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Security of infantile attachment as assessed in the “strange situation”: Its study and biological interpretation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Michael E. Lamb ,
Ross A. Thompson ,
William P. Gardner ,
Eric L. Charnov  and
David Estes
Michael E. Lamb
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
Ross A. Thompson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. 68588
William P. Gardner
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. 22901
Eric L. Charnov
Affiliation:
Departments of Biology, Anthropology, and Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
David Estes
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109
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Abstract

The Strange Situation procedure was developed by Ainsworth two decades agoas a means of assessing the security of infant-parent attachment. Users of the procedureclaim that it provides a way of determining whether the infant has developed species-appropriate adaptive behavior as a result of rearing in an evolutionary appropriate context, characterized by a sensitively responsive parent. Only when the parent behaves in the sensitive, species-appropriate fashion is the baby said to behave in the adaptive or secure fashion. Furthermore, when infants are observed repeatedly in the Strange Situation,the pattern of behavior is said to be highly similar, and this pattern is said to predict the infants' future behavior in a diverse array of contexts. After an exhaustive review of the literature, it is shown that these popular claims are empirically unsupported in their strong form, and that the interpretations in terms of biological adaptationare misguided. There is little reliable evidence about the specific dimensions of parental behavior that affect Strange Situation behavior, although there does appear to be some relationship between these constructs. Temporal stability in security of attachment ishigh only when there is stability in family and caretaking circumstances. Likewise, patterns of Strange Situation behavior only have substantial predictive validity in similarly stable families. Implications for future research and theorizing — particularly as they relate to the use of evolutionary biology in psychological theory — are discussed.

Keywords

adaptationattachmentdevelopmentearly experienceevolutioninfancymaternal behaviormother-infant attachmentsociobiology
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , March 1984 , pp. 127 - 147
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

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