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A Noblewoman's Changing Perspective on the World: The Habsburg Patriotism of Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz (1832–1905)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2016

William D. Godsey
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Until not so very long ago, the national conflicts in the last decades of the Habsburg monarchy prompted historians to focus on nationality as the crucial marker of self-understanding among its populations. The high tide of modern nation-states after 1918 made national borders, national mindsets, and national power structures the framework for ever-greater historical interest in the lineages of national genealogy. In recent decades, scholars have questioned the assumption that modern nations were primordial or natural, even as such entities remain a prime object of attention in a world where nation-states and identity politics help define research agendas and nationalism continues to be a potent force. The lines of inquiry have taken a number of directions. First, historians have linked the pervasiveness of nation and national identity to specific historical circumstances. Perhaps most famously, the political scientist Benedict Anderson's insight regarding “imagined communities” pointed up the contingency of modern nations. It was increasingly accepted that they are artificial constructs of relatively recent date and firmly rooted in time and place. The neat boundaries that seemed to define them, as on old ethnographic maps, faded as their elusive, conditional, and shifting contours were recognized.

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Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 47 , April 2016 , pp. 37 - 60
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Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 2016 

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Footnotes

1

The author is grateful to Birgitta Bader-Zaar and Hans Peter Hye for critical readings of earlier versions of this article.

References

2 For a scholarly reaction to the attempts of recent years to overcome nationalist perspectives in the writing of history, see Caspar Hirschi, The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 2012).

3 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London and New York, 1992).

4 Rogers Brubaker, Ethnicity without Groups (Cambridge, MA, 2004), 17.

5 Tara Zahra, Kidnapped Souls: National Indifference and the Battle for Children in the Bohemian Lands, 1900–1948 (Ithaca, 2008); idem, “Imagined Noncommunities: National Indifference as a Category of Analysis,” Slavic Review 69, no. 1 (2010): 93–119 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pieter M. Judson, Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria (Cambridge, MA, 2006); Jeremy King, Budweisers into Czechs and German: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948 (Princeton, 2003); Kwan, Jonathan, “Nationalism and All That: Reassessing the Habsburg Monarchy and Its Legacy,” European History Quarterly 41, no. 1 (2011): 88–108 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also the six articles (as well as the “Introduction” by Pieter M. Judson and Tara Zahra) on “Sites of Indifference to Nationhood,” Austrian History Yearbook 43 (2012): 21–137 Google Scholar.

6 Shedel, James, “Emperor, Church, and People: Religion and Dynastic Loyalty during the Golden Jubilee of Franz Joseph,” Catholic Historical Review 76, no. 1 (1990): 71–92 Google Scholar; Ernst Bruckmüller, “Patriotismus und Geschichtsunterricht: Lehrpläne und Lehrbücher als Instrumente eines übernationalen Gesamtstaatsbewußtseins in den Gymnasien der späten Habsburgermonarchie,” in Vilfanov zbornik: Pravo—zgodovina—narod / Recht—Geschichte—Nation: In memoriam Sergij Vilfan, ed. Vincenc Rajšp and Ernst Bruckmüller (Ljubljana, 1999), 511–29; Urbanitsch, Peter, “Pluralist Myth and Nationalist Realities: The Dynastic Myth of the Habsburg Monarchy; a Futile Exercise in the Creation of Identity?” Austrian History Yearbook 35 (2004): 101–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Daniel L. Unowsky, The Pomp and Politics of Patriotism: Imperial Celebrations in Habsburg Austria, 1848–1916 (West Lafayette, 2005); Laurence Cole and Daniel L. Unowsky, eds., The Limits of Loyalty: Imperial Symbolism, Popular Allegiances, and State Patriotism in the Late Habsburg Monarchy (Oxford, 2007); Nancy M. Wingfield, “Centers and Peripheries: The Francis Joseph Jubilees,” chap. in idem, Flag Wars and Stone Saints: How the Bohemian Lands Became Czech (Cambridge, MA and London, 2007), 107–34.

7 Laurence Cole, Military Culture and Popular Patriotism in Late Imperial Austria (Oxford, 2014).

8 Dominique Kirchner Reill, Nationalists Who Feared the Nation: Adriatic Multi-Nationalism in Habsburg Dalmatia, Trieste, and Venice (Stanford, 2012); Jonathan Kwan, Liberalism and the Habsburg Monarchy, 1861–1895 (Basingstoke, 2013). On regions, see Applegate, Celia, “A Europe of Regions: Reflections on the Historiography of Sub-National Places in Modern Times,” American Historical Review 104, no. 4 (1999): 1157–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Werner Telesko, Kulturraum Österreich: Die Identität der Regionen in der bildenden Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts (Vienna, 2008).

