Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T08:47:17.288Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The distribution of the tsetse flies Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G. palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in The Gambia and the application of survey results to tsetse and trypanosomiasis control

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

P. Rawlings ,
M.L. Ceesay ,
T.J. Wacher  and
W.F. Snow
P. Rawlings*
Affiliation:
International Trypanotolerance Centre, Banjul, The Gambia
M.L. Ceesay
Affiliation:
International Trypanotolerance Centre, Banjul, The Gambia
T.J. Wacher
Affiliation:
International Trypanotolerance Centre, Banjul, The Gambia
W.F. Snow
Affiliation:
International Trypanotolerance Centre, Banjul, The Gambia
*
P. Rawlings, Institute for Animal Health Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A country-wide survey of the distribution of tsetse flies Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and G. palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank was carried out in The Gambia, during 1989–1990, using box traps at 1654 sites over an area of 10,000 km2 The general distribution of tsetse had changed little during the last 45 years. G. m. submorsitans was present in dry, canopied woodland throughout most of the country, but was absent from an area south of the River Gambia stretching from the coast to some 100 km inland. G. p. gambiensis occurred in evergreen forest and woodland near the coast, and in riparian habitats along the length of the River Gambia and its major tributaries. Nowhere in the country was more than 20 km from tsetse-infested areas. Five major foci of G. m. submorsitans infestation were identified. Demographic, climatic and environmental factors affect tsetse populations in The Gambia, but it is expected that these foci of infestation will persist for at least the next 5–10 years. The numbers of tsetse trapped, expressed as relative densities, were used to assess the extent and severity of losses from trypanosomiasis to different categories of livestock. Survey results such as these could be used to assess whether control measures to reduce tsetse challenge are likely to be economically viable by using techniques such as insecticide-impregnated targets, pour-ons or chemotherapy.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 83 , Issue 4 , December 1993 , pp. 625 - 632
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agyemang, K., Dwinger, R.H., Jeannin, P., Leperre, P., Grieve, A.S., Bah, M.L. & Little, D.A. (1990) Biological and economic impacts of trypanosome infections on milk production in N'Dama cattle managed under village conditions in The Gambia. Animal Production 50, 383–389.Google Scholar
Agyemang, K., Dwinger, R.H., Little, D.A., Leperre, P. & Grieve, A.S. (1992) Interactions between physiological status of N'Dama cows and trypanosome infections and its effects on health and productivity of cattle in The Gambia. Acta Tropica 50, 91–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J.C. (1991) Cost analysis of odour-baited targets for tsetse control in Zimbabwe. Proceedings of the 20th meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control,Moinbasa, Kenya,April 1989 pp. 456–465.Google Scholar
Bauer, B., Kabore, I., Kourouma, B., Meyer, F., Petrich-Bauer, J., Some, J. & Tamboura, I. (1991) The use of Flumetrin pour-on-simultaneous control of tsetse flies and ticks on cattle in Satin, Burkina Faso. Proceedings of the 20th meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control,Mombasa, Kenya,April 1989 pp. 448–449.Google Scholar
Bouet, G. (1916) Contribution à l'étude des zones à glossines du Sénégal (Région du chemin de fer de Thiès à Kayes). Bulletin de la Société de Pathologic Exotique 9, 802–813.Google Scholar
Campbell, R.W.H. (1950) Trypanosomiasis and tsetse in The Gambia. including recommendations for tsetse control and auxiliary development in part of the Upper River. 51 pp. Bathurst, Government of The Gambia Printer.Google Scholar
Diaté, A. (1989) Glossines et trypanosomes animales. In Elevage et potentialités pastorales sahéliennes Synthèses cartographiques, Sénégal. 19 pp. Dakar/Paris, CTA/IEMVT.Google Scholar
Dransfield, R.D., Brightwell, R., Kyorku, C. & Williams, B. (1990) Control of tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) populations using traps at Nguruman, south-west Kenya. Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, 265–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flint, S. (1985) A comparison of various traps for Glossina spp. (Glossinidae) and other Diptera. Bulletin of Entomological Research 75, 529–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, C.H. & Flint, S. (1986) An analysis of colour effects on the performance of the F2 trap against Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, 409–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, M.P. (1953a) The epidemiology of human trypanosomiasis in British West Africa. I. The Gambia with special reference to Upper River Division. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 47, 156–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchinson, M.P. (1953b) The epidemiology of human trypanosomiasis in British West Africa. II. The Gambia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 47, 169–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laveissière, C. & Touré, S.M. (1982) Sénégal: carte de répartition des glossines and Notice explicative No. 93: la répartition des glossines au Sénégal, carte a 1·2,000,000. 24 pp. + I map. Paris, ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. & Grébaut, P. (1987) Récherches sur les pièges a glossines (Diptera: Glossinidae). Mise au point d'un modele economique: le piège ‘Vavoua’. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 41, 185–192.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C., Couret, D. & Grébaut, P. (1987) Récherches sur les écrans pour la lutte contre les glossines en région forestière de Côte D'Ivoire. Mise au point d'un nouvel écran. Cahiers ORSTOM Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 25, 145–164.Google Scholar
Mann, R.D. (1975) The Gambia: land and vegetation degradation survey: the need for land reclamation by comprehensive ecological methods. 25 pp. Unpublished report. Gambian Department of Agriculture C/GAM/LRP/75.Google Scholar
Muller, A. (1983) Land use mapping in The Gambia 1981–83. GTZ Technical Bulletin No. 10. cited by Forester, H (1986) Evaluation of the National Forest Inventory in The Gambia. DFS Forest Inventory Service Ltd for Germany Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Ltd.Google Scholar
Nash, T.A.M. (1948) Tsetse flies in British West Africa. 77 pp. London, HMSO.Google Scholar
NASS (1989) 1989/90 National Agricultural Sample Survey. Small ruminant and draught animal population of The Gambia 1989. 26 pp. Technical Bulletin No. N-89/5. Banjul, The Gambia, Department of Planning. Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
NASS (1990) 1989/90 National Agricultural Sample Survey (NASS 89). Report on livestock production in The Gambia, 1989 (non-draft cattle). 22 pp. Technical Bulletin 12 (NASS-TB-89–12). Banjul, The Gambia, National Agricultural Data Centre (NADC), Department of Planning, Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
NASS (1991) 1990/91 National Agricultural Sample Survey (NASS). Statistical Yearbook of Gambian Agriculture: 1990. 38 pp. Banjul. The Gambia, National Agricultural Data Centre (NADC), Department of Planning, Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Norton, G.A., Rawlings, P., Shaw, A.P.M., Snow, W.F., Wacher, T.J. & Davies, B. (1991) Report on a workshop on livestock development in the Gambia – with particular reference to tsetse/trypanosomiasis problems. 12 March, 1991, Department of Livestock Services, Abuko, The Gambia pp. 7–17. In: Report on the development of decision support systems for the transfer of research results to practical management of tsetse-trypanosomiasis problems in West Africa with particular reference to trypanotolerant cattle. Unpublished report to Overseas Development Administration, UK, March 1991.Google Scholar
Population and Housing Census (1987) Volume 1. Administrative and analytical procedures (1983 Census). 311 pp. Banjul, The Gambia, Central Statistics Department, Ministry of Economic Planning and Industrial Development.Google Scholar
Population and Housing Census (1990) Volume 4. Statistics on settlement (1983 Census). 174 pp. Banjul, The Gambia, Central Statistics Department, Ministry of Economic Planning and Industrial Development.Google Scholar
Rawlings, P., Dwinger, R.H. & Snow, W.F. (1991) An analysis of survey measurements of tsetse challenge to trypanotolerant cattle in relation to aspects of analytical models of trypanosomiasis. Parasitology 102, 371–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rawlings, P., Agyemang, K., Clifford, D., Bojang, N. & Tamba, A. (in press) Ownership patterns of small ruminant and equines in The Gambia. African Livestock Research 2.Google Scholar
Shaw, A.P.M. & Hoste, C.H. (1987) Trypanotolerant cattle and livestock development in West and Central Africa. Volume II. 337 pp. FAQ Animal Production and Health Paper 67/2. Rome, Italy FAQ.Google Scholar
Simpson, J.J. (1911) Entomological research in British West Africa. I. Gambia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 2, 187–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, W.F. & Boreham, P.F.L. (1979) The feeding habits and ecology of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead in relation to nagana transmission in The Gambia. Acta Tropica 36, 47–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Sowe, J., Gai, B., Sumberg, J. & Gilbert, E. (1988) Foaling and mortality of equines in The Gambia: a national survey. 12 pp. Unpublished report to the Gambian Department of Livestock Services, Abuko, The Gambia.Google Scholar
Sumberg, J. (1988) Notes on cattle, sheep and goats. 13 pp. Unpublished report to Department of Livestock Services, Abuko, The Gambia.Google Scholar
Thomson, J.W. & Wilson, A. (1991) The control of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis by the application of deltamethrin to cattle. Proceedings of the 20th meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control,Mombasa, Kenya,April 1989 pp. 450–454.Google Scholar
Touré, S.M. (1971) Les glossines (Diptera: Glossinidae) du Sénégal: ecologie, répartition géographique et incidence sur les trypanosomes. Revue d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des pays Tropicaux 24, 551–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Touré, S.M. (1974) Bilan de trois années de lutte contre les glossines dans la région des niayes du Sénégal. In: Institute d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux Les moyens de luttes contre les trypanosomes et leurs vecteurs. Actes du Colloque. Paris, 12–15 Mars, 1974, pp. 353–356.Google Scholar
Vale, G.A., Lovemore, D.F., Flint, S. & Cockbill, G.F. (1988) Odour-baited targets to control tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zimbabwe. Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, 31–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar