Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T11:13:43.308Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R′-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R′-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Dietmar E. Breithaupt ,
Philipp Weller ,
Maike Wolters  and
Andreas Hahn
Dietmar E. Breithaupt*
Affiliation:
Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
Philipp Weller
Affiliation:
Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
Maike Wolters
Affiliation:
Institute of Food Science, University of Hannover, Wunstorfer Strasse 14, 30453, Hannover, Germany
Andreas Hahn
Affiliation:
Institute of Food Science, University of Hannover, Wunstorfer Strasse 14, 30453, Hannover, Germany
*
*Corresponding author: Dr D. E. Breithaupt, fax +49 711 4594096, email breithau@uni-hohenheim.de
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common eye diseases of elderly individuals. It has been suggested that lutein and zeaxanthin may reduce the risk for AMD. Information concerning the absorption of non-esterified or esterified zeaxanthin is rather scarce. Furthermore, the formation pathway of meso (3R,3′S)-zeaxanthin, which does not occur in plants but is found in the macula, has not yet been identified. Thus, the present study was designed to assess the concentration of 3R,3R′-zeaxanthin reached in plasma after the consumption of a single dose of native 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin palmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) or non-esterified 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin in equal amounts. In a randomised, single-blind cross-over study, twelve volunteers were administered non-esterified or esterified 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin (5 mg) suspended in yoghurt together with a balanced breakfast. Between the two intervention days, a 3-week depletion period was inserted. After fasting overnight, blood was collected before the dose (0 h), and at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after the dose. The concentration of non-esterified 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin was determined by chiral HPLC. For the first time, chiral liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-MS was used to confirm the appearance of 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin in pooled plasma samples. Independent of the consumed diet, plasma 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin concentrations increased significantly (P=0·05) and peaked after 9–24 h. Although the concentration curves were not distinguishable, the respective areas under the curve were distinguishable according to a two-sided F and t test (P=0·05). Thus, the study indicates an enhanced bioavailability of 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin dipalmitate compared with the non-esterified form. The formation of meso-zeaxanthin was not observed during the time period studied.

Keywords

3R,3′R-zeaxanthinZeaxanthin estersPlasma carotenoid responseChiral analysisLiquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 91 , Issue 5 , May 2004 , pp. 707 - 713
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2004

References

Barua, AB (1999) Intestinal absorption of epoxy-β-carotenes by humans. Biochem J 339, 359–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barua, AB (2001) Improved normal-phase and reversed-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography procedures for the analysis of retinoids and carotenoids in human serum, plant and animal tissues. J Chromatogr 936A, 71–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, PS, Khachik, F, Carvalho, LS, Muir, GJ, Zhao, DY & Katz, NB (2001) Identification and quantitation of carotenoids and their metabolites in the tissues of the human eye. Exp Eye Res 72, 215–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Böhm, V & Bitsch, R (1999) Intestinal absorption of lycopene from different matrices and interactions to other carotenoids, the lipid status and the antioxidant capacity of human plasma. Eur J Nutr 38, 118–125.Google ScholarPubMed
Bone, RA, Landrum, JT, Hime, GW, Cains, A & Zamor, J (1993) Stereochemistry of the human macular carotenoids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34, 2033–2040.Google ScholarPubMed
Bowen, PE, Herbst-Espinosa, SM, Hussain, EA & Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M (2002) Esterification does not impair lutein bioavailability in humans. J Nutr 132, 3668–3673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breithaupt, DE & Bamedi, A (2001) Carotenoid esters in vegetables and fruits: a screening with emphasis on β-cryptoxanthin esters. J Agric Food Chem 49, 2064–2070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breithaupt, DE & Schwack, W (2000) Determination of free and bound carotenoids in paprika ( Capsicum annuum L) by LC/MS. Eur Food Res Technol 211, 52–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breithaupt, DE, Weller, P, Wolters, M & Hahn, A (2003) Plasma response to a single dose of dietary β-cryptoxanthin esters from papaya ( Carica papaya L) or non-esterified β-cryptoxanthin in adult human subjects: a comparative study. Br J Nutr 90, 795–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grobusch-Klipstein, K, Launer, LJ, Geleijnse, JM, Boeing, H, Hofman, A & Witteman, JCM (2000) Serum carotenoids and atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam study. Atherosclerosis 148, 49–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, P, Brubacher, D, Moser, U, Stähelin, HB & Gey, KF (1995) Vitamin E and vitamin A concentrations in plasma adjusted for cholesterol and triacylglycerides by multiple regression. Clin Chem 41, 924–927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khachik, F, Beecher, GR, Mudlagiri, BG, Lusby, WR, Smith, JC Jr (1992) Separation and identification of carotenoids and their oxidation products in the extracts of human plasma. Anal Chem 64, 2111–2122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khachik, F, de Moura, FF, Zhao, DY, Aebischer, CP & Bernstein, PS (2002) Transformations of selected carotenoids in plasma, liver, and ocular tissues of humans and in nonprimate animal models. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43, 3383–3392.Google ScholarPubMed
Khachik, F, Spangler, CJ, Smith, JC Jr (1997) Identification, quantification, and relative concentrations of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum. Anal Chem 69, 1873–1881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, KW & But, P (1999) The content of zeaxanthin in Gou Qi Zi, a potential health benefit to improve visual acuity. Food Chem 67, 173–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landrum, JT & Bone, RA (2001) Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch Biochem Biophys 1, 28–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leung, IYF, Tso, MOM, Li, WWY & Lam, TT (2001) Absorption and tissue distribution of zeaxanthin and lutein in rhesus monkeys after taking fructus lycii (Gou Qi Zi) extract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42, 466–471.Google ScholarPubMed
Maoka, T, Arai, A, Shimizu, M & Matsuno, T (1986) The first isolation of the enantiomeric and meso-zeaxanthin in nature. Comp Biochem Physiol 83B, 121–124.Google Scholar
Mares-Perlman, JA, Millen, AE, Ficek, TL & Hankinson, SE (2002) The body of evidence to support a protective role for lutein and zeaxanthin in delaying chronic disease. Overview. J Nutr 132, 518S–524S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murkovic, M, Gams, K, Draxl, S & Pfannhauser, W (2000) Development of an Austrian carotenoid database. J Food Comp Anal 13, 435–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, JA (1994) Absorption, transport, and metabolism of carotenoids in humans. Pure Appl Chem 66, 1011–1016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez-Gálvez, A, Martin, HD, Sies, H & Stahl, W (2003) Incorporation of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin into human chylomicrons. Br J Nutr 89, 787–793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sommerburg, O, Keunen, JEE, Bird, AC, Van Kuijk, FJGM (1998) Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 82, 907–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weller, P & Breithaupt, DE (2003) Identification and quantification of zeaxanthin esters in plants using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 51, 7044–7049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wingerath, T, Stahl, W & Sies, H (1995) β-Cryptoxanthin selectively increases in human chylomicrons upon ingestion of tangerine concentrate rich in β-cryptoxanthin esters. Arch Biochem Biophys 324, 385–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yao, L, Liang, Y, Trahanovsky, WS, Serfass, RE & White, WS (2000) Use of a 13C tracer to quantify the plasma appearance of a physiological dose of lutein in humans. Lipids 35, 339–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhou, L, Leung, I, Tso, MOM & Lam, KW (1999) The identification of dipalmityl zeaxanthin as the major carotenoid in Gou Qi Zi by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Ocul Pharmacol 15, 557–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed