Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-c9gpj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T17:36:55.995Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Images of Uncertainty: some thoughts on the meaning of form in the art of Late Antiquity*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2016

Tim Boatswain*
Affiliation:
Polytechnic of North London

Extract

My concern is with the change in style in the visual arts which occurred with the emergence of Late Antiquity. The discussion is intended to fall into three parts; in the first part I review how art historians have approached Late Antique art and examine some of the theoretical positions that have arisen through attempts to explain style in art; in the second part I shall endeavour to formulate my own theoretical explanation and I shall go on, in the third part, using some examples, to consider how this theoretical formulation is particularly valuable in the analysis of the art of the Late Antique period.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 For a comparison of the formal and aesthetic qualities of Classical and Late Antique art see Onians, John, ‘Abstraction and Imagination in Late Antiquity’, Art History 3 (March 1980) 124 Google Scholar

2 Winckelmann, J.J., Geschichte derKunstdesAlterthums, ed. Lessing, J. (Berlin 1870)Google Scholar. For a Renaissance view of stylistic decline see, Vasari, Giorgio, Lives of the Artists; a Selection, trans George Bull (Harmondsworth 1965) 32ff Google Scholar.

3 Gibbon, E., History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 vols. (London 1776-88)Google Scholar. For the influence and reaction to Gibbon’s analysis see, Momigliano, Arnaldo, ‘After Gibbon’s Decline and Fall’, in Age of Spirituality: a Symposium, ed. Kurt Weitzmann (New York 1980) 716 Google Scholar; Lossky, Andrew, ‘Introduction: Gibbon and the Enlightenment’, in The Transformation of the Roman World: Gibbon’s problem after Two Centuries, ed. White, Lynn Jr. (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1966) 129 Google Scholar

4 Pliny, , Natural History, xxxvi-xxxvii, trans Eichholz, D.E. (Loeb Classical Library, x, London 1962)Google Scholar. For a typical example of Pliny’s attitude see xxv, 6-7, where he criticises contemporary sculpture by ‘foreign artists’ compared with the ancient portraits of ancestors.

5 A study which attributes the change in style to a lack of craftmanship is Bernard Berenson, The Arch of Constantine or the Decline of Form (London 1954).

6 Hanfmann, George, Roman Art; a Modern survey of the Art of Imperial Rome (London 1964) 3133 Google Scholar.

7 In particular Riegl’s Die spatromische Kunstindustrie (Vienna 1901), and Wickhoff’s, Roman Art: Some of its Principles and their Application to Early Christian Painting, trans. & ed. MrsStrong, A. (London and New York 1900)Google Scholar.

8 Kitzinger, Ernst, Byzantine Art in the Making (London 1977) 8 Google Scholar.

9 For a general analysis of the stylistic change from Classical to Late Antique see Kitzinger, Ernst, op. cit., 721 Google Scholar.

10 See Baraschi, Mosche, Theories of Art: From Plato to Winckelmann (New York and London 1985)Google Scholar.

11 For a popularist approach to materialism see Berger, John, Ways of Seeing (London 1972)Google Scholar. For Gombrich’s theory see Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of pictorial Representation (London 1960); cf. Popper, Karl, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (London 1959)Google Scholar. For the idea of a universal aesthetics of form see Fry, Roger, Vision and Design (London 1925)Google Scholar. For art as semiology see Bryson, Norman, Vision and Painting: The Logic of the Gaze (London 1983)Google Scholar.

12 For an example of Marx’s analysis of the relationship between artistic style and social development, see his view on Greek art in Grundrisse (Harmondsworth 1973) 111. Timpanaro, S., On Materialism (London 1976) 34ff Google Scholar., in his critique of Marx’s ‘reflectionist’ model of aesthetics, perceives biological constants determining human concerns for art rather more than socio-historic experience, Lovell, Terry, Pictures of Reality: Aesthetics, Politics and Pleasure (London 1980)Google Scholar, in rescuing a marxist sociology of art from Althusserianism and the psychoanalysis and semiology of Lacan, argues that artistic practice has its meaning in processes of consumption and production. For a synthesis of Timpanaro and psychoanalytical theory see Fuller, Peter, Art and Psychoanalysis (London 1980)Google Scholar.

