¹ Major pieces of legislation included: the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969; the Clean Air Act of 1970; the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972; the Feder al Insecticide, Fungicides, and Rodenticides Act of 1972; the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974: the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976; the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976; and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980.

² References to numerous studies that discuss such conflicts can be found in the bibliographic essay, Stine, Jeffrey K. and Tarr, Joel A., “At the Intersection of Histories: Technology and the Environment,” Technology and Culture 39 (Oct. 1998): 601–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar However, most of the studies that deal with industrial pollution view the issue from the eves of workers, health officials, and the general public, not from the eyes of engineers and technical managers making decisions within industrial firms.

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¹⁶ “Conservation Saves Millions Says Wiggins,” Petroleum Age 17 (15 Mar. 1926): 42, 49.

¹⁷ Glenn Marston, ed., Principles and Ideas for Doherty Men: Papers, Addresses, and Letters by Henruy L. Doherty, vol. 5, printed for the use of Doherty organizations, 1923, 242, box 19, Cities Service Collection, Western History Collection, University of Oklahoma.

¹⁸ J. H. Wiggins, “Evaporation Losses of Petroleum in the Mid-Continent Field,” Bureau of Mines, Bulletin no. 200 (Washington, D.C., 1921); Wiggins, J. H., Methods of Decreasing Evaporation Losses of Petroleum, Bureau of Mines, Technical Paper no. 318, (Washington, D.C., 1923).Google Scholar

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²⁷ Federal Oil Conservation Board, Public Hearings, February 10 and 11, 48–65.

²⁸ Doherty's comments in writing, Federal Oil Conservation Board, Record of Public Hearings, May 27 (Washington D.C., 1926), 51.Google Scholar Doherty, who had been active in the founding of the A.P.I., continued to disagree with other industry leaders even after they accepted unitization. In 1931, proclaiming himself “out of step” with the other A.P.I. directors, he resigned from the organization. See New York Times, 27 Dec. 1939, 1.

²⁹ Ise, John, The United States Oil Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1926), 162–163, 281Google Scholar; Logan, Leonard M. Jr, Stabilization of the Petroleum Industry (Norman, Okla., 1930), 6, 137–150, 153Google Scholar; Giebelhaus, August W., Business and Government in Industry: A Case Study of Sun Oil, 1876–1945 (Greenwich, Conn., 1980), 124–126.Google Scholar

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³³ J. G. Pew to M. B. Sweeney, 1 July 1930, East Texas Water Encroachment, box 29, series 3, Sun Oil Records. For a similar example involving rice growers, see Cloud, Wilbur F., Petroleum Production (Norman, Okla., 1937), 501.Google Scholar

³⁴ J. E. Pew to J. G. Pew, 1 Aug. 1930, East Texas Water Encroachment.

³⁵ Pew to Sweeney, 1 July 1930.

³⁶ Wiebe, A. H., Burr, J. G., and Faubion, H. E., “The Problem of Stream Pollution in Texas with Special Reference to Salt Water from the Oil Fields,” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 64 (1934): 81–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar The authors were all with the Texas Game, Fish, and Oyster Commission.

³⁷ Jones, Ogden S., Fresh Water Protection from Pollution Arising in the Oil Fields (Lawrence, Kans., 1950), 7–9, 69–71.Google Scholar

³⁸ Shhanahan, M.H., “Texas Salt Water Problem Discussed,” Oil and Gas Journal (16 Apr. 1931): 65, 90Google Scholar; Bignell, L. G. E., “Salt Water Situation Already Serious in Texas Field,” Oil and Gas Journal (9 July 1931): 17, 120Google Scholar; Stormont, D. H., “East Texas Operators to Consider Disposal Plan,” Oil and Gas Journal 40 (11 Dec. 1931): 24.Google Scholar

³⁹ The Section of Mineral Law, American Bar Association, Legal History of Conservation of Oil and Gas (Chicago, 1938), 232–233Google Scholar; interview, Judge F. W. Fischer by R. W. Hayes, 21 May 1955, tape no. 172, Oral History of the Petroleum Industry, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.

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⁴¹ “An Interstate Compact to Conserve Oil and Gas,” attachment, J. G. Pew to J. N. Pew, Jr., 20 Feb. 1935, box 3, series 4, Sun Oil Records.

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⁴³ H. K. Arnold (Humble Oil) to Members of the Anti-Pollution Committee, 28 June 1933, folder 7, box 12, George A. Hill, Jr. Collection, Houston Metropolitan Research Center; letter with attachments, Arnold to George Hill (Houston Oil), 2 Aug. 1933.

⁴⁴ Con R. Gladney (Chairman, Anti-Pollution Committee) to Contributors to East Texas Anti-Pollution Work, 28 June 1935, folder 7, box 12, George A. Hill, Jr. Collection.

⁴⁵ “East Texas Salt Water Disposal Plan Considered,” no date, folder 7, box 12, George A. Hill, Jr. Collection.

⁴⁶ Ibid.

⁴⁷ Caplinger, Michael W. and Ross, Philip W., The Historic Petroleum Industry in the Allegheny National Forest, prepared for the USDA Forest Service (Morgantown, W. Va., 1993), 69–70.Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ E. DeGolyer, “Concepts on the Occurrence of Oil and Gas,” in History of Petroleum Engineering, 30.

⁵¹ David Trax, “Repressurizing Practice in the Mid-Continent,” presented to a meeting of the Mid-Continent District of the A.P.I., Oct. 7–8, 1929, box 38, series 7, Sun Oil Records; Osgood, Wentworth H., Increasing the Recoveny of Petroleum, 2 vols. (New York. 1930).Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Progress report, East Texas Joint Salt Water Disposal Experiment, 14 Feb. 1936, folder 7. box 12, George A. Hill, Jr. Collection.

⁵⁵ “General History of the Bartlesville Station, 1934–1935,” box 17, Bartlesville Records, Bureau of Mines, RG 70–2, NARS, Forth Worth; N.C. Smith to Sam O. Battles, 8 Oct. 1936, box 21; Jones, Fresh Water Protection, 7; Bignell, L. G. E., “Salt Water Disposal Wells Solution of Problems for Operators in Kansas,” Oil and Gas Journal (5 Sept. 1935).Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ Ludwig Schmidt to R.A. Cattell, 15 Now 1938, box 21, Bartlesville Records, Bureau of Mines, RG 70–4, NARS, Fort Worth.

⁵⁹ Data on Production and Number of Wells—East “Texas Field,” East Texas Water Encroachment, box 29, series 3, Sun Oil Records. The increase in salt water was probably higher because some companies, fearing that the Railroad Commission would eventually shut down wells producing mostly water, purposely kept their figures low; see F. E. Heath to J. Edgar Pew, 27 September 1937, box 29, series 3, Sun Records.

⁶⁰ M. B. Sweeney to J. Edgar Pew, 3 Aug. 1937, East Texas Water Encroachment, box 29, series 3, Sun Oil Records; “East Texas Water Disposal Plant Attracts Interest,” Oil and Gas journal(8 Dee. 1938): 50, 52.

⁶¹ East Texas Salt Water Disposal Corporation, Salt Water Disposal in the East Texas Field,(Austin, Tex., 1953), 3Google Scholar; King, H. H., “East Texas Experiment Shows Feasibility of Returning Salt to Producing Formation,” Oil Weekly (28 Nov. 1938): 23–34Google Scholar; Leahy, M. J., “Disposal of Oil Field Brines Acute Problem in East Texas,” Oil Weekly (8 Jan. 1940): 19–20, 22–24.Google Scholar

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⁶⁵ Carlisle and Giebelhaus, Bartlesville, 52.

⁶⁶ Leon W. Dupuy to H. C. Fowler, May 7, 1951, box 18, Bartlesville Records, Bureau of Mines, RG 70–2, NARS, Fort Worth; Fancher, George H. and Mackay, Donald K., Secondary Recovery of Petroleum in Arkansas—A Survey (El Dorado, Ark., 1946).Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ J. H. Hedges to R. E. Tarbett (Senior Sanitary Engineer, U.S. Public Health Service), 11 Aug. 1938, Box 21, Bartlesville Records, Bureau of Mines, RG 70–2, NARS, Fort Worth.

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⁸⁴ “Rail Panel OK'd Discharges of Brine, Parks Man Testifies,” Houston Chronicle, 16 Feb. 1972, clipping, folder 16, box 26, J. M. Heiser Environmental Collection, Houston Metropolitan Research Center.

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⁹¹ “IOCC Renews Attack on Injection Regs,” Oil and Gas Journal 75 (24 Jan. 1977).

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