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Principal Components Analysis of the Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory and Associations with Measures of Personality, Cognitive Style and Analogue Symptoms in a Student Sample

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2009

Alyson L. Dodd ,
Warren Mansell ,
Vaneeta Sadhnani ,
Anthony P. Morrison  and
Sara Tai
Alyson L. Dodd*
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
Warren Mansell
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
Vaneeta Sadhnani
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
Anthony P. Morrison
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
Sara Tai
Affiliation:
University of Manchester, UK
*
Reprint requests to Alyson L. Dodd, University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Coupland 1, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. E-mail: alysondodd@hotmail.co.uk
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Abstract

Background: An integrative cognitive model proposed that ascribing extreme personal appraisals to changes in internal state is key to the development of the symptoms of bipolar disorder. The Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory (HAPPI) was developed to measure these appraisals. Aims: The aim of the current study was to validate an expanded 61-item version of the HAPPI. Method: In a largely female student sample (N = 134), principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the HAPPI. Associations between the HAPPI and analogue bipolar symptoms after 3 months were examined. Results: PCA of the HAPPI revealed six categories of belief: Self Activation, Self-and-Other Critical, Catastrophic, Extreme Appraisals of Social Approval, Appraisals of Extreme Agitation, and Loss of Control. The HAPPI predicted all analogue measures of hypomanic symptoms after 3 months when controlling for baseline symptoms. In a more stringent test incorporating other psychological measures, the HAPPI was independently associated only with activation (e.g. thoughts racing) at 3 months. Dependent dysfunctional attitudes predicted greater conflict (e.g. irritability), depression and reduced well-being, hypomanic personality predicted self-reported diagnostic bipolar symptoms, and behavioural dysregulation predicted depression. Conclusions: Extreme beliefs about internal states show a modest independent association with prospective analogue bipolar symptoms, alongside other psychological factors. Further work will be required to improve the factor structure of the HAPPI and study its validity in clinical samples.

Keywords

Bipolar spectrumcognitive appraisalsmood swings
Type
Research Article
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 38 , Issue 1 , January 2010 , pp. 15 - 33
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2009

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