^{page 74 note 1} V. Minorsky, art. ‘Tabriz’ in El; Jacob Manandean, Critical survey of the history of the Armenian People (in Armenian), 111, Erivan, 1952, 333

^{page 74 note 2} The Black Death originated in Central Asia. Nestorian grave-stones dated 1338–9 mark the tombs of plague victims near the Issik Kul lake, in the Semirechinsk district. The Crimean ports were infected by 1346 and the Caucasus about the same time. In the Near East generally, ‘so great was the mortality that Arabs, Saracens and Greeks throughout the whole of the East gave themselves up to clamour’ (R. Pollitzer, ‘Plague Studies, No. 1 ’, in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, rv, No. 4, Geneva, 1951, 477–8).

^{page 75 note 1} Egnatashvili Beri, Alchali K'art'lis tskhovreba X VIII s. damd., ed. I. A. Javakhishvili, torn. I, Tiflis, 1940 (‘Monuments historiques georgiens’), p. 5.

^{page 75 note 2} M.-F. Brosset, Histoire de la Georgie, torn. I, pt. 1, St. Petersburg, 1849, 644–650, corresponding to Wakhusht, Sak'art'vdos istoria, ed. D. Bak'radze, Tiflis, 1885, 276–281. The few charters of Giorgi V printed by E. T'aqaishvili in Sak'art'velos sidzvdeni, rr, Tiflis, 1913, contain little historical information.

^{page 76 note 1} Egnatashvili Beri, Akhali K'art'lis tshhovreba, 4–5

^{page 76 note 2} N. Berdzenishvili, I. Javakhishvili, and S. Janashia, Istoriya Gruzii, vol. I, 2nd ed., Tiflis, 1950, 289. While Georgian sources place the execution of the Dukes in the second half of Giorgi's reign it seems more likely that it occurred while Giorgi enjoyed the support of Chupan. The name of the local Mongol governor of Georgia, Armenia, and Diarbakir in 1316 is given as Prince Erenjen (B, Spuler, Die Mongolen in Iran, Leipzig, 1939, 352).

^{page 76 note 3} Tizengauzen, V., ‘Zametka El'kal'kashandi Gruzinakh’, in Zapiski Vostochnogo Otdeleniya Imp. Russkogo Arhheologischeslcogo Obshchestva, torn. I, St. Petersburg, 1886, 208–2Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 4} Also attributed to Ibn Nazir al- Jaish. On the various manuscripts of these works see V. Tizengauzen, Sbornik Materialov, otnosyashchikhsya h istorii Zolotoy Ordy, torn. I, St. Petersburg, 1884, 207–8, 331, 395. Of Al-'Umari's treatise on Protocol, an edition was printed in Cairo in A.H. 1312, pp. 53–5 dealing with Georgia. The passage in al-Qalqashandi's Subfy al-a'sha concerning Georgia occurs in vol. vni of the Cairo printed edition, which appeared in 1334/1915. See further W. Bjorkman, Beitrage zur Oeschichte der Staatskanzlei im islamischen Agypten, Hamburg, 1928.

^{page 76 note 5} See the excellent biographical notes on this writer by D. S. Rice in BSOAS, xni, 1951, 856–9. In this connexion I also have to thank my colleagues Professors B. Lewis and P. Wittek for a number of helpful references and suggestions.

^{page 77 note 1} The second eastern Christian kingdom in question was that of Little Armenia, in Cilicia.

^{page 77 note 2} For the extracts from al-'Umari see al-Ta'rlf bi'l-mustalah al-sharlf, Cairo, A.H. 1312, 53–5.

^{page 77 note 3} Mahmud commanded the Mongol garrison in Georgia. He was arrested by his own troops and executed soon after the fall of his father Chupan in 1327. (Tiesenhausen, in Zapiski VostocAnogo Otdeleniya, I, 211; Hafiz-i-Abrfl, Chronique des Rois Mongols en Iran, texte persan edite et traduit par K. Bayani, n', Paris, 1936, 107.)

^{page 77 note 4} This name, which earlier writers have taken for a corruption of the dynastic name Bagration or of Giorgi's personal epithet Brdsqinvale, ‘The Brilliant’, is in fact that of the Grand-Duke Burt'el of Siunia, in Great Armenia. Burt'el (or Biwrt'el, Burdel), son of Prince Elikum Orbelean, bore the title of Generalissimus of the Armenians and the Georgians. He is frequently mentioned between 1300 and 1341 in the colophons of Armenian manuscripts. He died before 1348. (See L. S. Khachikean, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts of the 14th century, Erivan, 1950, 684.) It is clear that al-'Umari is here confusing the king with a prominent vassal.

^{page 78 note 1} This phrase, as Baron Rosen justly considered, must mean that Giorgi was urging Chupan to conquer Palestine from the Mamluks.

