Carruthers clearly identifies the basic issues involved in language and thought relations and argues for an adaptive central model. Similar conclusions were reached by classical research in the inner speech tradition. Sokolov (1968; 1972) especially emphasized that inner speech appears only when the task is difficult. The use of inner speech is not a necessity to transform representations, but it is called for when transformations become difficult. This might be related to the cognitive reorganizations leading to language as emphasized by Donald (2001).