Introduction
The Azure Jay Cyanocorax caeruleus is the most endangered of the South American species in the Cyanocorax genus, and is classified as ‘Near Threatened’ (BirdLife International 2008). Field observations have suggested that this species is undergoing a substantial decline in numbers, particularly in western areas of its range, where mixed rainforest (a type of southern temperate forest) occurs (Ridgely and Tudor Reference Ridgely and Tudor1989, Stotz et al. Reference Stotz, Fitzpatrick, Parker and Moskovits1996, BirdLife International 2000). The Azure Jay population decline is probably caused by the fragmentation and degradation of this forest type (Anjos Reference Anjos1991).
The conifer Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze is classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ (IUCN 2010) and comprises around 40% of the trees in mixed rainforest, with the result that the canopy is almost exclusively composed of this species (Schäffer and Prochnow Reference Schäffer and Prochnow2002). The seed of A. angustifolia is quite important for the Azure Jay, which feeds almost exclusively this resource during most of the autumn and winter in mixed rainforest (Anjos Reference Anjos1991, Anjos et al. Reference Anjos, Debus, Madge, Marzluff, Del Hoyo, Elliott and Christie2009). Besides severe fragmentation, mixed rainforest has been strongly degraded by human activities throughout its entire range, resulting in the almost complete suppression of the under- and mid-storeys, leaving only the canopy. Although A. angustifolia is protected by law, its seeds are extensively harvested for human consumption, with more than 3,000 tonnes being sold each year as an alternative income for poor families (Koch and Corrêa Reference Koch and Corrêa2002). The timber of A. angustifolia has been extensively exploited (Koch and Corrêa Reference Koch and Corrêa2002) and these two factors severely threaten this tree species. Only a few large natural areas of mixed rainforest remain, some of which are in nature reserves, but plantations of A. angustifolia are increasing (90,000 ha in the mid-1990s) thus reducing the pressure on this tree species if the ban on logging is effectively enforced (Backes Reference Backes, Fonseca, Souza, Leal-Zanchet, Dutra, Backes and Ganado2009).
We undertook field observations of several flocks of Azure Jay breeding in plantations of A. angustifolia and in a secondary forest in southern Brazil to determine whether the plantations that are improving the conservation status of A. angustifolia could also be an effective conservation tool for Azure Jay. The aim of this study was to estimate the territory and flock sizes of Azure Jay in both habitats. We monitored one active nest in Araucaria plantations. Reproduction of the Azure Jay is poorly known, with only a few nests having been found and observed (Anjos Reference Anjos1991, Bornschein et al. Reference Bornschein, Reinert and Boçon1996, Anjos et al. Reference Anjos, Debus, Madge, Marzluff, Del Hoyo, Elliott and Christie2009).
Methods
Study areas
We studied Azure Jays at two localities in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil (Figure 1A). Both localities are within the mixed rainforest (MF) zone, where the annual average temperature is 13–24 ºC, annual rainfall is 1,550 mm, and there is no dry season (Morellato et al. Reference Morellato, Talora, Takahasi, Bencke, Romera and Zipparro2000, Mendonça and Danni-Oliveira Reference Mendonça, Danni-Oliveira, Medri, Bianchini, Shibata and Pimenta2002). The first area is a reserve, the Floresta Nacional de Três Barras (FNTB; municipality of Três Barras; 26º13’S, 50º18’W; Figure 1B), under the protection of the Brazilian government, it covers 4,458 ha and is mostly (50%) occupied by old secondary forest. The remaining area of the FNTB is occupied by plantations of A. angustifolia (14%) and Pinus spp. (30%), besides other land use (6%). The area surrounding the FNTB is composed of disturbed areas (agriculture, pasture, and urban areas), but there is a young secondary forest used for military training in the south-eastern region. The second area is the Fazenda Thomazi (FTHO; municipality of Irineópolis, 26º19’S, 50º39’W; Figure 1C), located 37 km away from FNTB. The FTHO is a rural area 2,000 ha in size, which is composed of secondary forest used for livestock (20%), secondary forest not used for livestock (50%), and agriculture, mostly tobacco (30%).
Figure 1. Azure Jay recordings, indicated by numbers 1-6, in MF and protected Araucaria plantations in southern Brazil (A); the territories (white dotted line) studied in plantations of Araucaria angustifolia in the Floresta Nacional de Três Barras Reserve (B), and flocks studied in the secondary forest of Fazenda Thomazzi (C)
Field observations and data analysis
There were two types of field observations in the FNTB. In the first type (type 1), we searched for the Azure Jay in Araucaria plantations. We visited the study area each month (four consecutive days each month) during 2007. In the second type of observations (type 2), we mapped the territory of the observed birds and observed an active nest. This took a total of 36 days in the period September–November 2009. A total of 360 hours of field observations were undertaken in the FNTB, which began early in the morning each day. In the FTHO we only mapped the territories of the Azure Jay. In order to do this we visited the FTHO weekly (two days each week) in September–November 2010. We used binoculars (8×35) during the observations.
Transects were established in the FNTB and FTHO using the available roads and trails. During type 1 field observations in the FNTB we walked six transects of c.1 km in 1 h daily. Azure Jays were detectable up to 150 m on each side of the transects, which gave a sample area of c.180 ha. In type 2 observations in the FNTB, ten transects of c.1.5 km were walked each day at a speed of c.1 km h-1, with a similar range of detection, thus surveying an area of c.400 ha. In FTHO, nine transects were also walked at a similar speed, giving a sample area of about 240 ha. We plotted on a map each Azure Jay flock we encountered within the transects (Luginbuhl et al. Reference Luginbuhl, Marzluff, Bradley, Raphael and Varland2001). Based on these maps and taking into account the fact that American jays maintain an area of dominance around an active nest (see Anjos et al. Reference Anjos, Debus, Madge, Marzluff, Del Hoyo, Elliott and Christie2009) we estimated the extent of the jays’ territory using a minimum convex polygon (MCP; Mohr Reference Mohr1947, Odum and Kuenzler Reference Odum and Kuenzler1955), which consists of joining the outermost observation points for each bird with a straight line. The largest polygon obtained was taken as the territory size of the birds. Such a procedure was chosen due to its simplicity and wide use in ornithology (e.g. Jullien and Thiollay Reference Jullien and Thiollay1998, Wiktander et al. Reference Wiktander, Olson and Nilsson2001, Ribeiro et al. Reference Ribeiro, Goulart and Marini2002, Duca et al. Reference Duca, Guerra and Marini2006). We used linear regression (R Development Core Team 2009) to test the relationship between territory size and the number of individuals in the flocks. The names of the vocalisations mentioned in this study were based on a description of the vocal repertoire of the Azure Jay presented in Anjos and Vielliard (Reference Anjos and Vielliard1993). A copy of the tape is deposited in the British Library of Wildlife Sounds, UK, and in the Bioacoustic Archive of the Florida State Museum, USA.
Results
The Azure Jay was not recorded in the surveyed plantations of Araucaria from January to August 2007. This species was first recorded in the plantations of FNTB in September 2007, and then throughout all of the following months of the field observations.
Six flocks were mapped in Araucaria plantations in the FNTB in September–November 2009, four containing three individuals and two with two individuals. Territories of three flocks in the FNTB were covered only by Araucaria plantations, another two also included small areas of native secondary mixed rainforest (about 30% each) and the remaining included Araucaria plantations, native secondary mixed rainforest, and a small area (about 15%) of Pinus plantations. We estimated the territory size in the FNTB as 38 ha (31.6–42.2 ha; Figure 1B). In FTHO we mapped two flocks, one of five individuals and the other of six individuals; their territory sizes were estimated as 64.5 and 72.6 ha, respectively (Figure 1C). In both cases, the territories were predominantly composed of secondary forest, but with a high density of Araucaria trees. The density of Araucaria in all eight territories seemed to be similar. Regression analyses showed a significant relationship between territory size and the number of individuals (F 1,6 = 69,68; P < 0.001; r = 0.92; Figure 2).
Figure 2. Relationship between territory size and the number of individuals in Azure Jay flocks during the breeding station in mixed rainforest (MF), southern Brazil.
In the FNTB we found and monitored one active nest of the Azure Jay. Three birds were watched at the same place in the plantation for two days at the beginning of October 2009. They made the social call and the social alarm call when they saw the observer, and flew 80–100 m away. We found a nest on 4 October 2009 which was 60 m away from the transect, at a height of 18 m and placed 1 m below the top of a young A. angustifolia tree. Incubation started on 6 October and the incubation period lasted about 16 days. We observed the nestlings being fed on 22 October. We observed a second adult individual perched at the nest during 58% of the observed incubation time. These two birds stayed at the nest for 17 min (minimum) to 3 h (maximum). On three occasions it was clear that the individual at the nest had been replaced by the other. The bird that was incubating emitted a pair call to be fed by individuals of the flock. We observed a third individual working as a helper. This bird helped to feed both the bird that was incubating and the nestlings, besides performing sentinel activities.
Discussion
Mixed rainforest is now restricted to 3.2 million ha, about 12.6% of its original distribution, but only 98,121 ha are legally protected in reserves (Ribeiro et al. Reference Ribeiro, Metzger, Martensen, Ponzoni and Hirota2009). There are 72 reserves in the mixed rainforest zone, but only 56 are larger than 100 ha (Indrusiak and Monteiro Reference Indrusiak, Monteiro, Fonseca, Souza, Leal-Zanchet, Dutra, Backes and Ganado2009). There are nine reserves containing Araucaria plantations in southern Brazil and the Azure Jay was observed in Araucaria plantations in six of these (Table 1; Figure 1A). In one reserve (Floresta Nacional de Irati), Volpato et al. (Reference Volpato, Prado and Anjos2010) found that the abundance of the Azure Jay was higher in the Araucaria plantation than in primary mixed rainforest. In another reserve (Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo) N. Prestes (pers. comm. 2010) also recorded breeding of Azure Jays in Araucaria plantations.
Table 1. Reserves with Araucaria plantations in the mixed rainforest (MF), Southern Brazil where Azure Jay was recorded over the last decade.
* Indicates reserves where breeding was recorded; Numbers 1–6 refer to the locations in the MF illustrated in Figure 1.
Our nest observations suggest that, as with other Cyanocorax jays, Azure Jay is a cooperative breeder (Goodwin Reference Goodwin1976). Our nest was found in the FNTB in October and was built in a young A. angustifolia tree. The incubation period (about 16 days) was similar to the observations made by Anjos (Reference Anjos1991). In the present study, the nest was not collected but field observations did not show any differences from the descriptions of other Azure Jay nests (Anjos Reference Anjos1991, Bornschein et al. Reference Bornschein, Reinert and Boçon1996). For most members of the Cyanocorax genus, only the females are known to incubate, as with the Green Jay C. yncas (Alvarez Reference Alvarez1975) and the Tufted Jay C. dickeyi (Crossin Reference Crossin1967). For the Curl-crested Jay C. cristatelus, both males and females briefly replace each other during incubation (Amaral and Macedo Reference Amaral and Macedo2003). For both the Bushy-crested Jay C. melanocyaneus, and the Brown Jay Psilorhinus morio, two or more individuals were observed incubating the nestlings (Hardy Reference Hardy1976, Lawton and Lawton Reference Lawton and Lawton1985). Therefore, our observations suggest that the Azure Jay showed a similar behaviour to the Brown Jay and the Bushy-crested Jay, with two individuals incubating. The third bird helped to feed the incubating bird and the nestlings. The vocalisation emitted by the incubating bird before it was fed was the pair call; it was stimulated by the male or the helper. This type of vocalisation (pair call) was also recorded in Curl-crested Jay (Amaral and Macedo Reference Amaral and Macedo2003), Tufted Jay (Moore Reference Moore1938) and Brown Jay (Lawton and Lawton Reference Lawton and Lawton1985). When the helper was not feeding the incubating bird, it worked as a sentinel.
A flock of three individuals of the Azure Jay was observed for almost one year living in a 9 ha patch of primitive mixed rainforest in a region called “Campos Gerais”, southern Brazil (Anjos Reference Anjos1991). This region is composed of grassland with small natural patches of MF (a picture of this landscape is found in Anjos and Boçon Reference Anjos and Boçon1999), indicating that a flock of three Jays could survive in an isolated patch of primary mixed rainforest for one year. Thus, the territory size estimated in the present study for this species in plantations and secondary forest seems to be larger than in primary forest. This difference could be attributed to the potentially lower food availability in the modified areas (plantations and secondary forest), which are structurally less diverse than primary mixed rainforest. The Azure Jay is an omnivorous bird that feeds mainly on seeds of A. angustifolia during autumn and winter, consuming arthropods and fruit during spring and summer (Anjos Reference Anjos1991). It is possible that the larger territory found for this species is a way of compensating for the poor food supply. Food items other than seeds may be rare in Araucaria plantations. However, our observations in both the FNTB and FTHO suggest that this species has a high dependence on areas with a higher density of the conifer A. angustifolia.
In the present study, carried out in disturbed areas, we found a significant positive relationship between territory size and the number of individuals in a flock. Supposedly, larger territories are needed for larger flocks, as found in the Florida Scrub Jay Aphelocoma caerulescens (Woolfenden and Fitzpatrick Reference Woolfenden and Fitzpatrick1984). The fact that the number of individuals per flock was lower in plantations than in secondary forest may be due to recent colonisation; in fact, up until September 2007, the Azure Jay was not recorded in the plantations studied. Five individuals were recorded in one active nest found in the “Campos Gerais” region, although the size of the territory was not documented (Anjos Reference Anjos1995).
The fact that reproduction was recorded in Araucaria plantations may be a positive factor for the conservation of this species, since the areas of MF are becoming increasingly scarce. Another potential effect may be also positive. In the saturated habitat where the Florida Scrub Jay lives in North America, the number of helpers in flocks tends to increase, due to the absence of new opportunities for territories (see Woolfenden and Fitzpatrick Reference Woolfenden and Fitzpatrick1984). FTHO may be considered saturated, since two flocks were found in 240 ha, whereas the larger areas of Araucaria plantations may represent new territory opportunities for the species. Such an effect may decrease the number of helpers living in flocks in Araucaria plantations, and then increase the number of offspring per area; in plantations, five flocks were found in about 350 ha. Therefore, Araucaria plantations could be considered a conservation tool for the Azure Jay.
Acknowledgements
We thank A. Battisti, R. Kurchewski, E. Kurchewski, A. Marques and A. Reis of the staff of Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) of the Floresta Nacional de Três Barras reserves, who gave permission and provided support for the field work. We thank J. M. Marzluff, who provided helpful reviews and suggestions that substantially improved the first version of the manuscript; we thank P. Atkinson and the anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions that improved the last version of the manuscript. The first author received a research grant from CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel, DS) and the second a research grant from CNPq (Brazilian Council for Development of Science and Technology, 305593/07-3).
