1978, 73, 100, nos. 69, III; D-G 1983, 98, 116, nos. 94, 135.

205 Cf. e.g. Art and Culture, 466–7, no. 163.

206 Cf. ibid. 471–3, nos. 181, 183–4, which, moreover, have trapezoidal upper bodies; also Zervos, fig. 255; Caskey 1971 (n. 16), 115, no. 2; 116, no. 6; pls 17. 2, 18. 6.

207 Art and Culture, 466, no. 161.

208 D-G 1968, 135, col. no. 281; D-G 1978, 60, no. 43; D-G 1983, 84, no. 64.

209 D-G 1968, 135, col. no. 281; D-G 1978, 60, no. 43; D-G 1983, 84, no. 64; Sculptors, 15, fig. 7 e, pls 36. [1], [27]; 39. [2], [4].

210 Art and Culture, 472, no. 183.

211 Ibid. 480–3, nos. 216, 221–2; see also D-G 1978, 131, no. 147; D-G 1983, 146, no. 178.

212 Sculptors, 49.

213 See the male Plastiras figurine 6858 above.

214 Sculptors, 115–7, pls 40–1.

215 On the Chalandriani variety see: Figurines, 17–18, IV. C; Cycladic Spirit, 82–3; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 482–5, nos. 221–31; EC Art, 210, 217–19, 222–31, cat. nos. 62–3, 65–72. On its dating see: Figurines, 22 and ill. 4. IV. C; Emergence, 184, fig. 11. 8. IV. C; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 67; Cycladic Spirit, 90; 91, fig. 5; Hockmann, in Art and Culture, 46; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 454, 482–5, nos. 221–31; fig. 184 on p. 416; EC Art, 48, fig. 21; Sculptors, 8, fig. 3.

216 Ergon 1992, 78–80; Doumas 1992 (n. 9), 181–5.

217 Figurines, 17; Cycladic Spirit, 82; Getz-Preziosi, in Art and Culture, 74; ead. (n. 99), 6, 30 n. 46; ead., ‘The “Keros Hoard”: Introduction to an Early Cycladic enigma’, in Metzler, D. and Otto, B. (eds), Antidoron J. Thimme (Karlsruhe, 1982), 43–4 n. 11Google Scholar; EC Art, 78–9, 210–11; Sculptors, 18.

218 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 487.

219 (1) Kykladika II, 114; Zjrvos, fig. 245; Figurines, 17, IV. C. 3 (T 447); (2) Zervos, fig. 249; Figurines, 17, IV. C. 1; Sculptors, 48, fig. 25 d; (3–4) Two figurines from T 307 reported by Getz-Preziosi (Sculptors, 61), which, as she notes, it is not possible at present to identify.

220 (I)Caskey, J. L., ‘Excavations in Keos, 1963’, Hesp. 33 (1964), pl. 48 eCrossRefGoogle Scholar; id., ‘The Early Bronze Age at Ayia Irini in Keos’, Archaeology 23 (1970), 341, bottom left; id. 1971 (n. 16), 117–18, pl. 20, no. 16; Figurines, 17, IV. C. 10; (2–4) Caskey 1964 (see above), pl. 48 h–i; id. 1971 (n. 16), 114, 116–17, nos. 1, 7–9; pls 17. 1, 19. 7–9; Figurines, 18, IV. D. 1, pl. 8 f [the figurine is set here in the ‘Kea variety’, which Renfrew later discarded (Art and Culture, 64), agreeing with Getz-Preziosi (Art and Culture, 91 n. 8) that this variety is an unnecessary typological complication and should be dropped]; Sculptors, pl. 48. [2]–[3].

221 (1) Figurines, 17, IV. C. 8; (2) Zervos, fig. 158; Art and Culture, 483–4, no. 225; Sculptors, 125, fig. 51 a, pls 46–7. [3]; according to Renfrew, Figurines, 26 n. 103, this is a hybrid, with features of both the Dokathismata and Chalandriani varieties.

222 (1) EC Art, 230–1, cat. no. 72; Sculptors, 38, fig. 18 a; 125, fig. 51 b–c, pls 46–7. [1]; (2) EC Art, 228, cat. no. 70.

223 (1) Zapheiropoulou, Ph., ῾᾿Αρχαιὸτητες καὶ μνημεῖα Κυκλὰδων᾿, A. Delt. 25 (1970)Google Scholar, Chron., 430, pl. 374 α; (2) Art and Culture, 483, no. 224; Sculptors, pls 46–7. [6]; (3) Art and Culture, 485, no. 230; Sculptors, 50, fig. 27 g, pls 48, 50. [6]; (4) Art and Culture, 485, no. 231; Sculptors, pls 48–50. [8].

224 (1) Zervos, fig. in; Figurines, 17, IV. C. 6; Sculptors, 117, fig. 52, pls 48–50. [1]; (2) Arnott, R., ‘Early Cycladic objects from Ios formerly in the Finlay collection’, BSA 85 (1990), 7Google Scholar, no. 3, pl. 2 a.

225 Figurines, 18, IV. C. 20, pl. 5 e.

226 (1–5), Art and Culture, 482–4, nos. 221, 223, 226–8; (6) ibid. 482–3, no. 222; EC Art, 227, cat. no. 69; (7) Art and Culture, 484–5, no. 229; Sculptors, pls 48–50. [7]; (8) ibid. 12, fig. 5j, pls 48–50. [4]; (9) Figurines, 18, IV. D. 3, pl. 8 e (the figurine is classed here in the ‘Kea variety’, for which see n. 220); (10) ibid. 17, IV. C. 9; (11) EC Art, 83–4; 79, fig. 44 (male); (12–14) ibid. 217–29, cat. nos. 62, 66, 71; (15) Touloupa, E., ῾᾿Εθνικὸν Μουσεῖον Δὺο νὲα κυκλαδικὰ εἰδὼλια ᾿, AAA I (1968), 267–8Google Scholar, fig. 1; (16–17) Brouscari (n. 173), 513–5, inv. 1931, 1919; figs. 16, 18; (18) D-G 1968, 100, col. no. 105; D-G 1978, 99, no. no; D-G 1983, 116, no. 134; Doumas, in Ανγή, 104, 311, no. 96; Figurines, 17, IV. C. 5; Sculptors, 51, fig. 28 d.

227 Art and Culture, 482.

228 Zervos, figs. 316–17; Figurines, 13–14; Emergence, 525; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 496, nos. 254–5; 508, no. 299; 511, nos. 313–14; 584–5, fig. 193, colour pl. 4; Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), 11, fig. 14. nos. 13–14; 20–1, figs. 32–9; 31, nos. 13 14; Sculptors, pl. 9; Doumas, C., Them: Pompeii of the Ancient Aegean (London, 1983), 27Google Scholar. From Thera are also reported four other marble Figurines, two schematic and two of the folded-arm type, as well as three marble kandiles; for these see: Karo, G., ‘Archäologische Funde aus dem Jahre 1929 und der ersten Hälfte von 1930. Griechenland und Dodekanes’, AA 45 (1930), 135–6Google Scholar; Figurines, 18, IV. C. 20, pl. 5 e; Emergence, 524–5, Thera no. 1; Simpson, R. Hope and Dickinson, O. T. P. K., A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilisation in the Bronze Age, i. The Mainland and Islands (SIMA 52; Göteborg, 1979), 343, 345Google Scholar.

229 Renfrew and J. Springer Peacey (n. 99), 48; Getz-Preziosi, in Art and Culture, 90; ead. (n. 99), 33, ‘Note on provenance’; EC Art, 82; Sculptors, 30–1.

230 Bent (n. 13), 53; Edgar, C. C., ‘Pre-historic tombs at Pelos’, BSA 3 (18961897), 4951, fig. 18Google Scholar; Metallurgy, 4–5, 18, pls 1–2, no. 1; Emergence, 318; Branigan, K., Aegean metalwork of the Early and Middle Bronze Age (Oxford, 1974), 50, 194, pl. 24. no. 3132Google Scholar; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 121 (Antiparos, Krassades?); Wolters, P., ‘Prähistorische Idole aus Blei’, AM 23 (1898), 462Google Scholar; id. ‘Prähistorische Idole aus Blei’, AM 25 (1900), 339; Metallurgy, 5; Emergence, 318; Gale, N. H. and Stos-Gale, Z. A., ‘Cycladic lead and silver metallurgy’, BSA 76 (1981), 222Google Scholar; Arnott (n. 224), 8, pl. 2 c (Ios); Kontoleon (n. 191), 151, pl. 195 β; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 493, no. 251; Arnott (n. 224), 9 n. 53; Kontoleon considered it to be a lead seal, whereas Thimme and Arnott think that it is a lead figurine which served as a seal (Aplomata T 1, Naxos); Evans (n. 22), 132 and fig. 137; Metallurgy, 5, where Renfrew writes that the origin of this figurine is not certain (Crete, said to have been found near Candia); Schliemann, H., Ilios: The City and Country of the Trojans (London, 1880), 337Google Scholar, fig. 226; Metallurgy, 5; Emergence, 318 (Troy II); ibid. 318; Branigan (see above), 50, 194, cat. no. 3133 A; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 493, nos. 251–2 (unknown provenance).

231 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 430, no. 37 A; P. Getz-Preziosi, ‘Addenda to the Cycladic exhibition in Karlsruhe’, AA 1978, 2, fig. 2 (unknown provenance).

232 Archanes, Tholos C: (1) I. Sakellarakis (n. 199), 336–7, 350–1, pl. 285 a; id. (n. 22), 102–4 and figs. 16–18; id. in Art and Culture, 150–1, fig. 143; Y. and E. Sakellarakis (n. 199), 118 and fig. 94; (2) Sakellarakis (n. 199), 334, 335; id. (n. 22), 104 n. 57; id. in Art and Culture, 151.

233 Wolters (n. 152), 49, fig. 4; Metallurgy, 7, 18, pl. 4. no. 26; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 453, no. 122 (Kapros Grave D, Amorgos); Metallurgy, 7, 18, pl. 4. no. 27; Figurines, 14, IV 12 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 431, no. 44 (Kapros Grave D, Amorgos); Kontoleon (n. 81), 179, pls 212–13 (Aplomata T XIII, Naxos); Thimme, in Art and Culture, 434, no. 57 (allegedly from a grave on Naxos); Figurines, 8, III. 14–19; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 444, nos. 89–91 (allegedly from a grave on Paros); Thimme, in Art and Culture, 434, no. 58; 479, no. 210 (unknown provenance).

234 D-G 1968, 151, col. no. 310; D-G 1978, 74, no. 70; D-G 1983, 98, no. 95 (unknown provenance).

235 Figurines, 19, IV. E. 10; 14 n. 51; pl. 9 b; I. Sakellarakis, in Art and Culture, 152, fig. 145 (Tekes, Crete).

236 D-G 1978, 29, no. 14; D-G 1983, 66, no. 22 (unknown provenance).

237 Sapouna-Sakellarakis, E., ῾Κυκλαδικἀ τη̑ς Σκὺρου ᾿, in Φὶλια ᾿᾿Επη εἰς Γ. Ε. Μυλωνα̑, (Athens, 1986), i. 298Google Scholar; fig. 1 δ, pl. 51 στ, ead., New evidence from the Early Bronze Age cemetery at Manika, Chalkis’, BSA 82 (1987), 243, 249–50, pl. 42 a–bGoogle Scholar; ead. (n. 121), 4 6, pl. 2. 4–5; Davis (n. 109), 719, fig. 11 (Manika cemetery, Euboia); D-G 1978, 106–7, nos. 123–4, where the two figurines are said to be of green stone; D-G 1983, 123, nos. 145–6, where the figurines are said to be of bone (unknown provenance).

238 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 475–6, no. 196 (unknown provenance).

239 Ibid. 476, no. 197 (Syros); Branigan, K., ‘Early Minoan figurines in the Giamalakis collection’, BSA 67 (1972), 22Google Scholar, IV. E. 19, fig. 1 B (unknown provenance).

240 Sakellarakis (n. 199), 334, 335; id. (n. 22), 104 n. 57; id. in Art and Culture, 151 (Archanes, Tholos C).

241 Barber, , in Cycladica, 11, 35Google Scholar, discussion; Sculptors, 9–10.

242 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 476, no. 197.

243 Getz-Preziosi, , in Art and Culture, 72, 91 n. 3Google Scholar; ead. (n. 97), 5; EC Art, 53; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 436–7.

244 Ibid. 454; Sculptors, 13.

245 Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), 8.

246 Cf. ibid. 8 and figs. 4–6.

247 Cf. ibid. 8–10; figs. 7–11, 21–2.

248 Papathanasopoulos 1961/62 (n. 14), 135, pl. 70 β; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), 15 n. 17.

249 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 441, no. 77; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), 15 n. 17; 29, no. 8; fig. 18.

250 Ibid. 30, n.

251 Sculptors, 25.

252 Getz-Preziosi and Weinberg (n. 153), 8–10, figs. 8–9, pl. 6. 2–3.

253 EC Art, 88 n. 2g, fig. 32 on p. 61; Sculptors, 53, pls I. B, A.

254 EC Art, 293, cat. no. 117.

255 Getz-Preziosi (n. 99), 15.

256 Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 48; ead., in Art and Culture, 72; Sculptors, 37.

257 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 436; Barber, R. L. N., The Cyclades in the Bronze Age (London, 1987), 124–5Google Scholar; Cycladic Spirit, 137, 141.

258 Getz-Preziosi, in Art and Culture, 72–3, 74–5, figs. 42–3 Sculptors, 38–9; Barber (n. 257), 125.

259 Cydadic Spirit, 137–41.

260 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 436, 439, no. 72; Sculptors, 38 and fig. 15 b.

261 Kykladika I, 194, 195.

262 Sculptors, 57–141.

263 See figurine 2684 above.

264 See n. 229.

265 Thera, iv. 9; Thra, v. 44–5; S. Marinates, ‘ἈνασκαΦαὶ Θήρας IV (περίοδος 1970)’, PAE 1970, 159–60; id. (n. 3), 222–3; C. Doumas, ‘ἈνασκαΦὴ Θήρας’, PAE 1978, 221 -2; id. ‘ἈνασκαΦὴ Θήρας (Ακρωτήρι)’, PAE 1984, 346–7; id. ‘ἈνασκαΦὴ Θήρας (Ακρωτήρι)’, PAE 1985, 174; id. 1992 (n. 9), 181; id. 1993 (n. 9), 176–7; Ergon 1984, 82; Ergon 1994, 62; Marthari, in PC 119–26, figs. 2, 4–5; Palyvou, in PC, 134, 146; figs. 1–2, 9; Sotirakopoulou 1991 (n. 2), 29, 41, Table 4.

266 Marthari, in PC, 121, 124, figs. 2, 5.

267 Doumas 1984 (n. 265), 346, ins. pl. H; id. 1985 (n. 265), 171–3, pl. 82 pβ ins. pl. Θ.

268 Sotirakopoulou (n. 58), 129–35.

269 Sotirakopoulou 1990 (n. 2), 42; ead. 1991 (n. 2), 27–41, Tables 1, 3–4; ead. 1992 (n. 2), 186 8; ead. (n. 58), 117–35.

270 Figurines, 25; Caskey 1971 (n. 16), 114–26; id. 1974 (n. 16), 77–9.

271 Phylakopi, 194–5, Pl. 39. 1–8; Figurines, 25–6; Renfrew, C. and Wagstaff, M., An Island Polity. The Archaeology of Exploitation in Melos (Cambridge, 1982), 37Google Scholar, pl. 4.1.

272 Figurines, 26; Caskey 1971 (n. 16), 123; id. 1974 (n. 16), 77, no. 19; Davis, in Cydadica, 16–18, 21 n. 24; id.Keos, v. Ayia Irini: Period V (Mainz, 1986), 97.

273 D. Schilardi, ‘ἈνασκαΦὲς οτὴν Πάρο’, PAE 1977, 370–1, pl. 188 α; id., ‘The destruction of the LH IIIB citadel of Koukounaries on Paros’, in J. L. Davis and J. F. Cherry (eds), Papers in Cycladic Prehistory (Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Monograph XIV; Los Angeles, 1979), 159.

274 D. Schilardi, ‘ἈνασκαΦὴς οτὴν Πάρο’, PAE 1982, 242–3, pl. 151 a.

275 A. Zois, ῾᾿Ανασκαφὴ εὶς Βασιλικὴν ῾Ιεραπὲτρας, 1970 και 1972’, PAE 1972, 282–3, pl. 255 a–β.

276 Sotirakopoulou 1990 (n. 2), 45–7, fig. 8; ead. 1991 (n. 2), 37–51, Tables 3–8; ead. 1992 (n. 2), 197.

277 Kykladika I, 159–60, 194–5, pl. 11. 6.

278 Burial Habits, 87, pl. 28 j–k (Akrotiri, T 5); ibid. 93, pl.

32 f–g (Akrotiri, T 20); Papathanasopoulos 1961/62 (n. 14), 112, pl. 43 γ (Karvounolakkoi, T 6); ibid. 120, pl. 52 a (Spedo, T 12); ibid. 123–4, Pl. 54 β (Spedo, T 14); Kontoleon (n. 172), 151, pl. 136 β (Aplomata, T XIX).

279 Kykladika I, 154, pl. 10. 1.

280 Papavasileiou (n. 121), 4, fig. 2.

281 Xanthoudides (n. 105), 21–2, pl. 21. nos. 123, 126–7.

282 Ibid. 121, pl. 15. no. 224.

283 Evans (n. 22), 126, fig. 131.

284 Tzedakis, , ῾᾿Ανασκαφὴ σπηλαὶου Πλατυβὸλας ᾿ , A. Delt. 22 (1967)Google Scholar, Chron. 505, pl. 378 fβ.

285 Figurines, 19, IV. E. 8, pl. 6 c; Sakellarakis, in Art and Culture, 149, fig. 139.

286 Kontoleon (n. 191), 151, pls 194 α, 195 α.

287 Mylonas (n. 91), 141; fig. 163. 1–6, 9.

288 Sakellarakis (n. 199), 334–44, pls 284 β, 285 β 286 a, 287 a–β, 288 β id. (n. 22), 100, 104 n. 57; figs. 1–6, 8–10; id. in Art and Culture, 148, 150, 151; figs. 136, 141–2; Y. and E. Sakellarakis, ῾᾿Ανασκαφὴ ᾿Αρχανῶν᾿, PAE 1976, 389, 392, 393, 395, pls 219 γ–δ, 220 α–β eid. ῾᾿Ανασκαφὴ ᾿Αρχανῶν᾿, PAE 1978, 320, 321, pl. 195 α–β, ε eid. ῾᾿Ανασκαφὴ ᾿Αρχανῶν PAE 1980, 390, 399; eid. ῾᾿Ανασκαφὴ ᾿Αρχανῶν᾿ PAE 1981, 445, 446, pl. 266 ft eid. (n. 199), 118, 135 and fig. 93; Ergon 1981, 72 and fig. 119; Ergon 1982, 55 and fig. 133.

289 Bent (n. 13), 52.

290 Kykladika I, 161, pl. 10. 5.

291 Kontoleon (n. 172), 151, pl. 135.

292 Evans (n. 2a), 124, 127; fig. 132; Sakellarakis, in Art and Culture, 151, fig. 144, top left.

293 Wolters (n. 152), 47; Zervos, fig. 297; Art and Culture, 39, fig. 22; Papathanasopoulos 1981 (n. 14), 193, pl. 111.

294 Kykladika I, 152, pl. 10. 2.

295 Ibid. 154, 193, pl. 10. 3.

296 Ibid. 161–2, pl. 11. 19.

297 Papathanasopoulos 1961/62 (n. 14), 115, 123–4, Pls 46 β 54 β.

298 Kykladika I, 155, pl. 10. 4.

299 Zervos, fig. 245.

300 Zapheiropoulou, Ph., ῾Πρωτοκυκλαδικὰ εὐρὴματα ὲξ ῾᾿Ανω Κουφονησὶου ᾿, AAA 3 (1970), 48, fig. 2, leftGoogle Scholar; ead.(n. 223). 429.

301 Kykladika I, 154, 193.

302 Kontoleon (n. 8i), 178–9.

303 Höckmann, in Art and Culture, 50; Cycladic Spirit, 101.

304 Doumas (n. 82), 409, pl. 480 α; Zapheiropoulou, Ph., ῾Κυκλὰδες. ᾿Ανασκαφικαὶ ἒρευναι-περιοδεῖαι ᾿ , A. Delt. 23 (1968)Google Scholar, Chron. 381, pls 333 δ, 334 β; ead., Cycladic finds from Keros’, AAA 1 (1968), 98Google Scholar and figs. 2–4.

305 Doumas (n. 82), 409–10; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 588, Appendix 8; 85, fig. 71.

306 Cycladic Spirit, 99, 101.

307 See n. 270–1.

308 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 588, Appendix 8; Getz-Preziosi (n. 97), 24; Sculptors, 32; Y. and E. Sakellarakis (n 199). 118.

309 Thimme, in Art and Culture, 456–7, 588, Appendix 8.

310 Renfrew, in Cycladica, 26, 30 n. 22.

311 Cycladic Spirit, 101.

312 Mellink, M. J., ‘Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia, 1963’, AJA 68 (1964), 277, pl. 82. figs. 24–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar; ead. (n. 65), 253, 254, pl. 77. figs. 13–15; Höckmann, in Art and Culture, 180.

313 Id.ibid. 46-8, 51 n. 18.

314 Mylonas (n. 91), 141-2.

315 Davis, in Cydadica, 19.

316 See n. 270-1.

317 Xanthoudides (n. 105). 24; D-G 1968, 92, n. 109; D-G 1978, 20; Burial Habits. 62 3; Caskey 1971 (n. 16), 125; Emergence, 424; Renfrew, in Art and Culture, 70; id. in Cydadica, 26-9; Cycladic Spirit, 98–9, 101, 102; Barber, in Cydadica, 11 13-14; id. (n. 257), 82, 130.

318 Id. in Cydadica, 13 14; id. (n. 257), 82, 132; Cycladic Spirit, 98–9, 105.

319 Renfrew, in Cydadica, 26, 32, Discussion; Cycladic Spirit, 97.

320 Höckmann, in Art and Culture, 46, 48, 50; Thimme, in Art and Culture, 455. According to both Höckmann and Thimme, the abstract schematic idols, such as the pebble and simple violin figurines, probably originally served as amulets (Art and Culture, 44, 427). Höckmann also thinks that the Plastiras and Eouros figures, which are represented in an erect posture and can stand on their own, and in particular the large forward facing Plastiras figures, seem especially well suited for display, as in domestic shrines (Art and Culture, 44-5).

321 Mylonas (n. 91), 142; Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 50 n. 17; ead. (n. 97), 23; Sculptors, 31-2.

322 Getz-Preziosi (n. 148), 50 n. 17; ead. (n. 97), 23; Sculptors, 31–2.

323 See n. 272.

324 Getz-Preziosi, in Cycladica, 32, Discussion.

325 See n. 315.

326 Caskey 1971 (n. 16), 117, no. 10; 121, nos. 34-5; 123.

327 L. Marangou, ῾Κυκλαδικὸ εἰδὼλιο ἀπὸ τὴν Μινὼα ᾿Αμοργοῦ ᾿, Arch. Eph. 1990, 161, fig. 1.

328 See n. 3.

329 Marinatos, Thera, ii. 26, pl. 24. 1-2.

330 Höckmann, in Art and Culture, 48.

331 Davis (n. 272), 97.

332 See n. 275.

333 Y. and E. Sakellarakis 1980 (n. 288), 400, pl. 223 β.

334 Warren, in Cycladica, 31, Discussion.

335 Ergon 1984, 82; Ergon 1985, 64-5; Ergon 1992, 78-80; Doumas 1984 (n. 265), 346-7; id. 1985 (n. 265), 173; id. 1992 (n. 9), 181-4.

336 Similar slabs are known from Naxos; see Doumas, C., ῾Κορφὴ τ ᾿ Αρωιοῦ Μικρὴ ἀνασκαφικὴ ε̆ρευνα ἐν Νὰξῳ ᾿, A.Delt. 20 (1965)Google Scholar, A, Meletai, 63, pls 40 γ, 41 β–γ, id. in Marangou (n. 81), 158-60, no. 164.

337 Ergon 1985, 64-5; Ergon 1992, 78-80; Doumas 1985 (n. 265), 174; id. 1992 (n. 9), 184-5.

338 Thera, iii. 19-24; Marinatos (n. 4), 161-3.

339 Information given to me by the zooarchaeologist Dr K. Trantalidou after examination of the material.

340 Sotirakopoulou (n. 58), 129-35.

341 For the figurines see the respective types in the Catalogue above; the known examples of marble kandiles which have come from systematic excavations are the following: Burial Habits, 86–7, pl. 28 h (Akrotiri on Naxos, T 5); ibid. 105–ii, 108, 112, 118, pls 36 a, 37 b, 47 c (Agioi Anargyroi on Naxos, T 6, T 20 and cemetery area); ibid. 122, pl. 49 b (Lakkoudes A on Naxos, T 2); Papathanasopoulos 1961/62 (n. 14), 109-10, pl. 41 α–β (Karvounolakkoi on Naxos, T 1); Zervos, figs. 7, 16; Papathanasopoulos 1961/62 (n. 14), 121, pl. 52 β, δ; id. 1981 (n. 14), 170, pl. 90 (Spedo on Naxos, T 12); id. 1961/62 (n. 14), 145, pl. 78 a (Apollonas on Naxos, T 38 B); Kontoleon (n. 14), 191), 151, pl. 192 β, 2; Art and Culture, 104, fig. 85. 23 (Aplomata on Naxos, T IV); Burial Habits, 98, 99, pl. 34 a–b, d–e (Plastiras on Paros, T 6, T 7 and T 9); Kykladika I, 155, pl. 10. 16; Zervos, fig. 6; Papathanasopoulos 1981 (n. 14), 170, pl. 92 (Glypha on Paros, T 22 and T 24); Kykladika I, 158; NM inventory (Panayia on Paros, T 66, T 67 and T 73); Kykladik I, 160, pl. 10. 17 (Pyrgos on Paros, T 104); ibid. 161 (Krassades on Antiparos, T 113); Zapheiropoulou (n. 223), 429, pl. 372 β (Ano Kouphonissi, cemetery at Simidalas field).

342 Doumas, in Marangou (n. 81), 158.