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The Tsakonian Dialect.—I

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2013

Extract

The area over which the Tsakonian dialect is spoken lies on the east coast of the Peloponnese between the Parnon range and the sea. Its northern boundary is roughly the torrent which, rising on Parnon above Kastánitsa, flows into the sea near Ayios Andréas, its southern the torrent which, also rising on Parnon, passes through Lenídhi to the sea. A mountain range stretches along the coast from end to end of the district, reaching its highest point (1114 metres) in Mt. Sevetíla above the village of Korakovúni. Between Tyrós and Pramateftí, the seaward slopes of this range are gentle and well covered with soil. Behind these coast hills there stretches a long highland plain, known as the Palaiókhora, which, in the north, is fairly well covered with soil, but gradually rises towards the south into a region of stony grazing land, and terminates abruptly in the heights above Lenídhi. The high hill of Oríonda rises out of the Palaiókhora to the west and forms a natural centre-point of the whole district. Behind it stretching up to the bare rock of Parnon, is rough hilly country, cut here and there by ravines and offering but rare patches of cultivable land.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1913

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References

page 134 note 1 Thuc. v. 41. 2; Her. i. 82.

page 134 note 2 viii. 73.

page 134 note 3 iii. 2, ii. 37.

page 135 note 1 Thuc. v. 14. 4.

page 136 note 1 Thuc. ii. 27.

page 136 note 2 Thuc. iv. 56.

page 136 note 3 Xen. Hell. vii. 2.

page 136 note 4 Polyb. iv. 36, v. 20. This probably means the whole of Kynouria at least as far south as Zarax.

page 136 note 5 Paus. ii. 20.

page 136 note 6 Paus. iii. 21. 6 foll.

page 136 note 7 Paus. iii. 24. 3.

page 136 note 8 Livy, xxxiv. 35.

page 136 note 9 Πρακτικὰ τῆς Ἁρχ. Ἑτ. 1911, pp. 253 ff.

page 136 note 10 Polyb. 4. 36. The name given by Pausanias (iii. 22. 8) is Γλυππία.

page 136 note 11 Πρακτικά, 1911, p. 277; Ἁθηνᾶ, 1906, p. 553.

page 137 note 1 Cf. Steph. Byz. i. 428 (Dind.) Τύρος Λακωνικῆς.

page 137 note 2 Ἁθηνᾶ, 1906, p. 553. The topography of these places is discussed at length by Leake (Morea, ii. 485 ff.; Peloponnesiaca, 294 ff.), Ross, (Reisen im Peloponnesos, 163 ff.)Google Scholar, Curtius, (Peloponnesos, ii. 375 ff.)Google Scholar, and Wace, and Hasluck, (B.S.A. xv. 173 ff.).Google Scholar

page 137 note 3 Evagrius, , Hist. Eccl. vi. 10Google Scholar; Le Quien, , Oriens Christ. ii. 179.Google Scholar

page 137 note 4 Chronicle of the Morea, 3040 (Schmitt).

page 137 note 5 B, i. p. 696. Most of these references have been collected by Deville and Thiersch, but I have verified them all. Others have been suggested to me by Mr. F. W. Hasluck.

page 137 note 6 Ibid. B, i. 98. 13.

page 137 note 7 Hist. Mich. Pal. p. 173 (Ed. Rom. p. 209).

page 138 note 1 Ll. 1937–8, 3166–7 (Ed. Schmitt).

page 138 note 2 Ibid. ll. 2064–5, 2960–1, 4591, 4661, 5025–6, 5622, 6653. In view of these lines and more especially of the fact that Lakedaimonia is frequently mentioned in the Chronicle and never as identical with or forming part of Tsakonia, Schmitt can hardly be right in stating (p. 640) that Tsakonia was the general name given to Lakonia.

page 138 note 3 Ibid. 2064 ff.

page 138 note 4 Ibid. 2956 ff.

page 138 note 5 Miklosich, and Müller, , Acta et Dipl. Graec. v. p. 155.Google Scholar

page 138 note 6 Ibid. p. 171.

page 138 note 7 B, p. 159.

page 138 note 8 Sathas, , Doc. Inédits, iii.Google Scholar

page 138 note 9 Λάμπρος, Ἱστορικὰ μελετήματα, pp. 199 ff.

page 139 note 1 Ibid. p. 208. Il territorio di Mistrà compreso … tra l'alte et aspre montagne dell' alta e bassa Zacognà.

page 139 note 2 Ibid. p. 209.

page 139 note 3 Ibid. pp. 210, 211. San Piero di Zacognà.

page 139 note 4 Ibid. p. 210. Vescovi di … di Reondas.

page 139 note 5 Crusius, , Turcograecia, p. 489.Google Scholar

page 140 note 1 There is no evidence for Deville's, assumption (Étude du dialecte Tzakonien, p. 23)Google Scholar that the populations of the Argolid and Lakonia took refuge in the district and founded these villages at the time of the Slav invasions.

page 140 note 2 Cf. Meyer, G., Neugriechische Studien, i. pp. 61, 62.Google ScholarSitzungsber. d. Kais. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien, Philos.-Histor. Classe, Bd. cxxx.

page 140 note 3 Prolegomena ad Homerum (Venice, 1788), note on pp. 49, 50.

page 140 note 4 I have gone through all his MSS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, but failed to find any unpublished notes.

page 140 note 5 Researches in Greece (1814), pp. 196–204; Travels in the Morea (1830), ii. pp. 505–508.

page 140 note 6 Über die Sprache der Zakonen (1832).

page 140 note 7 Thus he writes καμσχὶ(καμὰζι) πάσχα (πάσ᾿´α), ζοῦρι (τσούρι), κάρα (κ῾άρα), ἐφύγκε and ἐφύζε (ἐφύνδζε)

page 141 note 1 Etude du dialecte Tzaconien (Paris, 1866).

page 141 note 2 Hence for ἀκ῾ὁ he writes ἀκκό (=ἀσκός) but for κ῾άρα, κχάρα (=ἐσχάρα) for ἔτ῾ε, ἔττε (=ἐστὲ) but for ἐθαυμάτ᾿ε, ἐθαυμάτθε (=ἐθαυμάσθη)

page 141 note 3 viii. 73.

page 141 note 4 iii. 2, ii. 37, v. 1.

page 141 note 5 In v. I Pausanias makes no mention of Argives.

page 141 note 6 Cf. p. 83, where, with reference to the change μ>ν before i sounds, he remarks ‘cela tient sans doute à ce que μι et νι sont plus faciles à confondre que μα et να, μο et νο, μου et νου.’

page 141 note 7 Γραμματικὴ τῆς Τσακωνικῆς διαλέκτου Athens, 1870, published in 1846 with the title Πραγματεία τῆς Λακωνικῆς γλώσσης

page 141 note 8 ᾿Εφημερὶς Φιλομαθῶν v. No. 232, pp. 249 f., 1857.

page 141 note 9 Ibid. xviii. No. 748, pp. 2182 ff., 1870.

page 142 note 1 Grammatik der Griechischen Vulgarsprache (Berlin, 1856), pp. 94–104.

page 142 note 2 Νέα ῾Ελλάς No. 34, 1874.

page 142 note 3 Ibid. No. 35, 1874.

page 142 note 4 Ibid. No. 37, 1874.

page 142 note 5 Ibid. i. 1–54, Das Zakonische als Fortentwicklung des Laconischen Dialektes erwiesen, 77–87, Das Zakonische Verbum und seine Formen.

page 142 note 6 Zakonische Grammatik, Berlin, 1881.

page 142 note 7 Einleitung, pp. 8 f.; Μεσαιων. καὶ Νεοελλ. i. 365 ff., i. 93; K. Z. xxxiv. 91 f.

page 142 note 8 Μεσαιων. καὶ Νεοελλ. i. 635; Γλωσς. Μελ. 558–561; ᾿Ακαδ. ᾿Αναγνώσ. i. 260–2, ii. 461.

page 142 note 9 Die ethnographische Stellung der Zakonen, Indogerm. Forsch. iv. 195–213.

page 143 note 1 Études de Phil. Néo-grecque, pp. xxvii. f. (Bibliothèque de l'École aes Hautes Études).

page 143 note 2 Ibid. pp. 52–61; Revue des Études Grecques, xviii. 270–276, xxiii. 62–71; Études de Linguist. Néo-hell. i. 105 ff., 312 ff., 466 ff.

page 143 note 3 De koine en de oude dialekten van Griekenland, Amsterdam, 1906. I have not seen the article itself, and only know of it from the short notices in the Revue Critique, 1906, pp. 396–397, Revue des Études Grecques, xxiii, p. 63, note.

page 143 note 4 The Greek alphabet is here used with the same value as in modern Greek. The special signs employed have their usual phonetic values.

page 143 note 5 σεῥ´ικ῾ὴ (θεριστὴς = June) probably owes its termination to the fact that ten of the other eleven months end in -i, e.g. Φλεβἀῥ´ι, ΣοτέμΖι

page 143 note 6 Modern Greek also has forms in -a, e.g. βελώνα δοῦλα (cf. Deffner, , Νεοελλ. Ἀνάλ. i. 7, 437 ff.Google Scholar) but these are probably on the analogy of forms like μητέρα μητέρες. A few scattered forms which may be survivals are given by Hatzidakis, , Μεσαιων. καὶ Νεοέλλ. i. 479–80.Google Scholar

page 144 note 1 Grammatik, p. 22.

page 144 note 2 This remarkable change can perhaps be paralleled from Skyros, cf. Constantinidis, , Skyros, pp. 101 ff.Google Scholar

page 145 note 1 Γλωσσ. Μελέτ. 558 ff.

page 147 note 1 Deffner, , Grammatik, pp. 47, 125Google Scholar; Deville, , Étude du dial. Tzak. p. 76.Google Scholar

page 148 note 1 Grammatik, p. 125.

page 148 note 2 Revue des Études Grecques, xviii, p. 271.

page 148 note 3 Ibid. p. 276.

page 148 note 4 Ibid. p. 272.

page 148 note 5 Ibid. p. 273.

page 148 note 6 Ibid. p. 259.

page 150 note 1 v. p. 164.

page 152 note 1 A similar explanation is given by Hatzidakis, , K.Z. xxxiv. 103104.Google Scholar

page 152 note 2 Grammatik, p. 46.

page 152 note 3 Phonétique de Chio, p. 313.

page 152 note 4 Ibid. pp. 313, 314.

page 155 note 1 Σύλλογος, 1873–4, p. 467.

page 155 note 2 Conze, , Reise auf den Inseln des Thrakischen Meeres, note and p. 54.Google Scholar

page 155 note 3 Karolidis, , Γλωσσαρ. Ἑλληνοκαππ. λεξ. p. 111.Google Scholar

page 155 note 4 Phonétique de Chio, pp. 138 ff.

page 155 note 5 Constantinidis, , Skyros, pp. 151 ff.Google Scholar

page 155 note 6 Ἀθηνᾶ, 1891, pp. 101 ff.

page 156 note 1 Cf. Thumb, , Handbuch der Griechischen Dialekte, p. 85.Google Scholar

page 156 note 2 Thumb, op. cit. pp. 89, 175.

page 156 note 3 The small number of examples of σ for θ points to this.

page 157 note 1 Cf. Phonology.

page 157 note 2 Kastánitsa and Sítena, μία, etc.

page 157 note 3 Not used at Kastánitsa and Sítena.

page 158 note 1 Not used at Kastánitsa and Sítena.

page 158 note 2 Cf. Phonology, p. 144.

page 159 note 1 Étude, pp. 99 f.

page 159 note 2 Νέα Ἑλλάς, No. 34, 1874.

page 160 note 1 Einleitung, p. 231.

page 162 note 1 At Kastánitsa and Sítena, ἐμίου and ἐμεί.

page 162 note 2 At Kastánitsa and Sítena, νύμου.

page 163 note 1 Cf. §4.—Phonology.

page 163 note 2 Apollon. de Pron. p. 365, 96 c.

page 164 note 1 Νέα Ἑλλάς, No. 35, 1874.

page 165 note 1 Cf. καπινέ= καπνός

page 165 note 2 p. 144.

page 165 note 3 Cf. Thumb, , Handbuch der Neugriech. Volkssprache, p. 87.Google Scholar

page 165 note 4 At Kastánitsa and Sítena the forms used are ἀλλού, ἀλλουνέ, ἄλλα, ἀλλουνού and ἄλλα

page 166 note 1 At Kastánitsa and Sítena the forms used are ἀλλού, αλλουνέ, ἄλλα, ἀλλουνου. and ἄλλα

page 167 note 1 At Kastánitsa and Sítena, ἔμι.

page 167 note 2 Revue des Études Grecques, xxiii, pp. 62 ff.

page 167 note 3 Cf. §4.—Phonology, p. 152.

page 168 note 1 Δελτίον, V.τῆς Ἱστορ. καὶ Ἐθν. Ἑταιρ. τῆς Ἑλλάδ., vol. i. 1183–84, pp. 539540.Google Scholar

page 168 note 2 V. Phonology, pp. 150, 153.

page 170 note 1 Cf. §4.—Phonology, p. 144.

page 171 note 1 In modern Greek the use of imperfects for aorists is not uncommon, in particular ἔλερα, etc., is frequently used for εῖπα etc.