13 For the ways in which cultures construct their own reality, see Berger, P.L. and Luckmann, T., The Social Construction of Reality: a treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (Harmondsworth 1971) 6570 Google Scholar.

14 Die spàtromische Kunstundustrie, 10; Durkheim, E., The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans Swan, J. Ward (London 1915) 170ff Google Scholar.

15 Bryson, op. cit, 17. For an approach to the problems of reconstituting the perceptions and behaviour of an historical society, see Haldon, John, ‘Everyday Life in Byzantium: Some Problems of Approach’, BMGS 10 (1986) 5172 Google Scholar.

16 For an example of this type of circular analysis see Hauser, Arnold, The Social History of Art, I (London 1962) 109ff Google Scholar.

17 Saussure, Ferdinand de, Course in General Linguistics, trans Bally, C. and Sechehaye, A. (New York, Toronto, London 1959)Google Scholar. For problems with the semiological method see Bryson, , op. cit. 6786 Google Scholar. For a criticism of the ‘dictionary fallacy’ of symbols when applied to early Christian art see Sister Murray, Charles, Rebirth and Afterlife (B.A.R.S100 Oxford 1981) 8-12. For the importance of ‘practice’ see Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge 1982)Google Scholar Iff.

18 Neisser, Ulric, Cognition and Reality: principles and implication of cognitive psychology (San Francisco 1976)Google Scholar.

19 Freud, Sigmund, ‘Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning’, Standard Edition (London 1958) 21326 Google Scholar; for Freud’s view of the Pathology of art see, ‘Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood’, Standard Edition, 11 (London 1958) 133ff. For language learning determined by genetic factors, see Chomsky, Noam, Reflections on Language (London 1976)Google Scholar; and from the elaboration of a similar, and related, argument regarding the cognitive mechanism of symbolism, likewise phylogenetically determined, see Sperber, D., Rethinking Symbolism, trans. Morton, A.L. (Cambridge 1979)Google Scholar.

20 For the physiology of perception see Blakemore, Colin, ‘The baffled brain’, in Illusion in Nature and Art, ed Gregory, R.L. and Gombrich, E.H. (London 1973) 947 Google Scholar. For the significance of innate responses see Lorenz, K., Behind the Mirror: a Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge (London 1977)Google Scholar.

21 Brendel, Otto J., Prolegomena to the Study of Roman Art (New Haven and London 1979) 26 Google Scholar.

22 Dawkins, Richard, The Selfish Gene (Oxford 1976)Google Scholar.

23 Bronowski, J., The Visionary Eye: Essays in the Arts, literature, and Science, ed. Ariotti, Piero E. (Cambridge, Mass and London 1978) 96 Google Scholar.

24 Sperber, , Rethinking Symbolism Google Scholar (cited note 19 above) 37ff.

25 Jung, C.G., Collected Works, 16 (London 1966) 330 Google Scholar.

26 Gombrich, E.H., The Sense of Order: A study in the psychology of decorative art (Oxford 1979) 9 Google Scholar.

27 Cf. ‘Impressionism’ with ‘Socialist Realism’.

28 Jones, A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire 284-602: a Social, Economic and Administrative Survey (Oxford 1973) 470ff Google Scholar.

29 Strong, Donald, Roman Art (Harmondsworth 1976) 2645 Google Scholar.

30 Adorno, Theodor, Aesthetic Theory, trans Lenhardt, C. C., eds. Gretei Adorno and Rolf Tiedemann (London and New York 1984) 8 Google Scholar.

31 Strong, D.E., Roman Imperial Sculpture (London 1961)Google Scholar plate 35.

32 Grabar, André, Byzantium: From the Death of Theodosius to the Rise of Islam, trans. Stuart Gilbert and Emmons, James (London 1966)Google Scholar plate 245. On the potency of the vertical image see Brilliant, R., Visual Narratives (Ithaca and London 1984) 90ff Google Scholar.

33 Goldscheider, , Roman Portraits (London 1940)Google Scholar plate 22.

34 Goldscheider, op. cit., plate 115.

35 See note 28.

36 Wollheim, Richard, ‘Aesthetics, anthropology and style’, in Art in Society, edd Greenhalgh, M. and Megaw, V. (London 1978) G.Google Scholar