9 For the origins and early modern history of the group, see R. J. W. Evans, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation (Oxford, 1979); Thomas Winkelbauer, Fürst und Fürstendiener: Gundaker von Liechtenstein, ein österreichischer Aristokrat des konfessionellen Zeitalters (Vienna, 1999).

10 Elliott, J. H., “A Europe of Composite Monarchies,” Past and Present 137 (1992): 48–71 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 49.

11 David Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire (Oxford, 2001), 9. Cf. Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper, Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, 2010), 14.

12 High-Life-Almanach: Adreßbuch der Gesellschaft Wiens und der österreichischen Kronländer 10 (1914/15) (Vienna, 1914).

13 King, Budweisers, 114–15, 143–44. Judson, Guardians, 13. Cf. Gerald Stourzh, Die Gleichberechtigung der Nationalitäten in der Verfassung und Verwaltung Österreichs 1848–1918 (Vienna, 1985), 189–240.

14 See Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser, eds., Culture Wars: Secular–Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge, 2003).

15 The entail of this branch of the family was confirmed by parliamentary law in 1885. Friedrich Graf Lanjus, Die erbliche Reichsratswürde in Österreich (Langenlois, 1939), 104.

16 Before 1918, the family name was commonly spelled “Lobkowitz,” but because both the father and brother of Rosa (as heads of their branch of the family) as well as Rosa herself employed the supposedly older version “Lobkowicz,” the latter will also be used here. Rosa's use is documented in the letter to her mother, Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Mainz, 26 Dec. 1865. This letter (as well as all of those cited in the following) is held in the Gräflich Neipperg'sches Archiv, Schwaigern, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. I am deeply grateful to Count Karl Eugen von Neipperg for kind permission to examine this correspondence, as well as to Professor Dr. Kurt Andermann (Karlsruhe/Freiburg i.B.) for having so generously facilitated its use.

17 Hlavačka, Milan, “Der 70. Geburtstag des Fürsten Georg Christian Lobkowicz oder Aufstieg und Fall des konservativen Großgrundbesitzes in Böhmen,” Études danubiennes 19 (2003): 87–94 Google Scholar; idem, “Sketch of a Political Biography of Prince Jiří Kristián Lobkowicz,” in Magister Noster: Sborník statí vĕnovaných in memoriam prof. PhDr. Janu Havránkovi, CSc., ed. Michal Svatoš, Luboš Velek, and Alica Velková (Prague, 2005), 343–51.

18 István Deák, Beyond Nationalism: A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1990); William D. Godsey, Aristocratic Redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office on the Eve of the First World War (West Lafayette, 1999); Martina Winkelhofer, “Die politische Zuordnung der obersten Hofbeamten unter Kaiser Franz Josef I.,” in Adel und Politik in der Habsburgermonarchie und den Nachbarländern zwischen Absolutismus und Demokratie, ed. Tatjana Tönsmeyer and Luboš Velek (Munich, 2011), 197–211; Waltraud Heindl, Josephinische Mandarine: Bürokratie und Beamte in Österreich, vol. 2, 1848–1914 (Vienna, 2013).

