Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-09T04:37:58.291Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Précis of Regard for Reason in the Moral Mind

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2018

Joshua May*
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Philosophy Department, Birmingham, AL 35294-1260. joshmay@uab.eduhttps://www.uab.edu/cas/philosophy/people/faculty-directory/josh-may

Abstract

Regard for Reason in the Moral Mind argues that a careful examination of the scientific literature reveals a foundational role for reasoning in moral thought and action. Grounding moral psychology in reason then paves the way for a defense of moral knowledge and virtue against a variety of empirical challenges, such as debunking arguments and situationist critiques. The book attempts to provide a corrective to current trends in moral psychology, which celebrate emotion over reason and generate pessimism about the psychological mechanisms underlying commonsense morality. Ultimately, there is rationality in ethics not just despite but in virtue of the neurobiological and evolutionary materials that shape moral cognition and motivation.

Type
Précis
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aharoni, E., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. & Kiehl, K. A. (2012) Can psychopathic offenders discern moral wrongs? A new look at the moral/conventional distinction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121(2):484–97.Google Scholar
Alfano, M. (2013) Character as moral fiction. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aquino, K. & Reed, A. (2002) The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83(6):1423–40.Google Scholar
Ariely, D. (2012) The honest truth about dishonesty. HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Arpaly, N. (2003) Unprincipled virtue: An inquiry into moral agency. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Arpaly, N. & Schroeder, T. (2014) In praise of desire. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baron, R. A. (1997) The sweet smell of … helping: Effects of pleasant ambient fragrance on prosocial behavior in shopping malls. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23(5):498503.Google Scholar
Barrett, H. C., Bolyanatz, A., Crittenden, A. N., Fessler, D. M. T., Fitzpatrick, S., Gurven, M., Henrich, J., Kanovsky, M., Kushnick, G., Pisor, A., Scelza, B. A., Stich, S., von Rueden, C., Zhao, W. & Laurence, S. (2016) Small-scale societies exhibit fundamental variation in the role of intentions in moral judgment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(17):4688–93.Google Scholar
Batson, C. D. (2011) Altruism in humans. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Batson, C. D. (2016) What's wrong with morality? Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Batson, C. D., Kobrynowicz, D., Dinnerstein, J. L., Kampf, H. C. & Wilson, A. D. (1997) In a very different voice: Unmasking moral hypocrisy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72(6):1335–48.Google Scholar
Batson, C. D., Thompson, E. R. & Chen, H. (2002) Moral hypocrisy: Addressing some alternatives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83(2): 330–39.Google Scholar
Bertrand, M. & Mullainathan, S. (2004) Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. The American Economic Review 94(4):9911013.Google Scholar
Betancourt, H. (1990) An attribution-empathy model of helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16(3):573–91.Google Scholar
Blanken, I., van de Ven, N. & Zeelenberg, M. (2015) A meta-analytic review of moral licensing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 41(4):540–58.Google Scholar
Bloom, P. (2016) Against empathy: The case for rational compassion. Ecco.Google Scholar
Campbell, R. & Kumar, V. (2012) Moral reasoning on the ground. Ethics 122(2):273312.Google Scholar
Carlson, M., Charlin, V. & Miller, N. (1988) Positive mood and helping behavior: A test of six hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55(2):211–29.Google Scholar
Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C. & Neuberg, S. L. (1997) Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73(3):481–94.Google Scholar
Cushman, F., Young, L. & Hauser, M. (2006) The role of conscious reasoning and intuition in moral judgment: Testing three principles of harm. Psychological Science 17(12):1082–89.Google Scholar
Damasio, A. (1994/2005) Descartes’ error. Penguin. (Originally published by Putnam.)Google Scholar
D'Arms, J. & Jacobson, D. (2014) Sentimentalism and scientism. In: Moral psychology and human agency: Philosophical essays on the science of ethics, ed. D'Arms, J. & Jacobson, D., pp. 253–78. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Demaree-Cotton, J. (2016) Do framing effects make moral intuitions unreliable? Philosophical Psychology 29(1):122.Google Scholar
