Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T17:27:41.592Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Private Regulation in the Global Economy: A (P)Review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Tim Büthe
Tim Büthe*
Affiliation:
Duke University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This introduction to the special issue combines a review of the existing literature about the causes and consequences of private regulation in the global economy with a preview of the articles in this issue. To organize this (p)review, I introduce a conceptual model “beyond supply and demand,” which distinguishes three major subsets of stakeholders of global private regulation, which may (but need not) overlap: the political actors who call for private regulation, the rule-makers who provide such governance for the global economy, and what I call the “targets” of the private regulations, who are supposed to behave according to these private rules. I then highlight the three core questions addressed by the contributions to the special issue: (1) How do private bodies attain regulatory authority; why do private regulators provide governance; and why do the targets of the rules comply? (2) Who governs the global economy through private regulations? And (3) what are the effects of private regulation, and how does the rise of private regulation affect public regulatory authority and capacity?

Keywords

regulationprivate governancenon-state actors
Type
Research Article
Information
Business and Politics , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , October 2010 , pp. 1 - 38
Copyright
Copyright © V.K. Aggarwal 2010 and published under exclusive license to Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Kenneth W., and Snidal, Duncan. 2001. “International ‘Standards’ and International Governance.” Journal of European Public Policy 8 (3): 345–370.Google Scholar
Abbott, Kenneth W., and Snidal, Duncan. 2009. “The Governance Triangle: Regulatory Standards Institutions and the Shadow of the State.” In The Politics of Global Regulation, edited by Mattli, Walter and Woods, Ngaire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 44–88 Google Scholar
Akerlof, George A. 1970. “The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 (3): 488–500.Google Scholar
Arnold, Dennis G. 2003. “Philosophical Foundations: Moral Reasoning, Human Rights, and Global Labor Practices.” In Rising Above Sweatshops: Innnovative Approaches to Global Labor Challenges, edited by Pincus Hartman, Laura. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwod Publishing, 77–99.Google Scholar
Auld, Graeme, Bernstein, Steven, and Cashore, Benjamin. 2008. “The New Corporate Social Responsibility.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 33: 413–435.Google Scholar
Auld, Graeme, Camargo, Marisa, and Toseland, Rebecca. 2007. “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Research Bibliography.” unpublished manuscript, Yale University, January.Google Scholar
Auld, Graeme, Cashore, Benjamin, et al. 2010. “Can Technological Innovations Improve Private Regulation in the Global Economy?” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
ASTM International. 2010. “ASTM International: Standards Worldwide.” Website www.astm.org (last accessed 2 October 2010).Google Scholar
Avant, Deborah D. 2005. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Avant, Deborah D., Finnemore, Martha, and Sell, Susan K., eds. 2010. Who Governs the Globe? New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baldwin, David A. 1989. Paradoxes of Power. New York: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Baldwin, David A. 1993. “Neoliberalism, Neorealism, and World Politics.” In Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate, edited by Baldwin, David A. New York: Columbia University Press, 3–25.Google Scholar
Balleisen, Edward J. 2009. “Private Cops on the Fraud Beat: American Business Self-Regulation and Its Discontents, 1895-1932.” Business History Review 83 (1): 113–160.Google Scholar
Balleisen, Edward J. 2010. “The Prospects for Effective Coregulation in the United States: A Historian's View from the Early Twenty-First Century.” In Government and Markets: Toward a New Theory of Regulation, edited by Balleisen, Edward J. and Moss, David A. New York: Cambridge University Press, 443–481.Google Scholar
Banner, Stuart. 1998. Anglo-American Securities Regulation: Cultural and Political Roots, 1690-1860. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baron, David P. 2001. “Private Politics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Integrated Strategy.” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 10 (1): 7–45.Google Scholar
Bartley, Tim. 2003. “Certifying Forests and Factories: States, Social Movements, and the Rise of Private Regulation in the Apparel and Forest Products Field.” Politics & Society 31 (3): 433–464.Google Scholar
Bartley, Tim. 2005. “Corporate Accountability and the Privatization of Labor Standards: Struggles over Codes of Conduct in the Apparel Industry.” Research in Political Sociology 14: 211–244.Google Scholar
Bartley, Tim. 2010. “Transnational Private Regulation in Practice: The Limits of Forest and Labor Standards Certification in Indonesia.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Basedow, Jürgen. 2008. “The State's Private Law and the Economy: Commercial Law as an Amalgam of Public and Private Rule-Making.” American Journal of Comparative Law 56 (3): 703–721.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Steven, and Cashore, Benjamin. 2007. “Can Non-State Global Governance Be Legitimate? An Analytical Framework.” Regulation and Governance 1 (4): 341–371.Google Scholar
Bignami, Francesca E. 2005. “Transgovernmental Networks vs. Democracy: The Case of the European Information Privacy Network.” Michigan Journal of International Law 26 (3): 807–868.Google Scholar
Blowfield, Michael. 2005. “Corporate Social Responsibility: The Failing Discipline and Why it Matters for International Relations.” International Relations 19 (2): 173–191.Google Scholar
Blyth, Mark. 2002. Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, Curtis A., and Kelley, Judith, eds. 2008. “Special Issue: The Law and Politics of International Delegation.” Law and Contemporary Problems 71 (1).Google Scholar
Braithwaite, John. 1982. “Enforced Self-Regulation: A New Strategy for Corporate Crime Control.” Michigan Law Review 80 (7): 1466–1507.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, John, and Drahos, Peter. 2000. Global Business Regulation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Dana L., Vetterlein, Antje, and Roemer-Mahler, Anne. 2010. “Theorizing Transnational Corporations as Social Actors: An Analysis of Corporate Motivations.” Business and Politics 12 (1): Article 1.Google Scholar
BSI, British Standard Institution. 2006. Enabling Lighter Touch Regulation: The Role of Standards. London: BSI.Google Scholar
Büthe, Tim. 2004. “Governance through Private Authority? Non-State Actors in World Politics.” Journal of International Affairs 58 (1): 281–290.Google Scholar
Büthe, Tim. 2009. “The Politics of Food Safety in the Age of Global Trade: The Codex Alimentarius Commission in the SPS-Agreement of the WTO.” In Import Safety: Regulatory Governance in the Global Economy, edited by Coglianese, Cary, Finkel, Adam and Zaring, David. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 88–109.Google Scholar
Büthe, Tim. 2010a. “Engineering Uncontestedness? The Origins and Institutional Development of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Büthe, Tim. 2010b. “The Dynamics of Principals and Agents: Institutional Persistence and Change in U.S. Financial Regulation, 1934-2003.” unpublished manuscript, Duke University.Google Scholar
Büthe, Tim. 2010c. “The Power of Norms; the Norms of Power: Who Governs International Electrical and Electronic Technology?” In Who Governs the Globe?, edited by Avant, Deborah D., Finnemore, Martha and Sell, Susan K. New York: University Press, 292–332.Google Scholar
Büthe, Tim, and Mattli, Walter. 2011. New Global Rulers: The Privatization of Regulation in the World Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Büthe, Tim, and Witte, Jan Martin. 2004. Product Standards in Transatlantic Trade and Investment: Domestic and International Practices and Institutions. Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies.Google Scholar
Cafaggi, Fabrizio. 2009. “Private Regulation in European Private Law.” EUI Law Working Papers no.2009/31.Google Scholar
Cafaggi, Fabrizio, and Janczuk, Agnieszka. 2010. “Private Regulation and Legal Integration: The European Case.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Camfferman, Kees, and Zeff, Stephen A. 2007. Financial Reporting and Global Capital Markets: A History of the International Accounting Standards Committee, 1973-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin. 2002. “Legitimacy and the Privatization of Environmental Governance: How Non-State Market-Driven (NSMD) Governance Systems Gain Rule-Making Authority.” Governance 15 (4): 503–529.Google Scholar
