The term ‘horse’, usually taken by the lay mind to apply only to the domesticated animal, has a much wider connotation for the zoologist, who extends it also to include the zebra, the grey African ass, and the Asiatic dziggetai which varies in colour from yellow to reddish brown. The latter derives its name (hemionus) from its appearance, which is something between that of the ass proper and of the horse proper, although actually it is not closely related to either group, and in fact is better regarded as quite independent.

The main object of these articles is to examine the evidence on the subject of Pyramids in general and the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) in particular; and to see if a reasonable conclusion can be reached as to the purpose for which the Great Pyramid was erected.

There have been few tendencies in the history of English culture with so profound a contemporary influence as the so-called Romantic Movement of the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still fewer with such a strangely assorted progeny. That toying with ‘the Gothick’, which produced such early jeux d'esprit as Walpole's Strawberry Hill or Beckford's Fonthill, led, on the one hand, to the Albert Memorial, and, on the other, to the sculpture of Eric Gill; in literature, while the Romantics founded an honourable poetic tradition extending from Collins through Wordsworth to Blunden, it is surely not fantastic to see in such works as Lewis' Bravo of Venice the genesis of the modern thriller. Most strange of all, one outcome of the Romantic Movement was a new branch of science. For prehistoric archaeology in England was not the product of the classical lore so eagerly absorbed from Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries, but originated in those eccentric gentlemen of the 18th century who perambulated the countryside studying at first hand the antiquities of their own forefathers.

The main purpose of this article is to put on record material from two collections of photographs, made by Mr O.G.S. Crawford and by the writer. As the ‘ exhibits ’ were varied and numerous, it seemed desirable to make a selection that would link up with what has already been published on the subject in ANTIQUITYpr, oducing in the process some shadow of an evolution. For any opinions that are advanced, however, the writer, and not Mr Crawford, must be held entirely responsible.

In the number of ANTIQUITY which appeared in March 1934 there was an article by Mr A. W. Clapham, the object of which was to show that the Irish art which is exemplified by the ‘Book of Durrow’ and the famous ‘Book of Kells’ seems to be derived from the Northumbrian art of which the Lindisfarne Book is an example. The popular tradition, at least of the last hundred years, goes the other way: the ‘Book of Kells’ is popularly regarded as not only very splendid, but also very Irish. The purpose of what follows is to test and illustrate these views by the evidence of textual criticism. Most of what I have to say will be dreary to the student of art, and crambe repetita to the Biblical critic, but I venture to persevere, because I cannot help feeling that the text does throw some light on the illustrations.

This note describes megalithic grave-monuments among the Mise tribe to the west of the Nile in Amadi District of Mongalla Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. I visited this tribe in the early part of 1927.

The megalithic monuments described are typical of Mise country. They may be found occasionally among other members of the southern group, the Oggi and Endri, but there possibl they mark the graves of Mise who have died out of their count . The Kederu have probably adopted the heaps of stones and carveTwooden posts which they and their neighbours set up over graves.

Despite the obvious analogies between the ancient and modern flint industries of Britain and the equally obvious gaps in the continuity of their evolution, neither archaeologists nor economic historians have stooped to elucidate the problems of what it has become a platitude to call ‘The World's Oldest Industry’. The flint-knapping industry still existing at Brandon for the production of gunflints has alone among the flint-knapping industries of Britain been described with any degree of adequacy. A bare record survives of the former existence of a score of similar industries but the majority is unrecognized and neglected. The student of the question today has as much cause to bemoan the paucity of data as did Beckmann, who wrote in 1814 ‘Many of my readers will perhaps be desirous to know in what manner our gunflints are prepared. Considering the great use made of them it will hardly be believed how much trouble I had to obtain information on the subject’. The magnitude of the dumps of waste products at Brandon at the close of the Napoleonic War provoked exclamations of wonder from contemporary topographers, but apparently the first to realize the interest and significance of the Brandon industry was Dr J. Mitchell, who in 1837 communicated his observations to the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. In 1870 James Wyatt, F.G.S., contributed a chapter on the subject to Stevens’ Flint Chips, but the classic account from which all subsequent articles derive is that by S. B. J. Skertchly, of H.M. Geological Survey.

As measurements play a certain art in this article it is as well, before dealing with the pyramid of Khufu, to consider the ancient Egyptian measures.

Different values of the cubit or ell (referred to as E), are found in different sites, and in different structures of the same site and period ; but it seems quite certain that the Pyramid Age ell had a value between 20.58 and 20.6 in. In later times the variation is much wider. Opinions differ on the division of the ell, since there was also a ‘ short ell ’ of 6 palms or hands (referred to as H), whereas the normal ell was divided into 7 hands.