Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T02:35:13.580Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Relationships between Authentic Leadership, Moral Courage, and Ethical and Pro-Social Behaviors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Organizations constitute morally-complex environments, requiring organization members to possess levels of moral courage sufficient to promote their ethical action, while refraining from unethical actions when faced with temptations or pressures. Using a sample drawn from a military context, we explored the antecedents and consequences of moral courage. Results from this four-month field study demonstrated that authentic leadership was positively related to followers’ displays of moral courage. Further, followers’ moral courage fully mediated the effects of authentic leadership on followers’ ethical and pro-social behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications for further integrating the work on moral courage, authentic leadership and ethics are discussed.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2011

References

Avey, J. B., Palanski, M. E., & Walumbwa, F. O. 2011. When leadership goes unnoticed: The moderating role of follower self-esteem on the relationship between ethical leadership and follower behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 98: 57382.Google Scholar
Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. 2005. Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 16: 31538.Google Scholar
Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F., & May, D. R. 2004. Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 15: 80123.Google Scholar
Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. 2006. The high impact leader: Moments matter for accelerating authentic leadership development. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Bandalos, D. L. 2002. The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 9: 78102.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. 1977. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. 1991. Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In Kurtines, W. M. & Gewitz, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development, vol. 1: 45103. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. 1999. Moral disengagement in the perpetuation of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 33: 193209.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. 2001. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52: 126.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. 1999. Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 10: 181218.Google Scholar
Bebeau, M. J. 2002. The defining issues test and the four component model: Contributions to professional education. Journal of Moral Education, 31: 27194.Google Scholar
Blasi, A. 1980. Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88: 145.Google Scholar
Brief, A. P., & Motowidlo, S. J. 1986. Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11: 71025.Google Scholar
Brown, M. E., & Mitchell, M. S. 2010. Ethical and unethical leadership: Exploring new avenues for future research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20: 583616.Google Scholar
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. 2006. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. Leadership Quarterly, 17: 595616.Google Scholar
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. 2005. Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97: 11734.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. 1996. Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70: 14156.Google Scholar
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. 1998. On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. 1983. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Dukerich, J. M., Nichols, M. L., Elm, D. R., & Vollrath, D. A. 1990. Moral reasoning in groups: Leaders make a difference. Human Relations, 43: 47393.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. 2001. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56: 21826.Google Scholar
Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., Luthans, F., May, D. R., & Walumbwa, F. O. 2005. “Can you see the real me?” A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. Leadership Quarterly, 16: 34372.Google Scholar
Gioia, D. A., & Poole, P. P. 1984. Scripts in organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 9: 44959.Google Scholar
Goud, N. H. 2005. Courage: Its nature and development. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development, 44: 10216.Google Scholar
Hannah, S. T., & Avolio, B. J. 2010. Moral potency: Building the capacity for character-based leadership. Consulting Psychology Journal, 62: 291310.Google Scholar
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & May, D. R. 2011. Moral maturation and moral conation: A capacity approach to explaining moral thought and action. Academy of Management Review, 36.Google Scholar
Hannah, S. T., Lester, P. B., & Vogelgesang, G. 2005. Moral leadership: Explicating the moral component of authentic leadership. In Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (Eds.), Authentic leadership and practice: Origins, effects, and development: 4382. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hannah, S. T., Sweeney, P. J., & Lester, P. B. 2010. The courageous mindset: A dynamic personality system approach to courage. In Pury, C. & Lopez, S. (Eds.), The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue: 12548. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Hannah, S. T., Uhl-Bien, M., Avolio, B. J., & Cavarretta, F. 2009. A framework for examining leadership in extreme contexts. Leadership Quarterly, 20: 897919.Google Scholar
Hannah, S. T., Walumbwa, F. O., & Fry, J. 2011. Leadership in action teams: Team leader and members’ authenticity, authenticity strength, and performance outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 64: 771801.Google Scholar
Hill, P. L., & Roberts, B. W. 2010. Propositions for the study of moral personality development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19: 38083.Google Scholar
Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. 1992. The ethics of charismatic leadership: Submission or liberation? Academy of Management Executive, 6: 4354.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. D. 2003. The death of character. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Ilies, R., Morgeson, F. P., & Nahrgang, J. D. 2005. Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader-follower outcomes. Leadership Quarterly, 16: 37394.Google Scholar
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. 1984. Estimating within-group inter-rater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69: 8598.Google Scholar
Jonas, K., Boos, M., & Brandstätter, B. (Eds.). 2007. Training moral courage: Theory and practice. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Kahn, W. A. 1990. Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 692724.Google Scholar
Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. 2005. From thought and experience to behavior and interpersonal relationships: A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity. In Tesser, A., Wood, J. V., & Stapel, D. (Eds.), On building, defending and regulating the self: A psychological perspective: 3152. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Kidder, R. M. 2005. Moral courage. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Kidder, R. M., & Bracy, M. 2001. Moral courage: A white paper. Camden, MA: Institute for global ethics.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. 1981. The philosophy of moral development. San Francisco: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Lester, P. B., Vogelgesang, G., Hannah, S. T., & Kimmey, T. 2010. Developing courage in followers: Theoretical and applied perspectives. In Pury, C. & Lopez, S. (Eds.), The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue: 21045. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. 2002. To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9: 15173.Google Scholar
Lord, R. G., & Brown, D. J. 2004. Leadership processes and follower self-identity. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. 2002. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variables effects. Psychological Methods, 7: 83104.Google Scholar
McGurk, D., & Castro, C. A. 2010. Courage in combat. In Pury, C. & Lopez, S. (Eds.), The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue: 16785. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Miller, W. I. 2002. The mystery of courage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Monin, B., Pizarro, D. A., & Beer, J. S. 2007. Deciding versus reacting: Conceptions of moral judgment and the reason-affect debate. Review of General Psychology, 11: 99111.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 1992. Tragedy and self-sufficiency: Plato and Aristotle on fear and pity. In Annas, J. (Ed.), Oxford studies in ancient philosophy: 10760. New York: Oxford Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. 2004. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pury, C., Kowalski, R., & Spearman, J. 2007. Distinctions between general and personal courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2: 99114.Google Scholar
Putman, D. 2010. Philosophical roots of the concept of courage. In Pury, C. & Lopez, S. (Eds.), The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue: 922. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Rest, J. R., Narvaez, D., Bebeau, M. J., & Thoma, S. J. 1999. Postconventional moral thinking: A neo-Kohlbergian approach. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Reynolds, S. J. 2006. A neurocognitive model of the ethical decision-making process: implications for study and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 73748.Google Scholar
Rothschild, J., & Miethe, T. D. 1999. Whistle-blower disclosures and management retaliation. Work and Occupations, 26: 10728.Google Scholar
Schminke, M., Ambrose, M. L., & Neubaum, D. O. 2005. The effect of leader moral development on ethical climate and employee attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Making Processes, 97: 13551.Google Scholar
Schminke, M., & Wells, D. 1999. Group processes and performance and their effects on individuals’ ethical framework. Journal of Business Ethics, 18: 36781.Google Scholar
Schminke, M., Wells, D., Peyrefitte, J., & Sebora, T. C. 2002. Leadership and ethics in work groups: A longitudinal assessment. Group and Organization Management, 27: 27293.Google Scholar
Schwan, G. 2004. Civil courage and human dignity: How to regain respect for the fundamental values of western democracy. Social Research, 71: 10716.Google Scholar
Sekerka, L. E., & Bagozzi, R. P. 2007. Moral courage in the workplace: Moving to and from the desire and decision to act. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16: 13249.Google Scholar
Sekerka, L. E., & Bagozzi, R. P., & Charnigo, R. 2009. Facing ethical challenges in the workplace: Conceptualizing and measuring professional moral courage. Journal of Business Ethics, 89: 56579.Google Scholar
Sobel, M. E. 1982. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In Leinhardt, S. (Ed.), Sociological methodology: 290312. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.Google Scholar
Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Smith-Crowe, K. 2008. Ethical decision making: Where we’ve been and where we’re going. Academy of Management Annals, 2: 545607.Google Scholar
Tepper, B. 2007. Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33: 26189.Google Scholar
Tomarken, A. J., & Waller, N. G. 2005. Structural equation modeling: Strengths, limitations, and misconceptions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1: 3165.Google Scholar
Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R., & Reynolds, S. J. 2006. Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32: 95190.Google Scholar
Treviño, L. K., & Youngblood, S. A. 1990. Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision making behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 44776.Google Scholar
Verplanken, B., & Holland, R. W. 2002. Motivated decision making: Effects of activation and self-centrality of values on choices and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82: 43447.Google Scholar
Verschoor, C. C. 2003. Eight ethical traits of a healthy organization. Strategic Finance, 85: 2030.Google Scholar
Walker, L. J., & Henning, K. H. 2004. Differing conceptions of moral exemplarity: Just, brave, and caring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86: 62947.Google Scholar
Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. 2008. Authentic leadership: Development and analysis of a multidimensional theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34: 89126.Google Scholar
Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F., Avey, J., & Oke, A. 2011. Authentically leading groups: The mediating role of positivity and trust. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32: 4324.Google Scholar
Walumbwa, F. O., Mayer, D. M., Wang, P., Wang, H., Workman, K., & Christensen, A. L. 2011. Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: The roles of leader-member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115: 20413.Google Scholar
Walumbwa, F. O., & Schaubroeck, J. 2009. Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior: Mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 127586.Google Scholar
Walumbwa, F. O., Wang, P., Wang, H., Schaubroeck, J., & Avolio, B. J. 2010. Psychological processes linking authentic leadership to follower behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 21: 90114.Google Scholar
Werhane, P. 1999. Moral imagination and management decision making. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Wood, D. 2007. Using PRISM to compare the explanatory value of general and role-contextualized trait ratings. Journal of Personality, 75: 110326.Google Scholar
Woodard, C. R. 2004. Hardiness and the concept of courage. Consulting Psychology Journal: Research and Practice, 56: 17385.Google Scholar
Woodard, C. R., & Pury, C. L. 2007. The construct of courage: Categorization and measurement. Consulting Psychology Journal: Research and Practice, 59: 13547.Google Scholar
Worline, M. C., Wrzesniewski, A., & Rafaeli, A. 2002. Courage and work: Breaking routines to improve performance. In Lord, R., Klimoski, R., & Kanfer, R. (Eds.), Emotions at work: 295330. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar