Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-wxhwt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T02:26:02.393Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Whatever happened to the Agri Decumates?*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2011

J. G. F. Hind
Affiliation:
School of History, The University of Leeds

Extract

Tacitus is the only ancient writer to give any information about the Agri Decumates, or indeed even to mention them. Thus, all that we know of them is confined to the period c.a.d. 70-98. In the Germania, dated firmly to the latter year, Tacitus tells us that the occupants of the Decumates agri could hardly count as Germans. They were rather immigrants of fairly recent origin drawn from the least substantial groups among the Gauls, who, through want, had taken up possession of this risky territory. More recently, however, a defensive line had been drawn, garrisons sent in and the area had become a pocket of imperial security and a part of the province (of Upper Germany).

Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 15 , November 1984 , pp. 187 - 192
Copyright
Copyright © J. G. F. Hind 1984. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Cornelii Taciti de Origine et Situ Germanorum (ed. Anderson, J. G. C., 1938) chapter 29, pp. 148–9; Mattingly, H., Tacitus on Britain and Germany, Ch. 29; Much, R., Die Germanien des Tacitus (ed. Jahnkuhn, & Lange, , 1967), 370 ff.Google Scholar; Piganiol, A., ‘Les Gaulois au Württemberg (Tacite, Germania 29),’ Bulletin G. Budé, N.S.i (1946), 230 ff.Google Scholar; Pflaum, H. G., ‘Du nouveau sur les agri decumates a la lumiere de CIL X 3872’, Bonner Jahrbücher clxiii (1963), 224 ff.Google Scholar

2 Caesar, , Bell. Gall. i. 28. 40Google Scholar; vi. 24. 1. Ptolemy, , Geographia ii. 11. 7Google Scholar. Athenaeus, , Deipnosophistae vi. 233 dGoogle Scholar; Anderson, , op. cit. (note 1), 141. According to Caesar the Helvetii, who were, by then, settled on the west side of the Rhine, were divided into four pagiGoogle Scholar. Caesar, , Bell-Gall, i. 12.Google Scholar

3 Much, R., op. cit. (note 1), 374. It may be that the events which led up to the Gallic revolt of a.d. 21 and then followed upon its suppression, had something to do with the filling up of the Agri Decumates with poor and rootless Gauls. Tacitus mentions magnitudo aeris alieni, egestas and gravitas faenoris, Tacitus, Annals iii. 40.Google Scholar

4 Anderson, J. G. C., op. cit. (note 1), 149.Google Scholar

5 Cicero, , Verrines 2, 3. 6. 13.Google Scholar

6 Hesselmeyr, E., Klio xix (1925), 253 ff.Google Scholar; Hertlein, F., Klio xxi (1926), 2043Google Scholar; Hesselmeyr, , Klio xx (1926), 344 ff.Google Scholar; Rau, R., Germania xii (1928), 143 ff.Google Scholar; Hesselmeyr, , Klio xxiv (1930), 1 ff.; xxxi (1938), 92 ff.Google Scholar; Rau, R., Württemberger Vierteljahrschrift für Landesgeschichte xxxvii (1932), 51 ff.Google Scholar; Schnetz, J., Zeitschrift fur Namen-forschung xiv (1938), 227 ff.Google Scholar; Norden, E., Alt-Germanien (1934), ch. iii. 147–90Google Scholar; Schnetz, , Zeitschrift fur Namen- forschung xvi (1940), 121 ff.; 130 ff.Google Scholar; Kaspers, W., Hermes lxxvi (1941), 315 ff.Google Scholar; Schnetz, , Z.für Namenforschung xviii (1942), 14 ff.Google Scholar; Gutenbrunner, S., Klio xxxiv (1942), 357 ff.Google Scholar; Hesselmeyr, E., Klio xxxvi (1944), 175 ff.Google Scholar

7 Dekr leine Pauly sv. Dekumates agri.

8 Schiffman, K., Ph.W. (1939), 622–4Google Scholar, see also Schnetz, J., Zeitschrift fur Namenforschung xi (1935), 209–18; xiv (1938), 227-33. Karl Magirus suggested that the phrase might refer to the area behind the limes, much as a porta decumana in a Roman fort might be named, as well as a hypothetical vallum decumanumGoogle Scholar, Magirus, Karl, ‘Was heisst decumates agri?’ (Ulm, 1927).Google Scholar

9 Norden, E., op. cit. (note 6), 181–7. See the opinion of Joshua Whatmough, ‘The meaning of decumates, as Norden has shown, is most likely ‘ten-fold’ rather than ‘tenth’ (Old Irish dechmad) and the term comparable with Decempagi, Novempopuli, Quinquegentanei and the like;’Google ScholarWhatmough, J., The Dialects of Ancient Gaul (1970), 1154–6Google Scholar. The definition given in the new Oxford Latin Dictionary, Fasc. II (1969), 494 is in the same sense sv. decumatesGoogle Scholar – ‘land divided up into groups of ten districts, communes or the like.’ See also Jullian, C., Histoire de la Gaule (Paris, 19201926), iv. 462Google Scholar; Grenier, A. in Frank, T. (ed.), An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome iii (1937). 535Google Scholar; Syme, R., CAH xi (1939), 181Google Scholar; Staehlin, F., Die Schweiz in romischer Zeit (1948), 237Google Scholar; Baatz, D., Germania Romana iii (1970), 95 ff.Google Scholar

10 Quinquegentanei, ILS 645, 1194; Novem Populi, ILS 6961; Decem pagi, Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae xvi 2. 9.

