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¹⁰ “Legal Protection of Good Faith,” Hunt's I (September, 1839), 230.

¹¹ Ibid.; Holdsworth, English Law, V, 60–154; XII, 524–542; VIII 99–300.

¹² See below, notes 36–42.

¹³ Story, Joseph, Commentaries on the Law of Bills of Exchange (Boston, 1846), 17.Google Scholar It is important to note that the distinction between bonafide transactions and accommodations was blurred and the law never settled upon clear definitions. It is probably true that in the realities of business practice, all accommodations might in fact rest on some bonafide transaction, but as will be seen below, the laws of the states were often unable to establish sound doctrines that recognized this; see also, Freyer, “Unity from Diversity,” 18–21.

¹⁴ See notes 36–42.

¹⁵ See notes 57–67 below; and Foster, B. F., Practical Summary of the Law and Usage of Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes (Boston, 1837), 1–32.Google Scholar

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²⁶ “Law of Debtor Creditor,” Hunt's, XV (July, 1846), 71.

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³⁴ See Freyer, “Unity from Diversity,” 83, for lengthy citation supporting this generalization.

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³⁶ Bay v. Coddington, 5 Johns. Chauncery Rep. 56–77 (1821); see also Warren v. Lynch 5 Johns. 239 (1810).

³⁷ Rosa v. Brotherson, 10 Wend. 85 (1833); Ontario Bank v. Worthington, 12 Wend. 593 (1834); Payne v. Cutler, 13 Wend. 605 (1834).

³⁸ 16 Wend. 659 (1837).

³⁹ Bank of Salina v. Babcock, 21 Wend. 499 (1839); Bank of Sandusky v. Scoville, 24 Wend. 115 (1840).

⁴⁰ Kent, Commentaries on American Law, 81–82; Swift, On the Law of Evidence, 327.

⁴¹ Homes v. Smyth, 16 Maine 177 (1839); Brush v. Scribner, 11 Conn. 388 (1836).

⁴² Riley and Van Amringo v. Johnson, 8 Ohio 526 (1838), Carlise v. Wishart, 11 Ohio 173 (1842); Platt v. Eads, 1 Blackf. 81 (1820), Elliott v. Armstrong 2 Blackf. 231 (1829); Atchison v. Davidson, 2 Pin. 48 (1847), Cook v. Helms, 5 Wis. 107 (1856). See Freyer, “Unity from Diversity,” 182, for other states.

⁴³ “The American Jurist,” North American Reciew, XXIX (October, 1829), 422.

⁴⁴ Abel P. Upshur, A Brief Enquiry into the True Nature and Character of Our Federal Government: Being a Review of Judge Story's Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, 83.

⁴⁵ Goebel, Antecedents, I, 475–509; U.S. Statutes at Large, I, 78–80.

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⁴⁸ “Debtor-Creditor Laws of Alabama,’ Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, VI ( February, 1842), 156.

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⁵⁶ Ibid., 50–51.

⁵⁷ 2 Wheaton 75 (1817); Payson v. Coolidge 19 Fed. Cases 19 (CCD Mass., 1814).

⁵⁸ 2 Wheaton 75.

⁵⁹ Ibid., 72.

⁶⁰ Ibid., 75.

⁶¹ Ibid., 73.

⁶² Townsley v. Sumrall, 2 Peters 182 (1829).

⁶³ 16 Peters 1 (1842); for a discussion of antecedents and the decision itself in its business and legal context see Freyer, “Unity from Diversity,” 1–173.

⁶⁴ Swift v. Tyson, 16 Peters 18 (1842).

⁶⁵ Ibid., 20.

⁶⁶ Hurst, James Willard, The Legitimacy of the Business Corporation in the Law of the United States, 1780–1970 (Charlottesville, 1974), 1–40.Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ Dunne, Gerald T., Justice Joseph Story and the Rise of the Supreme Court (New York, 1968), 101Google Scholar; for more on admiralty jurisdiction, see: Deutsch, Eberhard, “Development of the Theory of Admiralty Jurisdiction in the United States,” Tulane Law Review, XXXV (1960), 75–106Google Scholar; Friendly, Henry, “From Judicial Grant to Legislative Power: The Admiralty Clause in the Nineteenth Century,” Harvard Law Review, LXVII (1954), 325–363Google Scholar; Kinvin Wroth, L., “The Massachusetts Vice Admiralty Court and the Federal Admiralty Jurisdiction,” American Journal of Legal History, VI (1966), 205–232.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ See Freyer, “Unity from Diversity,” 1–173, for cases and a fuller discussion of the role of the federal courts.