19 But see Hannes Stekl, Österreichs Aristokratie im Vormärz: Herrschaftsstil und Lebensformen der Fürstenhäuser Liechtenstein und Schwarzenberg (Vienna, 1973); idem, “Zwischen Machtverlust und Selbstbehauptung: Österreichs Hocharistokratie vom 18. bis ins 20. Jahrhundert,” in Europäischer Adel 1750–1950, ed. Hans-Ulrich Wehler (Göttingen, 1990), 144–65; Hannes Stekl and Marija Wakounig, Windisch-Graetz: Ein Fürstenhaus im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1992); Godsey, William D., “Quarterings and Kinship: The Social Composition of the Habsburg Aristocracy in the Dualist Era,” Journal of Modern History 71, no. 1 (1999): 56–104 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also the various articles on nobles of the “hereditary lands,” Galicia, and Hungary in Helmut Rumpler, Peter Urbanitsch, and Ulrike Harmat, eds., Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918, vol. 9, Soziale Strukturen: part 1, Von der feudal-agrarischen zur bürgerlich-industriellen Gesellschaft; part 2, Von der Stände- zur Klassengesellschaft (Vienna, 2010), 951–1089. For a bibliographical overview, see Höbelt, Lothar, “The Discreet Charm of the Old Regime,” Austrian History Yearbook 27 (1996): 289–302 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For Europe more generally, see David Higgs, Nobles in Nineteenth-Century France: The Practice of Inegalitarianism (Baltimore, 1987); David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (New Haven, 1990); Dominic Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, 1815–1914 (New York, 1992); Anthony L. Cardoza, Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861–1930 (Cambridge, 1997); Heinz Reif, Adel im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 1999); Eckart Conze, Von deutschem Adel: Die Grafen Bernstorff im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 2000); Eckart Conze and Monika Wienfort, eds., Adel und Moderne: Deutschland im europäischen Vergleich im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Cologne, 2004); Monika Wienfort, Der Adel in der Moderne (Göttingen, 2006); Ellis Wasson, Aristocracy and the Modern World (Basingstoke, 2006).

20 Agnew, Hugh LeCaine, “Noble Natio and Modern Nation: The Czech Case,” Austrian History Yearbook 23 (1992): 50–71 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wank, Solomon, “Some Reflections on Aristocrats and Nationalism in Bohemia 1861–1899,” Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 20 (1993): 21–33 Google Scholar; Robert Luft, “Nationale Utraquisten in Böhmen: Zur Problematik ‘nationaler Zwischenstellungen’ am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts,” in Allemands, Juifs et Tchèques à Prague / Deutsche, Juden und Tschechen in Prag, 1890–1924, ed. Maurice Godé, Jacques Le Rider, and Françoise Meyer (Montpellier, 1996), 37–51; Ralph Melville, Adel und Revolution in Böhmen: Strukturwandel von Herrschaft und Gesellschaft in Österreich um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Mainz, 1998); Eagle Glassheim, “Between Empire and Nation: The Bohemian Nobility, 1880–1918,” in Constructing Nationalities in East Central Europe, ed. Pieter M. Judson and Marsha L. Rozenblit (Oxford, 2005), 61–88; idem, Noble Nationalists: The Transformation of the Bohemian Aristocracy (Cambridge, MA, 2005); Řeznik, Miloš, “Elitenwandel, tschechische Nationsbildung und der böhmische Adel,” Historical Social Research 33, no. 2 (2008): 63–81 Google Scholar; Rita Krueger, Czech, German, and Noble: Status and National Identity in Habsburg Bohemia (Oxford, 2009); Eckart Conze, “Adel und Moderne in Ostmitteleuropa: Überlegungen zur Systematisierung eines adelshistorischen Feldes zwischen Region, Nation und Europa,” in Adel in Schlesien, vol. 1, Herrschaft—Kultur—Selbstdarstellung, ed. Jan Harasimowicz and Matthias Weber (Munich, 2010), 305–18; Ute Hofmann, Aristokraten als Politiker: Der böhmische Adel in der frühkonstitutionellen Zeit (1860–1871) (Munich, 2011); Rudolf Kučera, Staat, Adel und Elitenwandel: Die Adelsverleihungen in Schlesien und Böhmen 1806–1871 im Vergleich (Göttingen, 2012).

21 But see Sheila Patel, Adeliges Familienleben, weibliche Schreibpraxis: Die Tagebücher der Maria Esterházy-Galántha (1809–1861) (Frankfurt, 2015).

22 William D. Godsey, “Adel, Ahnenprobe und Wiener Hof: Strukturen der Herrschaftspraxis Kaiserin Maria Theresias,” in Die Ahnenprobe in der Vormoderne: Selektion–Initiation–Repräsentation, ed. Elizabeth Harding and Michael Hecht (Münster, 2011), 309–31.

23 Unlike the parallel award for noblemen, the Golden Fleece, there is no modern scholarship on this order. See Ordenskanzlei, ed., Das Haus Österreich und der Orden vom Goldenen Vlies: Beiträge zum wissenschaftlichen Symposium am 30. November und 1. Dezember 2006 in Stift Heiligenkreuz (Graz, 2007).

24 For a perhaps too pessimistic survey of the existing scholarship on noblewomen in the German context, see Monika Kubrova, Vom guten Leben: Adelige Frauen im 19. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 2011), 10–17. See also Sylvia Paletschek, “Adelige und bürgerliche Frauen (1770–1870),” in Adel und Bürgertum in Deutschland 1770–1848, ed. Elisabeth Fehrenbach with Elisabeth Müller-Luckner (Munich, 1994), 159–85; Christa Diemel, Adelige Frauen im bürgerlichen Jahrhundert: Hofdamen, Stiftsdamen, Salondamen 1800–1870 (Frankfurt, 1998). On the relationship of women and nation more generally in the specifically Habsburg setting, see David, Katherine, “Czech Feminists and Nationalism in the Late Habsburg Monarchy: ‘The First in Austria,’” Journal of Women's History 3, no. 2 (1991): 26–45 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jitka Malečkova, “Nationalizing Women and Engendering the Nation: The Czech National Movement,” in Gendered Nations: Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century, ed. Ida Blom, Karen Hagemann, and Catherine Hall (Oxford, 2000), 293–310; Heidrun Zettelbauer, “Die Liebe sei Euer Heldentum”: Geschlecht und Nation in völkischen Vereinen der Habsburgermonarchie (Frankfurt, 2005); Waltraud Heindl, “Mythos Nation, Geschichte und Geschlecht in der österreichischen Monarchie,” in Nationalgeschichte als Artefakt: Zum Paradigma “Nationalstaat” in den Historiographien Deutschlands, Italiens und Österreichs, ed. Hans Peter Hye, Brigitte Mazohl, and Jan Paul Niederkorn (Vienna, 2009), 201–19.

25 Hilde Spiel, Fanny von Arnstein oder die Emanzipation: Ein Frauenleben an der Zeitenwende 1758–1818 (Frankfurt, 1962), 374.

26 K. D. Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1998), 156–78 (quotations at 156). For women in the British nation in an earlier period, see Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837, rev. ed. (New Haven, 2012), 242–87. For a fine reconsideration of the problem of high politics and social life, see Brian E. Vick, The Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics after Napoleon (Cambridge, MA, 2014), 112–52.

27 Birgitta Bader-Zaar, “Rethinking Women's Suffrage in the Nineteenth Century: Local Government and Entanglements of Property and Gender in the Austrian Half of the Habsburg Monarchy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom,” in Constitutionalism, Legitimacy, and Power: Nineteenth-Century Experiences, ed. Kelly L. Grotke and Markus J. Prutsch (Oxford, 2014), 107–26; Pieter M. Judson, “The Gendered Politics of German Nationalism in Austria, 1880–1900,” in Austrian Women in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives, ed. David F. Good, Margarete Grandner, and Mary Jo Maynes (New York, 1996), 1–17.

28 Jiří Malíř, “Die Teilnahme von Frauen an den Ergänzungswahlen in den mährischen Landtag 1865,” in Magister Noster, ed. Svatoš, Velek, and Velková, 419–31, at 426–27; Hofmann, Aristokraten als Politiker, 79.

29 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Schwaigern, 24 Aug. 1868. On another occasion, Rosa reported a rumor that the Bohemian stadholder Kellersperg had threatened the aging Princess Stephanie Rohan that her son would not be made colonel if she did not vote with the Constitutionally Loyal great landowners. Letter from Preßburg, 30 Mar. 1867.

30 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 1 Apr. 1872. Her use of the term “constitutional” was ironic in view of the fact that she belonged to the Feudal Conservative camp.

31 For the failed Bohemian compromise, see Thomas Kletečka, “Der Ausgleichsversuch des Ministeriums Hohenwart-Schäffle mit Böhmen im Jahre 1871: Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des reichsdeutschen Einflusses” (PhD diss., University of Vienna, 1984).

32 On Lobkowicz, see Evans, Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 205; Petr Maťa, Svĕt České Aristokracie (1500–1700) (Prague, 2004), passim. On the Neippergs, see William D. Godsey, “Strategie und Zufall: Der österreichische Aufstieg des Hauses Neipperg (18.-20. Jahrhundert),” in Neipperg: Ministerialen, Reichsritter, Hocharistokraten, ed. Kurt Andermann (Epfendorf, 2014), 163–80. For Erwin Neipperg, see Franz Adlgasser, Die Mitglieder der österreichischen Zentralparlamente 1848–1918, 2 vols. (Vienna, 2014), 2:839.

33 Except where there is a common English-language equivalent such as Vienna or Prague, I use the place-names employed in the letters without in any way intending to privilege them above other possible versions.

34 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 14 May 1900. In an earlier letter, she had referred to herself as an “alte Pragerinn [sic].” Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 13 May 1884.

35 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Hořín, 19 June 1900. For the German government's “continuous meddling” in the domestic affairs of the Habsburg monarchy, see Solomon Wank, In the Twilight of Empire: Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (1854–1912), Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman, vol. 1, The Making of an Imperial Habsburg Patriot and Statesman (Vienna, 2009), 95.

36 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Salzburg, 14 July 1900. On this incident, see Dominik J. Schaller, “Folter im kolonialen Ausnahmezustand: Entstehungsbedingungen und Formen von Folter in den afrikanischen Kolonien Deutschlands,” in Die Geschichte der Folter seit ihrer Abschaffung, ed. Karsten Altenhain and Nicola Willenberg (Göttingen, 2011), 169–88, at 169–72.

37 For a classical expression of the assumption that Habsburg state patriotism was “German” in nature, see Péter Hanák, “Österreichischer Staatspatriotismus im Zeitalter des aufsteigenden Nationalismus,” in Wien und Europa zwischen den Revolutionen (1789–1848), ed. Reinhard Urbach (Vienna, 1978), 315–30. For a recent, more differentiated reading of the liberals' relationship to German nationalism, see Kwan, Liberalism and the Habsburg Monarchy.

38 Hirschi, Origins of Nationalism, 57.

39 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 4 Nov. 1871.

40 For that idea, see Guntram H. Herb and David H. Kaplan, eds., Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale (Lanham, 1999), quoting Anssi Paasi at 1–2.

41 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Preßburg, 11 June 1867. The English-language phrase “in regard of him” is found in the original.

42 On the occasion of an anniversary of his accession, she wrote: “Today it's been 55 years since [the beginning of] the ‘glorious’ reign of our poor emperor. When I think with what enthusiasm the change of government at that time was greeted!” Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 2 Dec. 1903. On the emperor's later popularity, see Urbanitsch, “Pluralist Myth and Nationalist Realities,” 122–23.

43 The following letters document her calls on various members of the ruling family. Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Vienna, 6 Dec. 1868 (Archduchess Theresa, Archduchess Rainer, and Archduchess Annunziata) and 9 Dec. 1868 (“empress-mother”; Archduchesses Elizabeth and Sophie; “Modena”). Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 21 Mar. 1886 (Archduchess Rainer), 8 Jan. 1888 (Archduke Rainer); 11 Jan. 1888 (Crown Princess Stephanie); 14 Jan. 1888 (Archduke Karl Ludwig), 17 Feb. 1888 (Archduke Albrecht), 11 Feb. 1900 (Archduchess Maria Rainer).

44 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 7 Mar. 1886.

45 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Preßburg, 17 June 1867 and 15 Oct. 1867 as well as Vienna, 16 Mar. 1869. In 1869, Wolf also published a biography of Prince Wenzel Lobkowitz, a leading seventeenth-century statesman. Rosa also purchased this work. Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Vienna, 27 Mar. 1869.

46 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 13 Dec. 1903. This was her commentary on the play Maria Theresia by the writer Franz Schönthan von Pernwaldt playing at that time in the Viennese Volkstheater. See Werner Telesko, Maria Theresia: Ein europäischer Mythos (Vienna, 2012), 142.

47 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Preßburg, 17 June 1867.

48 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 12 Aug. 1870.

49 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 15 and 21 July 1870.

50 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 23 Nov. 1870.

51 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Preßburg, 19 Feb. 1867. For the idea—current in Habsburg ruling circles during her lifetime—that “foreign policy could provide the raison d’être for the unity of the Habsburg lands,” see Wank, In the Twilight of Empire, 91.

52 Evidence of her pro-Prussian sentiments is found in her letters as late as 1866. Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Mainz, 19 Aug. 1865, 31 Jan. 1866, and 18 Feb. 1866.

53 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 12 Aug. and 14 Nov. 1870.

54 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 7 Aug. 1870.

55 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 21 July 1870 (“württembergische Standesherrin”) and 28 Nov. 1870 (“Emperor William … Prussia and Hohenzollern”). Cf. Heinz Gollwitzer, Die Standesherren: Die politische und gesellschaftliche Stellung der Mediatisierten 1815–1918 (Göttingen, 1964), 144, 159. But for the merging of local and national identities in the specific context of Württemberg after 1871, see Alon Confino, The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871–1918 (Chapel Hill, 1997).

56 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 23 Oct. 1869 (whence the quotation) and 8 July 1870. For her father's opposition to Jewish ennoblement, see Kai Drewes, Jüdischer Adel. Nobilitierungen von Juden im Europa des 19. Jahrhunderts (Frankfurt and New York, 2013), 190. The later correspondence examined is free of anti-Jewish outbursts. This may have reflected the fact that by then the conservative and federalist so-called Iron Ring government was in power in Vienna. See William A. Jenks, Austria under the Iron Ring 1879–1893 (Charlottesville, 1965). On occasion Rosa recorded being placed next to the Ring's forger, Minister President Taaffe, at dinners, which suggests that she was regarded as a conversationalist capable of holding her own with a high politician. Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 8 Jan. 1885 and, Vienna, 14 Jan. 1888. But there is a snide remark about a female Rothschild appearing at a court ball “covered in chatons [“stones” = jewels] from shoulder to shoulder” in Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 23 Jan. 1888. For the problem of “political anxiety and anti-Semitism” in the case of another aristocrat, see Wank, In the Twilight of Empire, 105–21. See Clark, “The New Catholicism and the European Culture Wars,” 11–46, at 41, and Cole, “The Counter-Reformation's Last Stand: Austria,” 285–312, at 310, respectively, in Clark and Kaiser, eds., Culture Wars, for Catholic, anti-Jewish sentiment in this period.

57 John W. Boyer, Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Social Movement 1848–1897 (Chicago, 1981), 20 and 116; Pieter M. Judson, Exclusive Revolutionaries: Liberal Politics, Social Experience, and National Identity in the Austrian Empire, 1848–1914 (Ann Arbor, 1996), 132–35; Kwan, Liberalism and the Habsburg Monarchy, 67–71.

58 On this point, see Unowsky, Pomp and Politics of Patriotism, 26–32; also Anna Coreth, Pietas Austriaca: Österreichische Frömmigkeit im Barock, 2nd ed. (Munich, 1982), 71.

59 Archiv des Hochadeligen Sternkreuzordens, Matrikelband VIII (1856). I am grateful to Count Niklas Salm-Reifferscheidt (Steyregg) for permission to consult these archives, which remain in private possession.

60 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Vienna, 17 Mar. 1880.

61 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 22 Mar. 1888. See Coreth, Pietas Austriaca, 42–44.

62 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 6 Apr. 1885.

63 She criticized what she felt to be the overdone piety (“les bonnes oeuvres und allermöglicher Heiligkeit”) of an aristocratic acquaintance in Lemberg. Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 18 Oct. 1869. Little is known about the religious revival in Austria, but see Mary Heimann, “Catholic Revivalism in Worship and Devotion,” in The Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 8: World Christianities c. 1815–c. 1914, ed. Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley (Cambridge, 2006), 70–83; Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (London, 2009), 818–27; Jonathan Sperber, Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Princeton, 1984), 55–98.

64 Her reading of saints' lives is documented in Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Mainz, 16 Nov. 1865 (Saint Jeanne de Chantal), and Vienna, 16 Mar. 1869 (Saint Dominic).

65 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Vienna, 5 Apr. 1869, and Schwaigern, 17 Sept. 1871. Also Heimann, “Catholic Revivalism,” 70.

66 Quotation from Clark, “New Catholicism,” 20. See also Heimann, “Catholic Revivalism,” 73–75; MacCulloch, History of Christianity, 818–22; and Thomas Schulte-Umberg, “Berlin—Rom—Verdun: Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Ultramontanismus und Nation,” in: Religion und Nation—Nation und Religion: Beiträge zu einer unbewältigten Geschichte, ed. Michael Geyer and Hartmut Lehmann (Göttingen, 2004), 117–40.

67 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Vienna, 16 Mar. 1869.

68 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 10 Apr. 1870. For the newspaper, see Petronilla Ehrenpreis, “Die ‘reichsweite’ Presse in der Habsburgermonarchie,” in Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918, vol. 8, Politische Öffentlichkeit und Zivilgesellschaft, part 2, Die Presse als Faktor der politischen Mobilisierung, ed. Helmut Rumpler and Peter Urbanitsch (Vienna, 2006), 1715–1818, at 1767–78.

69 For the Kulturkampf, see Sperber, Popular Catholicism, 207–52.

70 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Sandown (Isle of Wight), 17 Aug. 1871. See also Cole, “Counter-Reformation's Last Stand,” 305.

71 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Preßburg, 13 Mar. 1867, and Schwaigern, 12 Sept. 1871.

72 Godsey, William D., “Habsburg Government and Intermediary Authority under Joseph II (1780–90): The Estates of Lower Austria in Comparative Perspective,” Central European History 46 (2013): 699–740, at 708, 725CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

73 Höbelt, Lothar, “The Great Landowners' Curia and the Reichsrat Elections during the Formative Years of Austrian Constitutionalism 1867–1873,” Parliaments, Estates and Representations 5 (1985): 175–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Hans Peter Hye, “Die Stellung des Adels in der böhmischen Landesordnung des Oktoberdiploms von 1860”; Lothar Höbelt, “Der Adel und die Kurie des Großgrundbesitzes 1861–1918”; and Luboš Velek, “Politische Organisation der Großgrundbesitzer in den böhmischen Ländern 1860–1914 am Beispiel des sog. Konservativen Großgrundbesitzes in Böhmen,” all in Tönsmeyer and Velek, eds., Adel und Politik in der Habsburgermonarchie, 225–50, 251–63, and 265–317, respectively; Ernst Rutkowski, ed., Briefe und Dokumente zur Geschichte der österreichisch–ungarischen Monarchie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des böhmisch-mährischen Raumes, 3 vols. (1: Der Verfassungstreue Großgrundbesitz 1880–1899.) (Munich, 1983–2011).

74 Quotation from Boyer, Political Radicalism, 28.

75 The political association is mentioned in Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Sandown (Isle of Wight), 17 Aug. 1871.

76 For the question of the Bohemian coronation in the later nineteenth century, see Hugh LeCaine Agnew, “The Flyspecks on Palivec's Portrait: Franz Joseph, the Symbols of Monarchy, and Czech Popular Loyalty,” in Limits of Loyalty, ed. Cole and Unowsky, 86–112.

77 Quotations from the letters: Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 24 Feb. 1871 and Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 6 March 1900.

78 Katrin Keller, “Mit den Mitteln einer Frau: Handlungsspielräume adliger Frauen in Politik und Diplomatie,” in Akteure der Außenbeziehungen: Netzwerke und Interkulturalität im historischen Wandel, ed. Hillard von Thiessen and Christian Windler (Cologne, 2010), 219–44.

79 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Mainz, 3 Dec. 1865. For Lobkowicz's career in both the Bohemian diet and the central parliament, see Adlgasser, Die Mitglieder der österreichischen Zentralparlamente, 1:723. She later criticized the boycott of an election by the Feudal Conservatives as a “dangerous precedent” that might result in a lost opportunity. Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 24 Apr. 1872.

80 Quotation from the letter to her mother, Lemberg, 4 Nov. 1871.

81 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 16 May 1885.

82 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Vienna, 16 March 1869; Lemberg, 28 July 1870.

83 Agnew, “Flyspecks on Palivec's Portrait,” 90–91.

84 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Hořín, 19 June 1900.

85 Godsey, “Habsburg Government and Intermediary Authority,” 729.

86 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 28 Oct. 1888.

87 In the letter to her mother from Mainz, 12 Mar. 1866, she inquired whether her brother had held a particular parliamentary speech in German or “Bohemian,” strongly implying that he spoke Czech well enough to use it on an official occasion.

88 Wank, “Some Reflections,” 28–29.

89 Hlavačka, “Sketch,” 347; Bruce M. Garver, The Young Czech Party 1874–1901 and the Emergence of a Multi-Party System (New Haven, 1976), 130; Hans Peter Hye, “Der Aufstieg der Jungtschechen im böhmischen Landtag im Spiegel der Quellen der Wiener Regierung,” in Bratři Grégrové a česka společnost v druhé polovinĕ 19. století, ed. Pavla Vošahliková and Milan Řepa (Prague, 1997), 67–85, at 73–74.

90 Garver, Young Czech Party, 67; Velek, “Politische Organisation,” 27–77; Glassheim, Noble Nationalists, 42–43.

91 For this information I am grateful to Luboš Velek (Prague). Jiří Malíř and Martin Rája, eds., JUDr. Václav Kounic a jeho doba (Brno, 2009).

92 Tatjana Tönsmeyer, Adelige Moderne: Großgrundbesitz und ländliche Gesellschaft in England und Böhmen 1848–1918 (Vienna, 2012), 324–26.

93 King, Budweisers, 145.

94 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 27 Mar. 1869, 18 Oct. 1869, 17/19 Jan. 1870, and 6 Apr. 1871.

95 The notion of a “federally organized hierarchy” is inspired by Karl Otmar von Aretin, Das alte Reich, 1648–1806, vol. 1, Föderalistische oder hierarchische Ordnung, 1648–1684 (Stuttgart, 1993).

96 These two kinds of soirée are explicit in Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 10 Apr. 1870.

97 For example, Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 2 Jan. 1869.

98 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 11 Feb. 1870.

99 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 23 Oct. 1871.

100 Hofmann, Aristokraten als Politiker, 79. For Francis Joseph's cancellation in 1868 of a visit to Galicia because of autonomist claims by the local diet, see Unowsky, Pomp and Politics of Patriotism, 49–50.

101 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 15 Oct. 1871

102 For Bohemia, see Ehrenpreis, “Die ‘reichsweite’ Presse,” 1791–99.

103 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Lemberg, 4 Nov. 1871. See Deák, Beyond Nationalism, 178–87 for the problem of nationality in the army.

104 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Anna Bertha Lobkowicz-Schwarzenberg, Preßburg, 24 Mar. 1868. On that conflict, see [Otto] von Degenschild, Ritter Binder Edler, “Neipperg Erwin Franz Graf,” Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 52 (1906): 605–10Google Scholar.

105 Polyxena Esterházy-Lobkowicz (Sister Maria Ignatia O.C.) to Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz, Mayerling, 24 Sept. 1895.

106 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Salzburg, 19 Aug. 1903.

107 On this point, see Andreas Gottsmann, Rom und die nationalen Katholizismen in der Donaumonarchie: Römischer Universalismus, habsburgische Reichspolitik und nationale Identitäten 1878–1914 (Vienna, 2010).

108 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 10 May 1885. See Cole, “Counter-Reformation's Last Stand”, 292, for the sympathy that was engendered for the church by Bismarck's campaign.

109 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 13 Jan. 1903. For the Teutonic Order in Austria, see Godsey, William D., “Adelsversorgung in der Neuzeit: Die Wiederbelebung des Deutschen Ritterordens in der österreichischen Restauration,” Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 90 (2003): 25–43 Google Scholar.

110 For his politics, see Gollwitzer, Die Standesherren, 159.

111 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 22 Apr. 1886. See Karl Otmar von Aretin, Franckenstein: Eine politische Karriere zwischen Bismarck und Ludwig II (Stuttgart, 2003).

112 Godsey, “Strategie und Zufall,” 178.

113 Boyer, Political Radicalism, 338.

114 Quotations from Polyxena Esterházy-Lobkowicz (Sister Maria Ignatia O.C.) to Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz, Mayerling, 24 Sept. 1895 and 29 Nov. 1897, respectively.

115 Boyer, Political Radicalism, 345–48.

116 Shedel, “Emperor, Church, and People,” 89–90; Unowsky, Pomp and Politics of Patriotism, 149–74.

117 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 18 Mar. 1900 and Rome, 14 Apr. 1900. The English-language phrase “elating and elevating” is found in the original.

118 Rosa Neipperg-Lobkowicz to Gabrielle Neipperg-Waldstein, Vienna, 24 Jan. 1900.

119 In Miklós Bánffy's novel Die Schrift in Flammen, trans. Andreas Oplatka (Vienna, 2012). Stekl and Wakounig, Windisch-Graetz, 235–37. For the problem of nobility and nation in Hungary, see George Barany, “Hungary: From Aristocratic to Proletarian Nationalism,” in Nationalism in Eastern Europe, ed. Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer (Seattle, 1969), 259–309; Deme, Laszlo, “From Nation to Class: The Changing Social Role of the Hungarian Nobility,” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 1, no. 4 (1988): 568–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Péter, László, “The Aristocracy, the Gentry and Their Parliamentary Tradition in Nineteenth-Century Hungary,” Slavonic and East European Review 70, no. 1 (1992): 77–110 Google Scholar; Barany, George, “From Fidelity to the Habsburgs to Loyalty to the Nation: The Changing Role of the Hungarian Aristocracy before 1848,” Austrian History Yearbook 23 (1992): 36–49 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sugar, Peter F., “The More It Changes, the More Hungarian Nationalism Remains the Same,” Austrian History Yearbook 31 (2000): 127–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

120 Rutkowski, Briefe und Dokumente, I:468.

121 Glassheim, Noble Nationalists, 42–43.