11 Petuaria, Ptolemy, Geographia ii. 3. 10. = Praetorio, Itinerarium Antonini Augusti (edd. Parthey and Pinder, 1848) 464. I; 464. 4; = Decuaria, Richmond, I. A. and Crawford, O. G. S., ‘The British Sections of the Ravenna Cosmography’, Archaeologia xciii (1949), 31 (note by Ifor Williams). In Gaul there are the Petrucorii, divided into four cantons, and later the four archdeaconries.Google Scholar

12 Tacitus, , Germania 6, 39Google Scholar; Marcellinus, Ammianus, Res Gestae xv. 4. 1; xxi. 3. 1; xxviii, 5. 15; xxix. 4. 7; xxx. 3. 1.Google Scholar

13 Miller, K., Die Peutingersche Tafel (Stuttgart, 1962); Itinerahum Antonini…. 240 p. III.Google Scholar

14 Tacitus, , Germania 28. 4.Google Scholar

15 Amm. Marc, xvi 2. 9.

16 Amm. Marc. xvi. 2. 12.

17 Diaconus, Paulus, Gesta Episc. Mettensium, Monumenta Germaniae Historica II 262.Google Scholar

18 For Alamanni overrunning the Agri Decumates in 259/60 and perhaps again in 275/6 see CAH xii, 156, 8, 308Google Scholar; Schonberger, H., JRS lix (1969), 176–7Google Scholar; Demougeot, E., La Formation de I'Europe et les Invasions Barbares Vol. I (1969), 151, 165, 168–9, 246, 250, 491Google Scholar; Kellner, H.-J., Die Romer in Bayern (1971), 146–55Google Scholar; Elbe, Joachim von, Roman Germany (1975), 245, 335, 367Google Scholar; Filtzinger, Planck and Cammerer, , Die Romer in Baden-Wiirttemberg (1976), 49, 55, 93–5Google Scholar; Blois, Lukas de, The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus (1976), 5, 28Google Scholar; Günther, Rigobert and Kopstein, Helga, Die Romer am Rhein und Donau (1978), 49, n. 5; 81 ff.Google Scholar

19 S. H. A., Probus, 13. 78; 14Google Scholar; Schönberger, H., JRS lix (1969), 177–8.Google Scholar

20 Paneg. Latini (ed. Galletier, E. 1952) iv. (8) 10.Google Scholar

21 Verona List in Seeck, O., Notitia Dignitatum 253.Google Scholar

22 Beyond the Rhine the civitas Taunensium in the Taunus mountain range an d the civitas Mattiacorum of Mattiacum (Wiesbaden) are attested epigraphically at Nida-Heddernheim. The civitas Ulpia of the Suebi Nicretes was centred at Ladenburg (Lopodunum), being mentioned on milestones from Ladenburg and Heidel- berg. The ager Mattiacus is referred to by Tacitus, , Annals xi, 20.Google Scholar

23 Higher up the R. Neckar in the Black Forest were probably some portions of the agri Decumates, an ager Sumelocennensis, a chora Sumelocennensis et translimitana under a procurator, a saltus Sumelocennensis and, later, a civitas Sumelocennensis – CIL xiii 6375; IGR iii. 70; CIL xiii 6669. Also found, further east in the Schwa- bian Alb, are dedications to Abnoba and Diana Abnoba, perhaps dedicated by further pagani in the area.

24 Percival, J., The Roman Villa (1976), 46, 85–6.Google Scholar

25 CAHxii 301, 310-11. Condurachi, E. and Daicoviciu, C., Romania, Archaeologia Mundi (1971), 18, 182Google Scholar; Berciu, D., Daco-Romania (1978), 74–5Google Scholar; Mackendrick, P., The Dacian Stones Speak (1975), 116, 143Google Scholar; Gudea, N., ‘The Defensive System of Roman Dacia’, Britannia x (1979), 66. The most modern opinion seems to date the evacuation of Dacia, incomplete as it was, to between c. a.d. 270 and 275.Google Scholar

26 Festus, , Breviarium (ed. Eadie, J. W.), 8.Google Scholar

27 Eutropius, , Breviarium ix. 8.Google Scholar

28 Eutropius, , Breviarium ix. 15.Google Scholar

29 Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Divus Aurelianus 39. 3–9.

30 Condurachi, and Daicoviciu, , op. cit. (note 25), 182.Google Scholar

31 Marcellinus, Ammianus, Res Gestae xxx. 2. 8; Orosius, i. 2. 53.Google Scholar

32 Marcellinus, Ammianus, Res Gestae xx. 4. 1; xxx. 3.1.Google Scholar