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Salivary proteins of plant-feeding hemipteroids – implication in phytophagy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 November 2013

A. Sharma ,
A.N. Khan ,
S. Subrahmanyam ,
A. Raman ,
G.S. Taylor  and
M.J. Fletcher
A. Sharma
Affiliation:
School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
A.N. Khan
Affiliation:
School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
S. Subrahmanyam
Affiliation:
School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
A. Raman*
Affiliation:
School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia E. H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
G.S. Taylor
Affiliation:
Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
M.J. Fletcher
Affiliation:
Orange Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
*
*Author for correspondence Phone: +61 2 6365 7833 Fax: +61 2 6365 7578 E-mail: araman@csu.edu.au
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Abstract

Many hemipteroids are major pests and vectors of microbial pathogens, infecting crops. Saliva of the hemipteroids is critical in enabling them to be voracious feeders on plants, including the economically important ones. A plethora of hemipteroid salivary enzymes is known to inflict stress in plants, either by degrading the plant tissue or by affecting their normal metabolism. Hemipteroids utilize one of the following three strategies of feeding behaviour: salivary sheath feeding, osmotic-pump feeding and cell-rupture feeding. The last strategy also includes several different tactics such as lacerate-and-flush, lacerate-and-sip and macerate-and-flush. Understanding hemipteroid feeding mechanisms is critical, since feeding behaviour directs salivary composition. Saliva of the Heteroptera that are specialized as fruit and seed feeders, includes cell-degrading enzymes, auchenorrhynchan salivary composition also predominantly consists of cell-degrading enzymes such as amylase and protease, whereas that of the Sternorhyncha includes a variety of allelochemical-detoxifying enzymes. Little is known about the salivary composition of the Thysanoptera. Cell-degrading proteins such as amylase, pectinase, cellulase and pectinesterase enable stylet entry into the plant tissue. In contrast, enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, laccase and trehalase detoxify plant chemicals, enabling the circumvention of plant-defence mechanisms. Salivary enzymes such as M1-zinc metalloprotease and CLIP-domain serine protease as in Acyrthosiphon pisum (Aphididae), and non-enzymatic proteins such as apolipophorin, ficolin-3-like protein and ‘lava-lamp’ protein as in Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae) have the capacity to alter host-plant-defence mechanisms. A majority of the hemipteroids feed on phloem, hence Ca++-binding proteins such as C002 protein, calreticulin-like isoform 1 and calmodulin (critical for preventing sieve-plate occlusion) are increasingly being recognized in hemipteroid–plant interactions. Determination of a staggering variety of proteins shows the complexity of hemipteroid saliva: effector proteins localized in hemipteran saliva suggest a similarity to the physiology of pathogen–plant interactions.

Keywords

insect–plant interactionmolecular ecologyplant stressproteomicssalivary proteins
Type
Review Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 104 , Issue 2 , April 2014 , pp. 117 - 136
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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