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The Marine Style Pottery of LMIB/LHIIA: Towards a Corpus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

Abstract

This article presents a corpus of all the published marine style material known to the author, and references to a proportion of material known but not yet published. It is arranged by site, and within each site by shape in the same order of motifs. A descriptive analysis of shapes is presented.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1984

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References

Abbreviations, other than those in accepted use:

BM British Museum.

Cambridge Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

Cambridge Arch. Archaeological Museum, Cambridge.

GAC Hope Simpson, R. and Dickinson, O. T. P. K., A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilisation, Vol. I: The Mainland and Islands (Göteborg, 1979).Google Scholar

HM Heraklion Museum.

HM East Ap., Heraklion Museum East Apotheke, West West Ap. Apotheke.

Munich Catalogue Sieveking, and Hackl, Die königliche Vasen-sammlung zu München vol. i (München, 1912).Google Scholar

NM National Museum, Athens.

n.p. No provenance.

Oxford Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

PKU Bosanquet, R. and Dawkins, R., The Unpublished Objects from the Palaikastro Excavations 1902–6. BSA Supp. 1 (London, 1923).Google Scholar

SIMA XII Popham, M. R., The Destruction of the Palace at Knossos SIMA XII (Göteborg, 1970).Google Scholar

SM Guide Pendlebury, J., A Guide to the Stratigraphical Museum (1933).Google Scholar

1 MS I. BSA 67 (1972) ‘A LM IB Marine Style Stirrup Jar’, illustrating a vase, probably from Pseira, found by the author in sherds in a box in HM apotheke.

MS II. BSA 69 (1974) ‘A Note on the LM IB Marine Style at Knossos’. The quantity of unpublished MS sherds from the palace and its environs is discussed in support of the theory that Knossos was the centre of production.

MS III. BSA 69 (1974) ‘A Later Development in the LM IB Marine Style’. Octopus and argonaut Types A, B, and C are defined. It is suggested that Type C developed from Types A and B and belonged to a later stage of LM IB, supported by their presence in deposits at Kastri containing the Alternating Style, thought by the excavator to belong to a late stage of LM IB, when the full MS was no longer in circulation Kythera 296. It is shown that Type C had already appeared while full MS was still in vogue, reference being made to its appearance on a conical rhyton from Palaikastro set against a crowded marine background, PK 11. A parallel for the PK 11 octopus, so close that it is probably by the same hand, appears on a stirrup-jar, Phylakopi 30, where many of these small octopuses are crowded together against the open background, which is a criterion of the late stage of LM IB and the Alternating Style. The recent excavations at Archanes, where MS motifs of Type C have been found in alternation on bell cups together with vases in full MS in typical LM IB deposits (communication from Dr. J. Sakellarakis) confirm that Type C, while being a stylistic development, had already appeared in Crete in the lifetime of the full MS.

MS IV. AAA 9 (1976) ‘A LM IB Marine Style Rhyton from Pseira’. An unpublished MS vase from HM is presented; two types of pear rhyton are noted, those with pointed and those with rounded base, the former being the more frequent. A MS example with rounded base comes from Trochali.

MS V. AJA 81 (1977) ‘Attributions in the LM IB Marine Style’. P. Betancourt's attribution of eleven vases to the ‘Polyp Workshop’ on the basis of background decoration is refuted and the vases of his groupings A, C, D are reassigned to five different groupings on the basis of the main motifs.

MS VI. BSA 73 (1978) ‘Provenance Studies of the LM IB/LH IIA Marine Style’ with R. E. Jones and J. F. Cherry. Reference should be made to this article for the definitions of the MS motifs (145, 147–9). The statistical analysis in Tables I–III by motif, site, and shape has not been brought up to date, as so much recently excavated material is still under study. Clay analysis by OES and interpretation of the data by multivariate methods of fifty-four MS pieces, mostly from the Mainland and the islands, shows that Mainland MS does not have the same provenance as Knossian, but rather was manufactured in the Argolid and Corinthia and possibly at Thebes and Athens, while, except in the case of Aegina, that from the islands was not manufactured locally.

MS VII. BCH Supplementary Volume (in press). ‘Ritual Associations for LM IB Marine Style Vases’ (Proceedings of the French School Colloquium, Athens 1983). Although MS vases do come from secular contexts, a large number also come from ritual contexts suggesting that MS vases should be considered as part of cult equipment. Apart from three published contexts (Knossos SME, Pyrgos, and Zakros), eleven further contexts are taken into account and the presence of marine motifs on ritual objects in other media is briefly examined.

Other recent articles on MS include: Betancourt, P. P., ‘The Polyp Workshop: a Stylistic Group from LMIB’, AJA 77 (1973) 333–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar, ‘Marine Life Pottery from the Aegean’, Archaeology 30 (1977) 38–43, ‘Further Observations on the Marine Style’, AJA 81 (1977) 561; Niemeier, W. D., ‘The Master of the Gournia Octopus Stirrup-Jar and a LM I Pottery Workshop at Gournia exporting to Thera’, Temple University Aegean Symposium 4 (1979) 1826.Google Scholar

2 For motifs other than those of marine class see MP 158–61, BSA 62 (1967) 340–3 fig. 2.

3 MS VI 150.

4 Kythera 147. I have not handled this sherd.

5 Such as Agora XIII T. 40.6.

6 Festos II 176 fig. 106.

7 JHS 24 (1904) pl. 12a.

8 Koehl, R., ‘The Function of Aegean Bronze Age Rhyta’, Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age 181Google Scholar fig. 2a This shape was called ‘flowerpot’ MS VI 150.

9 It is referred to PKU 52.

10 MS VII (inpress).

11 The vase from Mallia MS VI 150 is now restored on paper as an alabastron.

12 AR (1980–1) 85 fig. 38. I thank C. Macdonald for drawing my attention to this piece.

13 For example, MIGRA IV pl. 28a urchin.

14 ChTs pl. 3.2, ASAtene 55 (1977) 262 fig. 175.

15 Kythera pl. 38 xi 53.

16 Katsamba pl. 4d.

17 AJA 68 (1964) 350.

18 Antiquity 34 (1960) 266.

19 AR (1972–3) 56 fig. 19, The Minoan Unexplored Mansion (in press).

20 SIMA XII pl. 7b.

21 Ibid. pl. 40d and 102 fig. 8.3.

22 Clay analysis has shown that the MS from Kea and Melos is not local: MS VI 168 (Melos), R. E. Jones, Greek and Cypriot Pottery: A Review of Scientific Studies (in press).

23 ASAtene 55 (1977) 63.

24 Ibid. 93.

25 PAE (1980) 383 f.

26 Ibid. 382.

27 Gournia 24.

28 PAE (1978) 255.

29 SMEA LXXX 54–5.

30 AAA 11 (1978) 43.

31 The letters after each find-spot refer to its abbreviation in the catalogue entries; in the case of material from the early excavations Pendlebury's system SM Guide is followed: he listed the boxes of sherds by area giving a capital letter to each area and further dividing the boxes within areas by Roman and Arabic numerals, e.g. S. IV. 5.

32 SIMA XII 38–9.

33 Ibid. 27–8.

34 PM II 617 ff.

35 SIMA XII 61–2.

36 PM II 431–2.

37 PM II 435 f.

38 SIMA XII 17–18.

39 See Ibid. 57–60 for a full account.

40 Ibid. 59.

41 See PM IV 306 fig. 240, 308 figs. 242–3, 309 fig. 244 fof LM II examples.

42 PM II 672.

43 AR (1961–2) 25–7.

44 AR (1971–2) 20.

45 PM IV 281.

46 For a full account see Archaeologia 65 (1913–14) 72ff.

47 BSA 73 (1978) 182.

48 AR (1980–1) 73–92.

49 Ibid. 79.

50 BSA 6 (1899–1900) 70ff.

51 AR (1958) 18–19.

52 Demeter Sanctuary 5.

53 AR (1976–7) 3 fig. 1 no. 12.

54 Ibid. 3 fig. 1 no. 8.

55 BSA 74 (1979) 4.

56 ADelt 28B (1973) 590–1.

57 EC IX 56.

58 EC Xl 55.

59 Ibid. 120.

60 BSA 9(1902–3)293, 310–12, PKU 49–54.

61 PKU 51.

62 PKU 53 fig. 41, 54.

63 PKU 52.

64 BSA 9 (1902–3) 287.

65 PKU pl 18.

66 BSA 60 (1965) 257.

67 BSA 65 (1970) 231.

68 See Festos II 171–81 for a full description of the context.

69 Pseira 30.

70 The Palaikastro shrine store-room Delta 4, PKU 49–54, demonstrates that rhyta were often made in matching sets of two.

71 AR (1977–8) 77 and MS VII.

72 BSA 59 (1964) 85.

73 EC III 13–15.

74 PAE (1976) 449.

75 PAE (1951) 270.

76 Zakros 106–10.

77 Ibid. 121–3.

78 PAE (1962) 157.

79 JHS 22 (1902) 333.

80 Aigina IV 9.

81 The letters and numbers terminating the catalogue entries refer to the excavation lots.

82 ASAtene (1972–3) 329.

83 Kythera 126.

84 Ibid. 296.

85 Ibid. 128.

86 Ibid. 134.

87 Ibid. 139.

88 Ibid. 220, 226.

89 ADelt. 1 (1915) 191–4, BSA 56 (1961) 149–51 fig. 2a.

90 xi 53 (urchin in, non-marine out) and xi 59 (massed simple trefoil in, non-marine out) Kythera pl. 38 are not classed as MS. See Sea Urchin below.

91 Phylakopi passim.

92 BSA 17 (1910–11) 1–22.

92a BSA 69 (1974) 47.

93 BSA supplementary volumes in press.

94 The letters and numbers terminating the 1974–7 catalogue entries refer to the area and layer.

95 AA (1968) 386.

96 Clara Rhodos X 41–185. The material has been re-examined by A. Furumark, OA VI (1950) 150–85: the middle layer is his Stratum IIA, the upper layer Stratum IIB.

97 GAC site number.

98 Asine 182–8.

99 Ibid. II. 2, 91 f.

100 Berbati 18–22.

101 ILN 1936 276–9.

102 NTs 24.

103 ChTs 100.

104 MP FS 32, 218.

105 ChTs 104.

106 BSA 45 (1950) 219.

107 BSA 25 (1921–3) 310.

108 Ibid. 309.

109 Ibid. 314.

110 PAE (1955) 218–20.

111 BSA 25 (1921–3) 329.

112 Ibid. 324.

113 Circle B 223, 402.

114 PAE (1950) 212.

115 Mykenische Vasen 52.

116 Communication from the excavator.

117 Prosymna 178.

118 Ibid. 81.

119 Tiryns VI 494.

120 Ibid. V 6–8.

121 MIGRA IV passim.

122 AJA 40 (1936) 419–22.

123 Antiquity 34 (1960) 266.

124 Orchomenos V 81.

125 ADelt III (1917) 142 fig. 104.

126 MP FS 17.

127 ADelt 22 (1967) B1 227–8.

128 AM 34 (1909) 304–5.

129 Ibid. 305.

130 BSA 67 (1972) 106.

131 Ibid. 107.

132 AR (1974–5) 15 fig. 22.

133 JHS 24 (1904) 317–18.

134 Pylos III 12.

135 Ibid. 145.

136 PAE (1956) 205.

137 VI International Kongress für Archäologie 1939, 327–39.

138 IstMitt 9/10 (1959–60) 26.

139 AJA 6 (1890) 437.

140 Ibid. 437.

141 AJA 51 (1947) 33.

142 Berytus 28 (1980) 12–26.