^{page 78 note 2} David IX, son and successor of Giorgi the Brilliant, who reigned from 1346–1360.

^{page 78 note 3} The Dadian or Prince-Regnant of Mingrelia, the extensive Georgian province on the Black Sea coast.

^{page 79 note 1} In the printed text ‘al-jibal’ = ‘hills’ occurs, by mistake for ‘Abkhaz’. With regard to the ‘Jurjanians’, this very likely represents an attempt to convey the Western term ‘Georgians’ in addition to the usual Arabic ‘Kurj’. Another possibility is that it has some connexion with the Caspian Sea, which is occasionally known as the Sea of Gurgan or Jurjan, though more usually as the Sea of the Khazars.

^{page 79 note 2} Fuller particulars of these negotiations in Tiesenhausen's article ‘Zametka el'Kal'kashandi o Gruzinakh’, pp. 212–13, and in D. A. Qip'shidze, ‘Zhitie Prokhora, much. Luki i much. Nikolaya Dvali’, in Izvestiya Kavkazskogo Istoriko-Arkheologicfieskogo Instituta, torn. 2, Leningrad, 1927, 31–68. The latter work gives the text of the martyrdom of Nicholas the Dvalian, a Georgian monk from Ossetia, executed at Damascus in 1314.

^{page 79 note 3} Tizengauzen, Sbornik Materialov, I, 524

^{page 80 note 1} Tizengauzen, Sbornik Materialov, i, 170, 437, 440, 520

^{page 80 note 2} Tizengauzen, Sbornik Malerialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy, torn, II (Persian sources), ed. Romaskevich and Volyn, Moscow-Leningrad, 1941, 92, 100–1, 142–3.

^{page 80 note 3} W. Barthold, ‘Die persische Insehrift an der Mauer der Manucehr-Moschee zu Ani’, trans. and edit. W. Hinz, ZDMG, Bd. 101, 1951, 246; Spuler, Die Mongolen in Iran, p. 121; Brosset, Histoire de la Georgie, I, pt. 1, 645, corresponding to Wakhusht, Sak'art'velos istoria, p. 276; Manandeau, Critical Survey of the History of the Armenian People, in, 320.

^{page 80 note 4} ZDMG, Bd. 101, 1951, 246

^{page 81 note 1} M. Tamarati, L'Eglise Ge'orgienne des origines jusqu'd nos jours, Rome, 1910, pp. 438–440

^{page 81 note 2} cf. B. Spuler, Die Mongolen in Iran, p. 234.

^{page 81 note 3} Tamarati, L'Eglise Ge'orgienne, pp. 440–5.

^{page 81 note 4} Liber Peregrinationis di Jacopo da Verona, a cura di Ugo Monneret de Villard (‘II Nuovo Ramusio, volume primo’), Rome, 1950, 33, 59. Further references in the article on Georgian monks in Palestine by Archimandrite G. P'eradze, in Oeorgica, Nos. 4–5, London, 1937.

^{page 81 note 5} Russian version in Frenkel and Bak'radze, Sbornik Zahonov Gruzinskogo Tsarya Vakhtanga VI, Tiflis, 1887; English by Sir J. 0. Wardrop, ‘Laws of King George V of Georgia, sumamed The Brilliant’, in JBAS, 1914; Georgian text and French trans, and commentary by J. Karst, in Corpus Juris Ibero-Caucasici, vols. 5–6, Strasbourg, 1938–1940.

^{page 82 note 1} Laws of Giorgi V, article 46.

^{page 82 note 2} First published by E. T'aqaishvili, Institution des cours royales, Tiflis, 1920 (Monumenta Georgica, torn, iv, no. 1). Much of the material contained in it is incorporated in I. A. Javakhishvili, K'art'uli samart'lis istoria (History of Georgian Law), Tiflis, 1928–9, and in the chapter on ‘Court and Administration’ in Allen, W.E.D., A History of the Georgian People, London, 1932.Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 3} Description geographique de la Georgie, ed. M.-F. Brosset, St. Petersburg, 1842, pp. 19–35

^{page 82 note 4} Institution des cours royales, p. xxxiv. Some clauses of the treatise are clearly based on tradition going back to the 11th and 12th centuries.

^{page 83 note 1} Institution des cours royales, p. 15.

^{page 83 note 2} ibid, p. 9.

^{page 83 note 3} Ta'rikh-i Shaikh Vwais (History of Shaikh Uwais), trans, and ed. J. B. van Loon, The Hague, 1954, 56–58.

^{page 83 note 4} Egnatashvili Beri, Akhali K'art'lis tskhovreba, p. 5; Brosset, Histoire de la Qeorgie, I, pt. 1, 646–8, corresponding to Wakhusht, Sak'art'velos istoria, pp. 277–280.

^{page 84 note 1} Hafiz-i-Abru, Chronique des Rois Mongols en Iran, trans. Bayani, n, 107, 131, 136, 148

^{page 84 note 2} L. S. Khachikean, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts of the 14th century (in Armenian), Erivan, 1950, p. 182.

^{page 84 note 3} ,ibid pp. 225, 232.

^{page 84 note 4} V. A. Hakopean, Minor Chronicles of the 13th–18th centuries (in Armenian), torn. I, Erivan, 1951. See in particular pp. 110, 118, 142, 149.

^{page 84 note 5} Jacob Manandean, Critical Survey of the History of the Armenian People (in Armenian), in, 312–363, and chronological table, 412–13.

^{page 85 note 1} The Geographical part of the Nuzhat-al-Qulub composed by Hamd-Allah Mustawfi of Qazwin in 740 (1340), trans, by G. Le Strange, Leyden and London, 1919 (Gibb Memorial, vol. xxm, pt. 2), 94.

^{page 85 note 2} Nuzhat-al-Qulub, p. 33; Barthold, in ZDMG, Bd. 101, 253–1.

^{page 86 note 1} See also J. de Bartholomaei, ‘Lettres a Monsieur Soret’, Nos. 1, in Revue de la Numismatique Beige, 1859–1864; C. M. Fraehn, ‘De Il-Chanorum seu Chulaguidarum nurais’, in Memoires de VAcade'mie Impe'riale des Sciences, St. Petersburg, 1834; Lane-Poole, S., The Coins of the Mongols, London, 1881;Google ScholarMarkov, A.K., Inventarny Katalog Musvl'manskikh monet Imp.Ermitazha, St. Petersburg, 1896;Google ScholarPakhomov, E.A., Monetnye klady Azerbaydzhana i Zakavkaz'ya, fascs. 1–1, Baku, 1926–1949.Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 2} de Bartholomaei, J., Lettres numismatigues et areheologiques relatives a la Transcaucasie, St. Petersburg, 1859, pp. 108–9.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 1} Brosset, Histoire de la Ge'orgie, I, pt. 1, 647–8, corresponding to Wakhusht, 277–8.

^{page 87 note 2} Miller, W., Trebizond: The last Greek Empire, London, 1926, pp. 49–52.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 3} Betowski, O., Die Mtinzen der Komnenen von Trapezuni (Numizmatichesky Sbornik, I, MOBCOW, 1910);Google ScholarWroth, W., Catalogue of the Coins of the Vandals … and Trebizond in the British Museum, London, 1911;Google ScholarKapanadze, D., ‘Tak nazyvaemye “gruzinskie podrazhaniya trapezundskim aspram”’, in Vizantiysky Vremennik, torn, in, Moscow, 1950.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 4} Code d'Aghbougha, ed. J. Karst, Strasbourg, 1938, 16.

^{page 88 note 1} Brosset, Histoire de la Georgie, I, pt. 1, 649–650, corresponding to Wakhusht, pp. 280–1; Istoriya Gruzii, ed. Janashia, I, 2nd ed., Tiflis, 1950, 292; I. A. Javakhishvili, Kart'veli eris istoria, torn, in, Tiflis, 1941, 178–9.

^{page 88 note 2} W. Miller, Trebizond, pp. 53–4, 57.

^{page 88 note 3} Ein persischer Leitfaden des staatlichen Rechnungswesens urn 1363, ed. W. Hinz, Wiesbaden, 1952, and extracts translated in the same author's ‘Das Rechnungswesen orientalischer Reichsfinanzamter im Mittelalter’, in Der Islam, 1949, Bd. 29, Hft. 2, 131–4.

^{page 89 note 1} cf. V. Minorsky, art. ‘Tabriz’ in El.

^{page 89 note 2} Barthold, in ZDMG, Bd. 101, 1951, 253; Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, La Pratica delta Mercatura, ed. A. Evans, Cambridge, Mass., 1936, p. 27. The equation of 6 dirhems = 1 silver currency dinar enables us to interpret Clause 11 of the Code of Giorgi the Brilliant (ed. Karst, p. 169), where the blood-money of a certain class of nobleman is fixed at 200 drahkani (i.e. dinars), equivalent to 1,200 t'et'ri (literally, white coins or aspers, i.e. silver dirhems).

^{page 89 note 3} Ed. Jahn (Gibb Memorial), p. 285; Russian trans, by A. K. Arends, Sbornik Letopisey, in, Moscow, 1946, 270–3.

^{page 90 note 1} Hinz, in Der Islam, 1949, p. 133.

^{page 90 note 2} Pakhomov, E.A., Klady Azerbaydzhana, fasc. 2, Baku, 1938, Nos. 472–3.Google Scholar

^{page 90 note 3} L. M. Melikset-Bekov,‘Garesdzhiyskaya tetralingva epokhi Mongolov 1352 g.’, in Epigrafiha Vostoka, fasc. vm, Moscow-Leningrad, 1953 (with a photograph of the inscription).