Doris, J. M. (2015) Talking to our selves: Reflection, ignorance, and agency. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Feltz, A. & May, J. (2017) The means/side-effect distinction in moral cognition: A meta-analysis. Cognition 166:314–27.Google Scholar
Flanagan, O. (2017) The geography of morals: Varieties of moral possibility. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G. & Nosek, B. A. (2017) A meta-analysis of change in implicit bias. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Glenn, A. L. & Raine, A. (2014) Psychopathy: An introduction to biological findings and their implications. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P. & Ditto, P. H. (2013) Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 47, ed. Devine, P. & Plant, A., pp. 55130. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Greene, J. D. (2013) Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. Penguin.Google Scholar
Greene, J. D. (2014) Beyond point-and-shoot morality: Why cognitive (neuro)science matters for ethics. Ethics 124(4):695726.Google Scholar
Greene, J. D., Cushman, F. A., Stewart, L. E., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E. & Cohen, J. D. (2009) Pushing moral buttons: The interaction between personal force and intention in moral judgment. Cognition 111(3):364–71.Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L. & Banaji, M. R. (2009) Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97(1):1741.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2003) The moral emotions. In: Handbook of affective sciences, ed. Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R. & Goldsmith, H. H., pp. 852–70. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2012) The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Pantheon Books/Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Henrich, J. (2015) The secret of our success. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Holton, R. (2009) Willing, wanting, waiting. Clarendon.Google Scholar
Huebner, B. (2015) Do emotions play a constitutive role in moral cognition? Topoi 34(2):427–40.Google Scholar
Hurka, T. (2014) Many faces of virtue. Philosophy and phenomenological research 89(2):496503.Google Scholar
Johnston, M. (2010) Surviving death. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Joyce, R. (2006) The evolution of morality. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kahane, G. (2011) Evolutionary debunking arguments. Noûs 45(1):103–25.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. (2011) Yuck!: The nature and moral significance of disgust. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kennett, J. & Fine, C. (2008) Internalism and the evidence from psychopaths and “acquired sociopaths.” In: Moral psychology, vol. 3, ed. Sinnott-Armstrong, W., pp. 173–90. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kühberger, A. (1998) The influence of framing on risky decisions: A meta-analysis. Organizational behavior and human decision processes 75(1):2355.Google Scholar
Kumar, V. (2017) Foul behavior. Philosophers' Imprint 17(15):116.Google Scholar
Kumar, V. & Campbell, R. (2012) On the normative significance of experimental moral psychology. Philosophical Psychology 25(3):311–30.Google Scholar
Kumar, V. & May, J. (2019) How to debunk moral beliefs. In: Methodology and moral philosophy, ed. Suikkanen, J. & Kauppinen, A., pp. 2548. Routledge.Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1990) The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 108(3):480–98.Google Scholar
Landy, J. F. & Goodwin, G. P. (2015) Does incidental disgust amplify moral judgment? A meta-analytic review of experimental evidence. Perspectives on Psychological Science 10(4):518–36.Google Scholar
Latané, B. & Nida, S. (1981) Ten years of research on group size and helping. Psychological Bulletin 89(2):308–24.Google Scholar
Maibom, H. L. (2005) Moral unreason: The case of psychopathy. Mind and Language 20(2):237–57.Google Scholar
Mallon, R. & Nichols, S. (2010) Rules. In: The moral psychology handbook, ed. Doris, J. M. & The Moral Psychology Research Group, pp. 297320. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marsh, A. A. & Blair, R. J. R. (2008) Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32(3):454–65.Google Scholar
May, J. (2011) Egoism, empathy, and self-other merging, Spindel supplement: Empathy and ethics, ed. R. Debes. Southern Journal of Philosophy 49(S1):2539.Google Scholar
May, J. (2013a) Because I believe it's the right thing to do. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 16(4):791808.Google Scholar
May, J. (2013b) Skeptical hypotheses and moral skepticism. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 43(3):341–59.Google Scholar
May, J. (2014) Does disgust influence moral judgment? Australasian Journal of Philosophy 92(1):125–41.Google Scholar
May, J. (2018) Regard for reason in the moral mind. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mazar, N., Amir, O. & Ariely, D. (2008) The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research 45(6):633–44.Google Scholar
Mazar, N. & Zhong, C. B. (2010) Do green products make us better people? Psychological Science 21(4):494–98.Google Scholar
McGrath, S. (2008) Moral disagreement and moral expertise. In: Oxford studies in metaethics, vol. 3, ed. Shafer-Landau, R., pp. 87107. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mikhail, J. (2011) Elements of moral cognition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, C. B. (2013) Moral character: An empirical theory. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nelkin, D. K. (2005) Freedom, responsibility and the challenge of situationism. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 29(1):181206.Google Scholar
Nichols, S. (2002) Norms with feeling: Towards a psychological account of moral judgment. Cognition 84(2):221–36.Google Scholar
Nichols, S. (2004) Sentimental rules: On the natural foundations of moral judgment. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nichols, S. (2014) Process debunking and ethics. Ethics 124:727–49.Google Scholar
Nichols, S., Kumar, S., Lopez, T., Ayars, A. & Chan, H. Y. (2016) Rational learners and moral rules. Mind and Language 31(5):530–54.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. (2004) Hiding from humanity: Disgust, shame, and the law. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Oswald, F. L., Mitchell, G., Blanton, H., Jaccard, J. & Tetlock, P. E. (2013) Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105(2):171–92.Google Scholar
Payne, B. K. (2001) Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81(2):181–92.Google Scholar
Perry, J. (1979) The problem of the essential indexical. Noûs 13(1):321.Google Scholar
Prinz, J. (2007) The emotional construction of morals. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Prinz, J. (2016) Sentimentalism and the moral brain. In: Moral brains: The neuroscience of morality, ed. Matthew Liao, S., pp. 4573. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Railton, P. (2017) Moral learning: Conceptual foundations and normative relevance. Cognition 167:172–90.Google Scholar
Roskies, A. (2003) Are ethical judgments intrinsically motivational? Lessons from “acquired sociopathy.Philosophical Psychology 16(1):5166.Google Scholar
Royzman, E. B., Leeman, R. F. & Baron, J. (2009) Unsentimental ethics: Towards a content-specific account of the moral–conventional distinction. Cognition 112(1):159–74.Google Scholar
Rozin, P., Markwith, M. & Stoess, C. (1997) Moralization and becoming a vegetarian: The transformation of preferences into values and the recruitment of disgust. Psychological Science 8(2):6773.Google Scholar
Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L. & Jordan, A. H. (2008) Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34(8):1096–09.Google Scholar
Schroeder, T. (2004) Three faces of desire. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schroeder, T., Roskies, A. & Nichols, S. (2010) Moral motivation. In: The moral psychology handbook, ed. Doris, J. & The Moral Psychology Research Group, pp. 72110. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schwarz, N. & Clore, G. L. (1983) Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45(3):513–23.Google Scholar
Schwitzgebel, E. & Cushman, F. A. (2012) Expertise in moral reasoning? Order effects on moral judgment in professional philosophers and non-philosophers. Mind and Language 27(2):135–53.Google Scholar
Singer, P. (2005) Ethics and intuitions. The Journal of Ethics 9:331–52.Google Scholar
Sinhababu, N. (2017) Humean nature: How desire explains action, thought, and feeling. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sunstein, C. R. (2005) Moral heuristics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28(4):531–42.Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1981) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211(4481):453–58.Google Scholar
Vargas, M. (2013b) Situationism and moral responsibility. In: Decomposing the will, ed. Clark, A., Kiverstein, J. & Vierkant, T., pp. 325–50. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vavova, K. (2014) Moral disagreement and moral skepticism. Philosophical Perspectives 28:302–33.Google Scholar
Vavova, K. (2015) Evolutionary debunking of moral realism. Philosophy Compass 10(2):104–16.Google Scholar
Warneken, F. (2013) Young children proactively remedy unnoticed accidents. Cognition 126(1):101108.Google Scholar
Woodward, J. (2016) Emotion versus cognition in moral decision-making. In: Moral brains: The neuroscience of ethics, ed. Matthew Liao, S., pp. 87117. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Young, L. & Tsoi, L. (2013) When mental states matter, when they don't, and what that means for morality. Social and personality psychology compass 7(8):585604.Google Scholar