Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T17:29:42.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Musics of ‘The Other’: Creating musical identities and overcoming cultural boundaries in Australian music education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 February 2015

Melissa Cain*
Affiliation:
Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University, 140 Grey Street, South Bank, PO Box 3428, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australiam.cain@griffith.edu.au, m.cain@uq.edu.au

Abstract

The binary opposition between ‘own music’ and ‘other's music’ is the ‘result of deep conditioning’ (Drummond, 2010, p. 118) and is almost impossible to overcome.

By exploring the underlying constructs that influence students’ and teachers’ perceptions of minority cultures and their musics, this paper explores the notion of ‘the other’ in Australian music education. In particular, how the many factors which play a role in cultural identity serve to both promote and prevent musical understanding and appreciation. An examination of Australian multicultural policy and music curriculum documents in the state of Queensland provides a foundation for the discussion of data obtained from interviews with teachers from state and private primary schools in the capital Brisbane. The results reveal that while music educators are generally inquisitive about incorporating musics of ‘other’ cultures into their lessons, they are less comfortable with crossing cultural boundaries, and do not wish to threaten the position of Australia's own musical culture – ultimately highlighting a disconnect between policy, rhetoric and practice in the area of culturally diverse music education in classrooms today.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ACARA AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM, ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING AUTHORITY: THE ARTS (2013) Retrieved 17 June 2014, from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/TheArts/Curriculum/F-10.Google Scholar
ALKOOT, H. (2009) Undergraduates’ familiarity with and preference for Arabic music in comparison with other world music (Doctoral dissertation). Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.Google Scholar
ALLSUP, R. E. (2003) Transformational education and critical music pedagogy: examining the link between culture and learning. Music Education Research, 5, 512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (2013) Census of Population and Housing. Diversity Statistics – Queensland. Retrieved 2 January 2013 from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument.Google Scholar
AUSTRALIAN MULTICULTURAL ADVISORY COUNCIL (2010) The people of Australia. Statement on cultural diversity. Retrieved 2 May 2010 from http://www.immi.gov.au/about/stakeholder-engagement/national/advisory/amac/.Google Scholar
BIERNOFF, L. & BLOM, D. (2002) Non-western ensembles: crossing boundaries and creating interstices in cross-cultural educational contexts. Research Studies in Music Education, 19, 2231.Google Scholar
BOSTON UNIVERSITY (2007) Tanglewood II charting the future. Retrieved 3 March 2009 from http://www.bu.edu/tanglewoodtwo/declaration/declaration.html#declaration9.Google Scholar
BRITTIN, R. V. (1996) Listeners’ preference for music of other cultures: comparing response modes. Journal of Research in Music Education, 44, 328340.Google Scholar
BURNARD, P., DILLON, S., RUSINEK, G. & SÆTHER, E. (2008) Inclusive pedagogies in music education: a comparative study of music teachers’ perspectives from four countries. International Journal of Music Education, 26, 109126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAIN, M. (2005) Dabbling or deepening – where to begin? Global music in International school elementary education. In Campbell, P.et al. (Eds.), Cultural diversity in music education. Directions and challenges for the 21st century (pp. 103112). Brisbane: Australian Academic Press.Google Scholar
CAIN, M. (2010) Singapore International Schools: best practice in culturally diverse music education. British Journal of Music Education, 27, 111125.Google Scholar
CAIN, M. (2011) Philosophy, policy, practice. Visions and realities of cultural diversity in selected primary music classrooms in Brisbane and Singapore (Doctoral dissertation). Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
CAIN, M., LINDBLOM, S. & WALDEN, J. (2013) Initiate, create, activate. Practical solutions for making culturally diverse music education a reality. Australian Journal of Music Education, 2, 7997.Google Scholar
CAMPBELL, P. S. (2000) Music teaching in the new millennium. Music in the twenty-first century: embracing the wide world of musical cultures. American Music Teacher, 49, 5253.Google Scholar
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE ARTS (2003) Multicultural Australia: United in Diversity. Updating the 1999 New Agenda for Multicultural Australia: Strategic Directions for 2003–2006. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
DRUMMOND, J. (2010) Re-thinking Western art music: a perspective shift for music educators. International Journal of Music Education, 28, 117126.Google Scholar
EDGAR, D., EARLE, L. & FOPP, R. (1993) Introduction to Australian Society. Sydney: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
ELLIOT, D. J. (1990) Music as culture: toward a multicultural concept of arts education. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 24, 147166.Google Scholar
ETHNIC AFFAIRS COMMISSION (1995) NSW charter of principles for a culturally diverse society. Ashfield, NSW: Ethnic Affairs Commission.Google Scholar
FOCK, E. (1997) Music – intercultural communication. Micro musics, world music and the multicultural discourse. Nordicom Information, 4, 5565.Google Scholar
GIROUX, H. A. (1988) Postmodernism and the discourse of educational criticism. Journal of Education, 170, 528.Google Scholar
GRACYK, T. (2004) Does everyone have a musical identity? Reflections on musical identities. Action, Criticism, and Theory for Music Education, 3 (1). Retrieved 4 October 2007 from http://act.maydaygroup.org/articles/Gracyk3_1.pdf.Google Scholar
GREEN, L. (2001) Music in society and education. In Philpot, C. & Plummeridge, C. (Eds), Issues in Music Teaching (pp. 4760). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
GREEN, L. (2003) Why ‘ideology’ is still relevant for critical thinking in music education. Action, Criticism & Theory for Music Education, 2 (2). Retrieved 1 December 2008 from http://act.maydaygroup.org/articles/Green2_2.pdf.Google Scholar
GREEN, L. (2006) Popular music education in and for itself, and for ‘other’ music: current research in the classroom. International Journal of Music Education, 24, 101118.Google Scholar
HARRISON, S. D. (2005) Who’ll come a Waltzing Matilda: the search for identity in Australian music education. In Campbell, P. (Ed.), Cultural Diversity In Music Education: Directions and Challenges for the 21st Century (pp. 113122). Brisbane: Australian Academic Press.Google Scholar
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR MUSIC EDUCATION (2010) Musics of the World‘S Cultures Revisited. Policy document.Google Scholar
KELLY, S. N. & WEELDEN, K. V. (2004) Connecting meaningful music and experiences in a multicultural, multimusical classroom. Music Educators Journal, 90, 3539.Google Scholar
KUSHNER, S. (1991) Musicians go to school: a case of knowledge, control, and cross- professional action. American Educational Research Journal, 28, 275296.Google Scholar
LEMMER, E. & SQUELCH, J. (1993) Multicultural Education: A Teachers’ Manual. Pretoria: Southern Book.Google Scholar
MCCARTHY, M. (1998) Multiculturalism begins at home. Canadian Music Educator, 39, 17.Google Scholar
MCCARTHY, M. (2010) Ireland: curriculum development in troubled times. In Cox, G. & Stevens, R. (Eds), The Origins and Foundations of Music Education. Cross Cultural Historical Studies of Music in Compulsory Schooling (pp. 6175). London: Continuum Publishing.Google Scholar
NETHSINGHE, R. (2012a) A snapshot: multicultural music teaching in Victoria, Australia, portrayed by school teachers. Australian Journal of Music Education, 1, 5770.Google Scholar
NETHSINGHE, R. (2012b) Finding balance in a mix of culture: appreciation of diversity through multicultural music education. International Journal of Music Education, 30, 382396.Google Scholar
O'TOOLE, P. (2005) Why don't I feel included in these musics or matters? In Elliot, D. J. (Ed.), Praxial Music Education: Reflections and Dialogues (pp. 297307). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
QUEENSLAND CURRICULUM, ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING FRAMEWORK (2007) Scope and Sequence Years 1–9. Brisbane, Queensland.Google Scholar
QUEENSLAND CURRICULUM, ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING FRAMEWORK (2008) The Arts Essential Learnings by the End of Year 7. Brisbane, Queensland.Google Scholar
RAJAN, G. & MOHANRAM, R. (1995) Postcolonial Discourse and Changing Cultural Contexts: Theory and Criticism. London: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
ROYLANCE, P. (1995) Transgressing the official: a critique of the affiliations between musical representations of culture and curriculum. Research Studies in Music Education, 4, 3948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SÆTHER, E. (2008) When minorities are the majority: voices from teacher/researcher project in a multicultural school in Sweden. Research Studies in Music Education, 30, 2542.Google Scholar
SCHIPPERS, H. (1996) Teaching world music in the Netherlands: towards a model for cultural diversity in music education. International Journal of Music Education, 27, 1623.Google Scholar
SCHIPPERS, H. (2004) Blame it on the Germans! – A cross-cultural invitation to revisit the foundations of training professional musicians. In Musumeci, O. (Ed.), Preparing Musicians: Making New Sound Worlds (pp. 199208). Barcelona: ISME.Google Scholar
SCHIPPERS, H. (2006) What do you mean world music? A brief conceptual history of cultural diversity for music educators. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
SCHIPPERS, H. (2010) Facing the Music. Shaping Music Education from a Global Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
SCHIPPERS, H. & CAIN, M. (2010) A tale of three cities. Dreams and realities of cultural diversity in music education. In Ballantyne, J. & Bartleet, B.-L. (Eds), Navigating Music and Sound Education (pp. 161174). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
SKELTON, K. (2004) Should we study music and/or culture? Music Education Research, 6, 169177.Google Scholar
SOUTHCOTT, J. & JOSEPH, D. (2007) From empire to filmi: a fusion of western and Indian cultural practices in Australian music education. International Journal of Music Education, 25, 235243.Google Scholar
SZEGO, C. K. (2002) Music transmission and learning: a conspectus of ethnographic research in ethnomusicology and music education. In Colwell, R. C. & Richardson, C. (Eds), New Handbook of Research in Music Teaching and Learning (pp. 707729). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
SZEGO, C. K. (2005) Praxial foundations of multicultural music education. In Elliot, D. J. (Ed.), Praxial Music Education: Reflections and Dialogues (pp. 196218). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
THOMPSON, K. (1998) World music in the school curriculum (Bachelor of Education thesis). Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.Google Scholar
THOMPSON, K. (2002) A critical discourse analysis of world music as the ‘other’ in education. Research Studies in Music Education, 19, 1421.Google Scholar
TITON, J. T. (Ed.). (1992) Worlds of Music. An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples. New York, NY: Schirmer Books.Google Scholar
VOLK, T. (2002) Multiculturalism: dynamic creativity for music education. In Reimer, B. (Ed.), World Musics and Music Education. Facing the Issues (pp. 1530). Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference.Google Scholar
WESTERLUND, H. (2002) Bridging Experience, Action and Culture in Music Education (Doctoral dissertation). Sibelius Academy, Helsinki, Finland.Google Scholar
WOODFORD, P. (2001) Music, reason, democracy and the construction of gender. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 35, 7386.Google Scholar
WOODFORD, P. (2005) Democracy and Music Education: Liberalism, Ethics, and the Politics of Practice. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar