Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T22:54:22.025Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Spelling and word recognition in Grades 1 and 2: Relations to phonological awareness and naming speed in Dutch children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2009

WIM G. M. VERHAGEN*
Affiliation:
De Bouwsteen School for Special Education
COR A. J. AARNOUTSE
Affiliation:
Radboud University Nijmegen
JAN F. J. VAN LEEUWE
Affiliation:
Radboud University Nijmegen
*
ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE Wim G. M. Verhagen, Jacob Catslaan 13, Capelle a/d IJssel 2902AG, The Netherlands. E-mail: w.g.verhagen@hetnet.nl

Abstract

The influences of early phonological awareness and naming speed on Dutch children's later word spelling were investigated in a longitudinal study. Phonological awareness and naming speed predicted spelling in early Grade 1, later Grade 1, and later Grade 2. Phonological awareness, however, predominated over naming speed for the prediction of early Grade 1 spelling. Comparison of the present results with those from an earlier study of children's word recognition using the same dataset and also structural equation modeling showed word recognition speed at the ends of Grades 1 and 2 in the earlier study to be uniquely predicted by early naming speed. Nonetheless, naming speed may measure almost the same in word recognition and word spelling accuracy.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aarnoutse, C. A. J. (2004). Ontwikkeling van beginnende geletterdheid [Development of early literacy]. Nijmegen: Thieme Media Center.Google Scholar
Aarnoutse, C., & Beernink, J. (2002). Woordenschat Test en Foneem Test [Vocabulary Test and Phoneme Test]. Nijmegen: Sectie Onderwijs en Educatie. Radboud Universiteit (RU).Google Scholar
Aarnoutse, C. A. J., & Verhagen, W. (2001). Fonemische synthesetoets [Phonological Synthesis Test]. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user's guide. Chicago: Small Waters.Google Scholar
Blachman, B. A. (2000). Phonological awareness. In Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., Pearson, P. D., & Barr, R. (Eds.), Handbook of word recognition research (Vol. 3, pp. 483502). Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bowers, P. G., Sunseth, K., & Golden, J. (1999). The route between rapid naming and reading progress. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3, 3153.Google Scholar
Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. E. (1979). The independence of reading and spelling in backward and normal readers. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 21, 504514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. E. (1983). Categorizing sounds and learning to read: A causal connection. Nature, 301, 419421.Google Scholar
Bryant, P. E., & Bradley, L. (1980). Why children sometimes write words which they do not read. In Frith, U. (Ed.), Cognitive processes in spelling (pp. 355370). London: Academic.Google Scholar
Bus, A. G., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1999). Phonemic awareness and early reading: A meta-analysis of experimental training studies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 3, 403414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R. (1987). One or two lexicons for reading and writing words: Can misspellings shed any light? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 4, 487499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, R. P. (2003). The highly lawful relationships among pseudo-word decoding, word identification, spelling, listening, and reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 7, 127154.Google Scholar
Ehri, L. (1997). Learning to read and learning to spell are one and the same, almost. In Perfetti, C., Rieben, L., & Fayol, M. (Eds.), Learning to spell (pp. 271295). London: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Ehri, L. (1998). Grapheme knowledge is essential for learning to read words in English. In Metsala, J. & Ehri, L. (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 340). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Ehri, L. C. (2005). Development of sight word reading: Phases and findings. In Snowling, M. J. & Hulme, C. (Eds.), The science of reading (pp. 135155). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Frith, U. (1980). Unexpected spelling problems. In Frith, U. (Ed.), Cognitive processes in spelling (pp. 495515). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Frith, U. (1985). Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia. In Patterson, K. E., Marshall, J. C., & Coltheart, M. (Eds.), Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading (pp. 301330). London: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Frith, U. (1987). The similarities and differences between reading and spelling problems. In Beech, J. R., & Colley, A. M. (Eds.), Cognitive approaches to reading (pp. 453472). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Georgiou, G. K., Parrila, R., Kirby, J. R., & Stephenson, K. (2008). Rapid naming components and their relationship with phonological awareness, orthographic knowledge, speed of processing, and different reading outcomes. Scientific Studies of Reading, 12, 325351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooper, S. R., Swartz, C. W., Wakely, M., de Kruif, R. E. L., & Montgomery, J. W. (2002). Executive functions in elementary school children with and without problems in written expression. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35, 5768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaccard, J., & Wan, C. K. (1996). Lisrel approaches to interaction effects in multiple regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Jenkings, J. R., Johnson, E., & Hileman, J. (2004). When is reading also writing: Sources of individual differences on the new reading performance assessments. Scientific Studies of Reading, 8, 125151.Google Scholar
Juel, C., Griffith, P. L., & Gough, P. B. (1986). Acquisition of literacy: A longitudinal study of children in first and second grade. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 243255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landerl, K., & Wimmer, H. (2008). Development of word reading fluency and spelling in a consistent orthography: An 8-year follow-up. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 150161.Google Scholar
Leppänen, U., Niemi, P., Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. (2006). Development of reading and spelling Finnish from preschool to grades 1 and 2. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10, 330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lie, A. (1991). Effects of a training program for stimulating skills in word analysis in first grade children. Reading Research Quarterly, 26, 234250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundberg, I., Frost, J., & Petersen, O. P. (1988). Effects of an extensive program for stimulating phonological awareness in preschool children. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 263284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manis, F. R., Doi, L. M., & Bhadda, B. (2000). Naming speed, phonological awareness and orthographic knowledge in second graders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33, 325333.Google Scholar
Manis, F. R., & Freedman, L. (2001). The relationship of naming to multiple reading measures in disabled and non-disabled normal readers. In Wolf, M. (Ed.), Dyslexia, fluency and the brain (pp. 6592). Timonium, MD: York Press.Google Scholar
Manis, F. R., Seidenberg, M. S., & Doi, L. M. (1999). See Dick RAN: Rapid naming and the longitudinal prediction of reading subskills in first and second graders. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3, 129157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manis, F. R., Seidenberg, M. S., Doi, L. M., McBride-Chang, C., & Petersen, A. (1996). On the basis of two subtypes of developmental dyslexia. Cognition, 58, 157195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, V., & Wimmer, H. (2002). Phoneme awareness and pathways into literacy: A comparison of German and American Children. Reading and Writing, 15, 653682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mommers, M., Verhoeven, L., Van Der Linden, S., Stegeman, W., & Warnaar, J. (1990). Veilig leren lezen [How to learn to read safely]. Tilburg: Zwijsen.Google Scholar
Mommers, M. J. C. (1987). An investigation into the relationship between word recognition, reading comprehension and spelling skills in the first two years of primary school. Journal of Reading Research, 10, 122143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, W. E., & Scott, J. A. (2000). Vocabulary processes. In Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., Pearson, P. D., & Barr, R. (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. 3, pp. 269284). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Perfetti, C. A. (1997). The psycholinguistics of Spelling and Reading. In Perfetti, C., Rieben, L., & Fayol, M. (Eds.), Learning to spell (pp. 2139). London: Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayner, K., Juhasz, B. J., & Pollatsek, A. (2005). Eye movements during reading. In Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (Eds.), The science of reading (pp. 79155). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Savage, R. S., & Frederickson, N. (2006). Beyond phonology: What else is needed to describe the problems of below-average readers and spellers? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39, 399413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage, R. S., Frederickson, N., Goodwin, R., Patni, U., Smith, N., & Tuersley, L. (2005). Relationships among rapid digit naming, phonological processing, motor automaticity, and speech perception in poor, average, and good readers and spellers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 1228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage, R., Pillay, V., & Melidona, S. (2008). Rapid serial naming is a unique predictor of spelling in children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41, 235250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snow, C. E., Burns, M. S., & Griffin, P. (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Struiksma, A. J. C., Van Der Leij, A., & Vieijra, J. P. M. (1997). Diagnostiek van technisch lezen en aanvankelijk spellen [Diagnosis of word recognition and initial spelling]. Amsterdam: VU Uitgeverij.Google Scholar
Sunseth, K. A. (2000). The role of naming speed and phonological awareness in reading, spelling and orthographic knowledge. Doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo. Ontario, Canada. Retrieved October 3, 2007, from http://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/Google Scholar
Sunseth, K. A., & Bowers, P. G. (2002). Rapid naming and phonological awareness: Contributions to reading, spelling, and orthographic knowledge. Scientific Studies of Reading, 6, 401429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tornéus, M. (1984). Phonological awareness and reading: A chicken and egg problem? Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 13461358.Google Scholar
Tunmer, W. E., Herriman, M. I., & Nesdale, A. R. (1988). Metalinguistic abilities and beginning reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 134158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Den Bos, K. P. (2000). Snelheid van benoemen en woordlezen. Experimentele versie [Naming speed and word identification. Experimental version]. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Remedial Education Section.Google Scholar
Van Den Bos, K. P. (2008). Word-reading development, the double-deficit hypothesis, and the diagnosis of dyslexia. Educational and Child Psychology, 25, 5168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Den Bos, K. P., Zijlstra, J. H., & Spelberg, H. C. L. (2002). Lifespan data on continuous-naming speeds of numbers, letters, colors, and pictured objects and word-reading speed. Scientific Studies of Reading, 6, 2549.Google Scholar
Van Den Bosch, L., Gillijns, P., Krom, R., & Moelands, M. (1993). Spellingvaardigheid 1 [Spelling skill 1]. Arnhem: Cito.Google Scholar
Verhagen, W. (2002). Spellingvaardigheid voor november Groep 3 [Spelling skill for November Grade 3]. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Verhagen, W. G. M., & Aarnoutse, C. A. J. (2001a). Fonemische analyse van het eerste of het laatste foneem van pseudowoorden [Phonological analysis of the first or the last phoneme of pseudo-words]. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Verhagen, W. G. M., & Aarnoutse, C. A. J. (2001b). Fonemische analyse en synthese van pseudowoorden [Phonological analysis and synthesis of pseudo-words]. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Verhagen, W., Aarnoutse, C., & van Leeuwe, J. (2006). Predictoren voor beginnende Geletterdheid [Predictors of early literacy]. Pedagogische Studiën, 83, 226245.Google Scholar
Verhagen, W., Aarnoutse, C., & Van Leeuwe, J. (2008). Phonological awareness and naming speed in the prediction of Dutch children's word recognition. Scientific Studies of Reading, 12, 301324.Google Scholar
Wagner, R. K., Torgesen, J. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1994). The development of reading related phonological processing abilities: New evidence of bidirectional causality from a latent variable longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 30, 7387.Google Scholar
Wimmer, H. (1993). Characteristics of developmental dyslexia in a regular writing system. Applied Psycholinguistics, 14, 133.Google Scholar
Wimmer, H., Landerl, K., Linortner, R., & Hummer, P. (1991). The relationship of phonological awareness to reading acquisition: More consequence than precondition, but still important. Cognition, 40, 219249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wimmer, H., & Mayringer, H. (2002). Dysfluent reading in the absence of spelling difficulties: A specific disability in regular orthographies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 668680.Google Scholar
Wimmer, H., Mayringer, H., & Landerl, K. (2000). The double-deficit hypothesis and difficulties in learning to read a regular orthography. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 668680.Google Scholar
Wolf, M., Bally, H., & Morris, R. (1986). Automaticity, retrieval processes, and reading: A longitudinal study in average and impaired readers. Child Development, 57, 9881000.Google Scholar
Wolf, M., & Bowers, P. G. (1999). The double deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexia's. Journal of Educational Psychology, 9, 415438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, M., O'Rourke, A., Gidney, C., Lovett, M., Cirino, P., & Morris, R. (2002). The second deficit: an investigation of the independence of phonological and naming-speed deficits in developmental dyslexia. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 15, 4372.Google Scholar