Cashore, Benjamin, Auld, Graeme, and Newsom, Deanna. 2004. Governing Through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Non-State Authority. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cheit, Ross E. 1990. Setting Safety Standards: Regulation in the Public and Private Sectors. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Coase, Ronald H. 1937. “The Nature of the Firm.” Economica 4 (16): 386–405.Google Scholar
Coase, Ronald H. 1990. The Firm, the Market and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Coen, David, and Thatcher, Mark. 2005. “The New Governance of Markets and Non-Majoritarian Regulators (Introduction to Special Issue).” Governance 18 (3): 329–346.Google Scholar
Coglianese, Cary, Finkel, Adam, and Zaring, David, eds. 2009. Import Safety: Regulatory Governance in the Global Economy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Coglianese, Cary, and Lazer, David. 2003. “Management-Based Regulation: Prescribing Private Management to Achieve Public Goals.” Law & Society Review 37 (4): 691–730.Google Scholar
Cutler, A. Claire. 1995. “Global Capitalism and Liberal Myths: Dispute Settlement in Private International Trade Relations.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 24 (3): 377–397.Google Scholar
Cutler, A. Claire. 2003. Private Power and Global Authority: Transnational Merchant Law in the Global Political Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cutler, A. Claire, Haufler, Virginia, and Porter, Tony. 1999a. “Private Authority and International Affairs.” In Private Authority and International Affairs. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 3–28.Google Scholar
Cutler, A. Claire, Haufler, Virginia, and Porter, Tony. 1999b. “The Contours and Significance of Private Authority in International Affairs.” In Private Authority and International Affairs. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 333–376.Google Scholar
Cutler, A. Claire, Haufler, Virginia, and Porter, Tony, eds. 1999c. Private Authority and International Affairs. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1957. “The Concept of Power.” Behavioral Science 2 (3): 201–215.Google Scholar
David, Paul A. 1985. “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY.” American Economic Review 75 (2, Papers and Proceedings): 332–337.Google Scholar
David, Paul A. 1993. “Path-Dependence and Predictability in Dynamic Systems with Local Network Externalities: A Paradigm for Historical Economics.” In Technology and the Wealth of Nations: The Dynamics of Constructed Advantage, edited by Foray, Dominique and Freeman, Christopher. London: Pinter Publishers in association with the OECD, 208–231 Google Scholar
David, Paul A., and Greenstein, Shane. 1990. “Economics of Compatibility Standards: An Introduction to Recent Research.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 1 (1 & 2): 3–41.Google Scholar
de Vries, Henk J. 2006. “Standards for Business: How Companies Benefit from Participation in International Standards Setting.” In International Standardization as a Strategic Tool. Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission, 131–141.Google Scholar
Delmas, Magali A. 2002. “The Diffusion of Environmental Management Standards in Europe and in the United States: An Institutional Perspective.” Policy Sciences 35 (1): 91–119.Google Scholar
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) et al. 2000. Gesamtwirtschaftlicher Nutzen der Normung, Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse: Wissenschaftlicher Endbericht mit Praktischen Beispielen. Berlin: Beuth Verlag.Google Scholar
Djelic, Marie-Laure, and Sahlin-Andersson, Kerstin. 2006. “Institutional Dynamics in a Re-Ordering World.” In Transnational Governance: Institutional Dynamics of Regulation, edited by Djelic, Marie-Laure and Sahlin-Andersson, Kerstin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 375–397.Google Scholar
Echols, Marsha A. 2001. Food Safety and the WTO: The Interplay of Culture, Science, and Technology. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Egan, Michelle. 2001. Constructing a European Market: Standards, Regulation, and Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ericson, Richard V., Doyle, Aaron, and Barry, Dean. 2003. Insurance as Governance. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Farrell, Henry. 2003. “Constructing the International Foundations of E-Commerce: The EU-US Safe Harbor Arrangement.” International Organization 57 (2): 277–306.Google Scholar
Farrell, Joseph, and Saloner, Garth. 1987. “Competition, Compatibility and Standards: The Economics of Horses, Penguins and Lemmings.” In Product Standardization and Competitive Strategy, edited by Landis, H. Gabel: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1–21.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Doris, and Kalfagianni, Agni. 2010. “The Causes and Consequences of Private Food Governance.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Galeotti, Mark. 2001. “Underworld and Upperworld: Transnational Organized Crime and Global Society.” In Non-State Actors in World Politics, edited by Josselin, Daphné and Wallace, William. New York: Palgrave, 203–217 Google Scholar
Gazal-Ayal, Oren. 2007. “Economic Analysis of Standard Form Contracts: The Monopoly Case.” European Journal of Law and Economics 24 (2): 119–136.Google Scholar
Gereffi, Gary. 1996. “Global Commodity Chains: New Forms of Coordination and Control Among Nations and Firms in International Industries.” Competition & Change 1 (4): 427–439.Google Scholar
Graz, Jean-Christophe, and Nölke, Andreas. 2008a. “Introduction: Beyond the Fragmented Debate on Transnational Private Governance.” In Transnational Private Governance and Its Limits, edited by Graz, Jean-Christophe and Nölke, Andreas. London-New York: Routledge, 1–26.Google Scholar
Graz, Jean-Christophe, and Nölke, Andreas, eds. 2008b. Transnational Private Governance and Its Limits. London-New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Green, Jessica F. 2010. “Private Standards in the Climate Regime: The Greenhouse Gas Protocol.” Business and Politics vol. 12 no. 3 (October 2010).Google Scholar
Greenhill, Brian, Mosley, Layna, and Prakash, Aseem. 2009. “Trade-Based Diffusion of Labor Rights: A Panel Study, 1986-2002.” American Political Science Review 103 (4): 669–690.Google Scholar
Greif, Avner. 2006. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grewal, David Singh. 2008. Network Power: The Social Dynamics of Globalization. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Guler, Isin, Guillén, Mauro F., and Muir MacPherson, John. 2002. “Global Competition, Institutions and the Diffusion of Organization Practices: The International Spread of ISO 9000 Quality Certificates.” Administrative Science Quarterly 47 (2): 207–232.Google Scholar
Gunningham, Neil, and Rees, Joseph. 1997. “Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutional Perspective.” Law & Policy 19 (4): 363–414.Google Scholar
Hadfield, Gillian K. 2001. “Privatizing Commercial Law.” Regulation 24 (1): 40–45.Google Scholar
Hadfield, Gillian K. 2009. “The Public and the Private in the Provision of Law for Global Transactions .” In Contractual Certainty in International Trade: Empirical Studies and Theoretical Debates on Institutional Support for Global Economic Exchanges, edited by Gessner, Volkmar. Oxford—Portland: Hart Publishing, 239–256.Google Scholar
Hall, Rodney Bruce, and Biersteker, Thomas J., eds. 2002. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Robert W. 1978. “The Role of Nongovernmental Standards in the Development of Mandatory Federal Standards Affecting Safety or Health.” Texas Law Review 56 (8): 1329–1484.Google Scholar
Haufler, Virginia. 2001. The Public Role of the Private Sector: Industry Self-Regulation in a Global Economy. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Haufler, Virginia. 2009. “The Kimberley Process, Club Goods, and Public Enforcement of a Private Regime.” In Voluntary Programs: A Club Theory Perspective, edited by Potoski, Matthew and Prakash, Aseem. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 89–105 Google Scholar
Hawkins, Darren, et al. 2006. “Delegation Under Anarchy: States, International Organizations, and Principal-Agent Theory.” In Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, edited by Hawkins, Darren et al. New York: Cambridge University Press, 3–38.Google Scholar
Helleiner, Eric. 2002. “The Politics of Global Financial Regulation: Lessons from the Fight against Money Laundering.” In International Capital Markets: Systems in Transition, edited by Eatwell, John and Taylor, Lance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 177–204 Google Scholar
Helleiner, Eric. 2009. “Filling a Hole in Global Financial Governance? The Politics of Regulating Sovereign Debt Restructuring.” In The Politics of Global Regulation, edited by Mattli, Walter and Woods, Ngaire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 89–120 Google Scholar
Henderson, David. 2001. “Misguided Virtue: False Notions of Corporate Social Responsibility.” Institute of Economic Affairs Working Paper.Google Scholar
Héritier, Adrienne, Mueller-Debus, Anna K., and Thauer, Christian R. 2009. “The Firms as Inspector: Private Ordering and Political Rules.” Business and Politics 11 (4): Article 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyder, Frank. 1997. “Coordination on Standards: An Experimental Study.” In Advances in Economic Psychology, edited by Gerrit Antonides, W. van Raaij, Fred and Maital, Shlomo. Chichester (England): John Wiley & Sons, 269–280.Google Scholar
Hutter, Bridget M. 2006. “The Role of Non-State Actors in Regulation.” In Global Governance and the Role of Non-State Actors, edited by Folke Schuppert, Gunnar. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 63–79.Google Scholar
ISO/IEC. 2007. Using and Referencing ISO and IEC Standards for Technical Regulations. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission.Google Scholar
Jackman, Simon. 2004. “What Do We Learn from Graduate Admissions Committees? A Multiple Rater, Latent Variable Model, with Incomplete Discrete and Continuous Indicators.” Political Analysis 12 (4): 400–424.Google Scholar
Jaffee, Daniel. 2007. Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Jansen, Nils, and Michaels, Ralf. 2007. “Private Law and the State: Comparative Perceptions and Historical Observations.” Rabels Zeitschrifts für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 71 (2): 345–397.Google Scholar
Joerges, Christian, Schepel, Harm, and Vos, Ellen. 1999. “The Law's Problems with the Involvement of Non-Governmental Actors in Europe's Legislative Processes: The Case of Standardization Under the ‘New Approach’.” EUI Working Paper, Law no.99/9.Google Scholar
Jordana, Jacint, and Levi-Faur, David, eds. 2004. The Politics of Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms of the Age of Governance. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Joynt, Gerald C. 1972. “Standards Pay Dividends.” In Speaking of Standards, edited by Glie, Rowen. Boston: Cahner Books, 182–193.Google Scholar
Katz, Michael L., and Shapiro, Carl. 1985. “Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility.” American Economic Review 75 (3): 424–440.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 2009. “The Old IPE and the New.” Review of International Political Economy 16 (1): 34–46.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., and Nye, Joseph S., eds. 1972. Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles P. 1983. “Standards as Public, Collective and Private Goods.” Kyklos 36 (3): 377–396.Google Scholar
King, Andrew A., and Lenox, Michael J. 2000. “Industry Self-Regulation Without Sanctions: The Chemical Industry's Responsible Care Program.” Academy of Management Journal 43 (4): 698–716.Google Scholar
Kirton, John J., and Trebilcock, Michael J., eds. 2004. Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade, Environment and Social Governance. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 1995. “Power Politics, Institutions, and Transnational Relations.” In Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions, edited by Risse-Kappen, Thomas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 257–279.Google Scholar
Lecraw, Donald J. 1984. “Some Economic Effects of Standards.” Applied Economics 16 (4): 507–522.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret, and Linton, April. 2003. “Fair Trade: A Cup at a Time?” Politics & Society 31 (3): 407–432.Google Scholar
Levit, Janet K. 2008. “Bottom-Up Lawmaking Through a Pluralist Lens: The ICC Banking Commission and the Transnational Regulation of Letters.” Emory Law Journal 57 (5): 1147–1226.Google Scholar
Liebowitz, Stan J., and Margolis, Stephen E. 1994. “Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 8 (2): 133–150.Google Scholar
Locke, Richard M., Qin, Fei, and Brause, Alberto. 2007. “Does Monitoring Improve Labor Standards? Lessons from Nike.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 61 (1): 3–31.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Stewart. 1986. “Private Government.” In Law and the Social Sciences, edited by Lipson, Leon and Wheeler, Stanton. New York: Rusell Sage Foundation, 445–518 Google Scholar
Malkin, Robert A. 2007. “Design of Health Care Technologies for the Developing World.” Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 9: 567–587.Google Scholar
Marceau, Gabrielle, and Trachtman, Joel P. 2002. “TBT, SPS, and GATT: A Map of the WTO Law of Domestic Regulation.” Journal of World Trade 36 (5): 811–881.Google Scholar
Martinez-Diaz, Leonardo. 2005. “Strategic Experts and Improvising Regulators: Explaining the IASC's Rise to Global Influence 1973-2001.” Business and Politics 7 (3): Article 3.Google Scholar
Mattli, Walter. 1999. The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mattli, Walter, and Büthe, Tim. 2003. “Setting International Standards: Technological Rationality or Primacy of Power?” World Politics 56 (1): 1–42.Google Scholar
Mattli, Walter, and Woods, Ngaire. 2009. “In Whose Benefit? Explaining Regulatory Change in Global Politics.” In The Politics of Global Regulation, edited by Mattli, Walter and Woods, Ngaire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1–43 Google Scholar
Mayer, Frederick, and Gereffi, Gary. 2010. “Regulation and Economic Globalization: Prospects and Limits of Private Governance.” Business and Politics vol. 12 no. 3.Google Scholar
McBarnet, Doreen, Voiculescu, Aurora, and Campbell, Tom, eds. 2007. The New Corporate Accountability: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McNamara, Kathleen R. 1999. “Consensus and Constraints: Ideas and Capital Mobility in European Monetary Integration.” Journal of Common Market Studies 37 (3): 455–476.Google Scholar
Meidinger, Errol. 2006. “The Administrative Law of Global Public-Private Regulation: The Case of Forestry.” European Journal of International Law 17 (1): 47–87.Google Scholar
Meidinger, Errol, Elliott, Chris, and Oesten, Gerhard, eds. 2003. Social and Political Dimensions of Forest Certification. Remagen-Oberwinter: Forstbuch Verlag.Google Scholar
Michaels, Ralf, and Jansen, Nils. 2006. “Private Law Beyond the State: Europeanization, Globalization, Privatization.” American Journal of Comparative Law 54 (4): 843–890.Google Scholar
Migliaro, Marco W. 2006. “Standards in Electrotechnology, Telecommunications, and Information Technology.” In Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, edited by Wayne Beaty, H. and Fink, Donald G. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1807–1839.Google Scholar
Milgrom, Paul R., North, Douglass C., and Weingast, Barry R. 1990. “The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade: The Law Merchant, Private Judges, and the Champagne Fairs.” Economics and Politics 2 (1): 1–23.Google Scholar
Milner, Helen V. 2006. “The Digital Divide: The Role of Political Institutions in Technology Diffusion.” Comparative Political Studies 39 (2): 176–199.Google Scholar
Moe, Terry M. 1990. “Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 6 (3): 213–253.Google Scholar
Moe, Terry M. 2005. “Power and Political Institutions.” Perspectives on Politics 3 (2): 215–233.Google Scholar
Mosley, Layna. 2009. “Private Governance for the Public Good? Exploring Private Sector Participation in Global Financial Regulation.” In Power, Interdependence, and Non-State Actors in World Politics, edited by Milner, Helen V. and Moravcsik, Andrew. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 126–146 Google Scholar
Murphy, Craig N., and Yates, JoAnne. 2008. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Global Governance through Voluntary Consensus. London–New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Murphy, Dale D. 2004. The Structure of Regulatory Competition: Corporations and Public Policies in a Global Economy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Muthien, Bernedette, and Taylor, Ian. 2002. “The Return of the Dogs of War? Privatization of Security in Africa.” In The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance, edited by Bruce Hall, Rodney and Biersteker, Thomas J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 183–199.Google Scholar
Neubert, Dieter. 2009. “Local and Regional Non-State Actors on the Margins of Public Policy in Africa.” In Non-State Actors as Standard Setters, edited by Peters, Anne, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 35–60.Google Scholar
Newman, Abraham L. 2008. Protectors of Privacy: Regulating Personal Data in the Global Economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Pelkmans, Jacques. 2001. “The GSM Standard: Explaining a Success Story.” Journal of European Public Policy 8 (3): 432–453.Google Scholar
Perillo, Joseph M. 2008. “Neutral Standardizing of Contracts.” Pace Law Review 28 (2): 179–194.Google Scholar
Peters, Anne, Koechlin, Lucy, and Zinkernagel, Gretta Fenner. 2009. “Non-State Actors as Standard Setters: Framing the Issue in an Interdisciplinary Fashion.” In Non-State Actors as Standard Setters, edited by Peters, Anne, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–32.Google Scholar
Polaski, Sandra. 2006. “Combining Global and Local Forces: The Case of Labor Rights in Cambodia.” World Development 34 (5): 919–932.Google Scholar
Ponte, Stefano. 2008. “Greener than Thou: The Political Economy of Fish Ecolabeling and Its Local Manifestations in South Africa.” World Development vol. 36 no. 1 (January 2008): 159–175.Google Scholar
Prakash, Aseem, and Potoski, Matthew. 2006. The Voluntary Environmentalists: Green Clubs, ISO 14001, and Voluntary Environmental Regulations. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prakash, Aseem, and Potoski, Matthew. 2007. “Investing Up: FDI and the Cross-Country Diffusion of ISO 14001 Management Systems.” International Studies Quarterly 51 (3): 723–744.Google Scholar
Radin, Tara J. 2003. “Chiquita Brands Internatioanl Inc.: Values-Based Management and Corporate Responsibility in Latin America.” In Rising Above Sweatshops: Innnovative Approaches to Global Labor Challenges, edited by Pincus Hartman, Laura. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwod Publishing, 353–383.Google Scholar
Raustiala, Kal. 2002. “The Architecture of International Cooperation: Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law.” Virginia Journal of International Law 43 (1): 1–92.Google Scholar
Raynolds, Laura T., Murray, Douglas L., and Wilkinson, John, eds. 2007. Fair Trade: The Challenges of Transforming Globalization. London–New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rees, Joseph. 1994. Hostages of Each Other. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Renard, Marie-Christine. 2003. “Fair Trade: Quality, Market and Conventions.” Journal of Rural Studies 19 (1): 87–96.Google Scholar
Renckens, Stefan. 2010. “The Emergence of Competing Certification Standards in the Electronics Recycling Industry.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington.Google Scholar
Rosenau, James N., and Czempiel, Ernst-Otto, eds. 1992. Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rudder, Catherine E. 2008. “Private Governance as Public Governance: A Paradigmatic Shift.” Journal of Politics 70 (4): 899–913.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard. 2004. “Reconstituting the Global Public Domain: Issues, Actors, and Practices.” European Journal of International Relations 10 (4): 499–531.Google Scholar
Ryall, David. 2001. “The Catholic Church as a Transnational Actor.” In Non-State Actors in World Politics, edited by Josselin, Daphné and Wallace, William. New York: Palgrave, 41–58 Google Scholar
Salter, Liora. 1988. Mandated Science: Science and Scientists in the Making of Standards. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Sanchanta, Mariko. 2008. “Sony Wins Next-Generation DVD Battle.” Financial Times (20 February 2008): 20.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Alan, and Wilde, Louis L. 1979. “Intervening in Markets on the Basis of Imperfect Information: A Legal and Economic Analysis.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 127 (3): 630–682.Google Scholar
Shaffer, Gregory C. 2000. “Globalization and Social Protection: The Impact of EU and International Rules in the Ratcheting up of U.S. Data Privacy Standards.” Yale Journal of International Law 25 (1): 1–88.Google Scholar
Shaffer, Gregory C. 2009. “How Business Shapes Law: A Socio-Legal Framework.” Connecticut Law Review 42 (1): 147–184.Google Scholar
Shy, Oz. 2001. The Economics of Network Industries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth A. 2000. “International Efforts Against Money Laundering.” In Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, edited by Shelton, Dinah. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 244–263.Google Scholar
Sinclair, Timothy J. 1999. “Bond-Rating Agencies and Coordination in the Global Political Economy.” In Private Authority and International Affairs, edited by Claire Cutler, A., Haufler, Virginia and Porter, Tony. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 153–167.Google Scholar
Singer, David Andrew. 2007. Regulating Capital: Setting Standards for the International Financial System. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Singer, Peter W. 2005. “Outsourcing War.” Foreign Affairs 84 (2): 119–132.Google Scholar
Singh, Gurjeet. 1993. “Business Self-Regulation and Consumer Protectition in India: A Critique.” Journal of Consumer Policy 16 (1): 1–33.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne-Marie. 2004. A New World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Spar, Debora L. 1999. “Lost in (Cyber)space: The Private Rules of Online Commerce.” In Private Authority and International Affairs, edited by Claire Cutler, A., Haufler, Virginia and Porter, Tony. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 31–51.Google Scholar
Spruyt, Hendrik. 2001. “The Supply and Demand of Governance in Standard-Setting: Insights from the Past.” Journal of European Public Policy 8 (3): 371–391.Google Scholar
Starobin, Shana, and Weinthal, Erika. 2010. “The Search for Credible Information in Social and Environmental Global Governance: The Kosher Label.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Strange, Susan. 1996. The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press.Google Scholar
Sunder, Shyam. 2002. “Regulatory Competition Among Accounting Standards Within and Across International Boundaries.” Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 21 (3): 219–234.Google Scholar
Surowiecki, James. 2002. “Turn of the Century.” Wired 10 (1): 84–89.Google Scholar
Svetiev, Yane. 2010. “Networked Competition Governance in the EU: Delegation, Decentralization, or Experimentalist Architecture?” In Experimentalist Governance in the European Union: Towards a New Architecture, edited by Sabel, Charles F. and Zeitlin, Jonathan. New York: Oxford University Press, 79–120 Google Scholar
Tamm Hallström, Kristina. 2006. “ISO Enters the Field of Social Responsibility (SR): Construction and Tension of Global Governance.” In Global Governance and the Role of Non-State Actors, edited by Folke Schuppert, Gunnar. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 63–79.Google Scholar
Taylor, Peter L. 2005. “In the Market But Not of It: Fair Trade Coffee and Forest Stewartship Council Certification as Market-Based Social Change.” World Development 33 (1): 129–147.Google Scholar
Terlaak, Ann, and King, Andrew A. 2006. “The Effect of Certification with the ISO 9000 Quality Management Standard: A Signaling Approach.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 60 (4): 579–602.Google Scholar
Thomson, Janice E., and Krasner, Stephen D. 1989. “Global Transactions and the Consolidation of Sovereignty.” In Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges, edited by Czempiel, Ernst-Otto and Rosenau, James N. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 195–219.Google Scholar
Tirole, Jean. 1988. The Theory of Industrial Organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Trachtman, Joel. 2003. “Addressing Regulatory Divergence Through International Standards: Financial Services.” In Domestic Regulation and Service Trade Liberalization, edited by Mattoo, Aaditya and Sauvé, Pierre. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 27–41.Google Scholar
Trebilcock, Michael J., and Dewees, Donald N. 1981. “Judicial Control of Standard Form Contracts.” In The Economic Approach to Law, edited by Burrows, Paul and Veljanovski, Cento G. London: Butterworth, 93–119.Google Scholar
Vallier, Ivan. 1972. “The Roman Catholic Church: A Transnational Actor.” In Transnational Relations and World Politics, edited by Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 129–153.Google Scholar
Verdier, Pierre-Hugues. 2009. “Transnational Regulatory Networks and Their Limits.” Yale Journal of International Law 34 (1): 113–172.Google Scholar
Verdugo, Concepcion. 2008. “International Standards in Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Terrorist Financing Regulation: Compliance and Strategy Changes.” Global Business and Economics Review 10 (3): 353–378.Google Scholar
Vogel, David. 1995. Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vogel, David. 2005. The Market for Virtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Vogel, David. 2008. “Private Global Business Regulation.” Annual Review of Political Science 11: 261–282.Google Scholar
Vogel, Steven K. 1996. Freer Markets, More Rules: Regulatory Reform in Advanced Industrial Countries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Warren, Elizabeth. 2010. “Redesigning Regulation: A Case Study from the Consumer Credit Market.” In Government and Markets: Toward a New Theory of Regulation, edited by Balleisen, Edward J. and Moss, David A. New York: Cambridge University Press, 391–418.Google Scholar
Weaver, Gary R., Trevino, Linda K., and Cochran, Philip L. 1999. “Corporate Ethics Policies of the Mid-1990s: An Empirical Investigation of the Fortune 1000.” Journal of Business Ethics 18 (3): 283–294.Google Scholar
Whytock, Christopher A. 2010. “Public-Private Interaction in Global Governance: The Case of Transnational Commercial Arbitration.” Business and Politics 12 (3).Google Scholar
Wilks, Stephen. 2010. “Competition Policy: Towards an Economic Constitution?” In Policy-Making in the European Union (6th edition), edited by Wallace, Helen, Pollack, Mark A., and Young, Alasdair R. New York: Oxford University Press, 133–155.Google Scholar
Williamson, Oliver E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar