Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-k7p5g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T12:52:56.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Never-Changing and the Ever-Changing: the Evolution of Western Pueblo Ritual

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2008

Stephen Plog
Affiliation:
Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Virginia Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
Julie Solometo
Affiliation:
Museum of AnthropologyUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI 48109, USA

Abstract

The evolution of Western Pueblo ritual has long been a focus of ethnographic and archaeological research in the American Southwest. Most of these studies emphasize the continuities between the late prehistoric period and the early historic era and highlight the role of katsina ritual in promoting social harmony or controlling weather and fertility. We suggest that a more complete understanding of ritual change during this time span requires a closer examination of the highly dynamic social landscape of the the thirteenth through eighteenth centuries. In particular, we suggest that the increasing evidence for raiding, conflict, and social opposition must be incorporated into new models of social and ritual change.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, E.C., 1991a. Homol'ovi in the fourteenth century, in Homol'ovi II: Archaeology of an Ancestral Hopi Village, Arizona, eds. Adams, E.C. & Hays, K.A.. (Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 55.) Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press, 11621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, E.C., 1991b. The Origin and Development of the Pueblo Katsina Cult. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, E.C., 1994. The katsina cult: a western pueblo perspective, in Schaafsma, P. (ed.) 1994c, 3546.Google Scholar
Beal, J.D., 1987. Foundations of the Rio Grande Classic: the LowerChama River AD 1300–1500. Santa Fe (NM): South-west Archaeological Consultants Research Series.Google Scholar
Berry, D.R., 1983. Skeletal remains from RB 568, in Honoring the Dead: Anasazi Ceramics from the Rainbow Bridge Monument Valley Expedition, ed. Crotty, H.K.. (Monograph Series 22.) Lbs Angeles (CA): Museum of Cultural History, 64–9.Google Scholar
Bunzel, R., 1932a. Introduction to Zuni ceremonialism, in 47th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1929–1930. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office, 467544.Google Scholar
Bunzel, R., 1932b. The nature of katcinas, in 47th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1929–1930. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office, 8371006.Google Scholar
Cole, S., 1989. Katsina iconography in Homol'ovi rock art. The Kiva 54, 313–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colson, E., 1977. A continuing dialogue: prophets and local shrines among the Tonga of Zambia, in Regional Cults, ed. Werbner, R.P.. London: Academic Press, 119–40.Google Scholar
Colton, H.S., 1959. Hopi Kachina Dolls. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Cordell, L.S., 1996. Big sites, big questions: pueblos in transition, in The Prehistoric Pueblo World AD 1150–1350, ed. Adler, M.A.. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press, 228–40.Google Scholar
Creamer, W., 1993. The Architecture of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico. Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Crotty, H.K., 1995. Anasazi Mural Art of the Pueblo IV Period, AD 1300–1600: Influences, Selective Adaptation, and Cultural Diversity in the Prehistoric South-west. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Art History, University of California Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Crown, P., 1994. Ceramics and Ideology: Salado Polychrome Pottery. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Dean, J.S., 1970. Aspects of Tsegi phase social organization: a trial reconstruction, in Reconstructing Prehistoric Pueblo Societies, ed. Longacre, W.. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press, 140–74.Google Scholar
Dean, J.S., Doelle, W.H. & Orcutt, J.D., 1994. Adaptive stress: environment and demography, in Gumerman, (ed.), 5386.Google Scholar
Di Peso, C.C., 1950. Painted stone slabs of Point of Pines, Arizona. American Antiquity 16, 5765.Google Scholar
Dockstader, F.J., 1954. The Kachina and the White Man: the Influences of White Culture on the Hopi Kachina Religion. (Bulletin 35.) Bloomfield Hills (MI): Cranbrook Institute of Science. (1985 second edition, revised, Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press).Google Scholar
Dozier, E.P., 1970. The Pueblo Indians of North America. New York (NY): Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Duff, A., 1996. When is a Region? Issues for Late Pueblo Prehistory. Unpublished paper presented at the 1996 Southwest Symposium, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Eggan, F., 1950. Social Organization of the Western Pueblos. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Eggan, F., 1994. The Hopi Indians, with special reference to their cosmology or world-view, in Schaafsma, P. (ed.) 1994c, 716.Google Scholar
Ellis, F.H., 1951. Patterns of aggression and war cult in southwestern pueblos. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7, 177201.Google Scholar
Farmer, M 1957. A suggested typology of defensive systems of the southwest. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 13, 249–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferg, A., 1982. Fourteenth-century kachina depictions on ceramics, in Collected Papers in Honor of John H. Runyon, ed. Fitzgerald, G.X.. (Papers of the Archaeo-logical Society of New Mexico 7.) Albuquerque (NM): Archaeological Society of New Mexico, 1329.Google Scholar
Ferguson, R.B., 1984. Introduction: studying war, in War-fare, Culture, and Environment, ed. Ferguson, R.B.. Orlando (FL): Academic Press, 181.Google Scholar
Fewkes, J.W., 1893. A-wá-to-bi: an archaeological verification of a Tusayan legend. American Anthropologist 6, 363–75.Google Scholar
Fewkes, J.W., 1900. Tusayan migration traditions, in 19th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1897–98, ed. Powell, J.W.. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office, 573633.Google Scholar
Fewkes, J.W., 1903. Hopi katcinas, in 21st Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office, 3126.Google Scholar
Flannery, K., 1972. The origins of the village as a settlement type in Mesoamerica and the Near East: a comparative study, in Man, Settlement and Urbanism, eds. Ucko, P., Tringham, R. & Dimbleby, G.W.. London: Duckworth, 2353.Google Scholar
Ford, R.I., 1972. An ecological perspective on the eastern pueblos, in New Perspectives on the Pueblos, ed. Ortiz, A.. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press, 117.Google Scholar
Galle, J.E., 1994. Haute Couture: Cotton, Class, and Culture Change in the Protohistoric Southwest. Unpublished Senior honors thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia.Google Scholar
Gumerman, G.J. (ed.), 1994. Themes in Southwest Prehistory. Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Haas, J. & Creamer, W., 1993. Stress and Warfare among the Kayenta Anasazi of the Thirteenth Century AD. (Fieldiana Anthropology new series 21.) Chicago (IL): Field Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar
Haeberlin, H.K., 1916. The idea of fertilization in the culture of the Pueblo Indians. Memoirs of the Anthropological Association 3(1), 155.Google Scholar
Hammond, G. & Rey, A., 1927. The Gallegos reaction of the Rodrfquez expedition to New Mexico (1581–1582). Neiu Mexico Historical Review 4, 158.Google Scholar
Hammond, G. & Rey, A., 1940. Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Haury, E.W., 1958. Evidence at Point of Pines for a prehistoric migration from northern Arizona, in Migrations in New World Culture History, ed. Thompson, R.H.. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press, 17.Google Scholar
Hays, K.A., 1989. Katsina depictions on Homol'ovi ceramics: toward a fourteenth-century pueblo iconography. The Kiva 54(3), 297312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hays, K.A., 1994. Kachina depictions on prehistoric pueblo pottery, in Schaafsma, P. (ed.) 1994c, 4762.Google Scholar
Hegmon, M., 1989. Risk reduction and variation in agri-cultural economies: a computer simulation of Hopi agriculture. Research in Economic Anthropology 11, 89121.Google Scholar
Hill, J.N., 1970. Broken K Pueblo: Prehistoric Social Organization in the American Southwest. (Anthropological Papers 18.) Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Jewett, R.A., 1989. Distance, integration, and complexity: the spatial organization of pan-regional settlement clusters in the American Southwest, in The Sociopolitical Structure of Prehistoric Southwestern Societies, eds. Upham, S., Lightfoot, K. & Jewett, R.. Boulder (CO): Westview Press, 363–88.Google Scholar
Kent, K.P., 1983. Prehistoric Textiles of the Southwest. Albuquerque (NM): School of American Research and University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Kohler, T.A., 1992. Field houses, villages, and the tragedy of the commons in the early northern Anasazi South-west. American Antiquity 57, 617–35.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, S.A., 1989. Cibola: shifting cultural boundaries, in Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory, eds. Cordell, L. & Gumerman, G.. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press, 337–69.Google Scholar
Lekson, S. & Cameron, C., 1995. The abandonment of Chaco Canyon, the Mesa Verde migrations, and the reorganization of the pueblo world. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14, 184202.Google Scholar
Levy, J., 1992. Oravyi Revisited: Social Stratification in an ‘Egalitarian’ Society. Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Levy, J., 1994. Ethnographic analogs: strategies for reconstructing archaeological cultures, in Understanding Complexity in the Prehistoric Southwest, eds. Gumerman, G. & Gell-Mann, M.. New York (NY): Addison Wesley, 233–44.Google Scholar
Lipe, W.D., 1995. The depopulation of the northern San Juan: conditions in the turbulent 1200s. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14, 143–69.Google Scholar
Longacre, W.A., 1964. Archaeology as anthropology: a case study. Science 144, 1454–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, D., 1994. Patterns of health and disease: stress profiles for the prehistoric southwest, in Gumerman, (ed.), 87108.Google Scholar
Mera, H.P., 1934. A Survey of the Biscuit Ware Area in Northern New Mexico. (Laboratory of Anthropology Technical Series Bulletin 6.) Santa Fe (NM): Museum of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Mera, H.P., 1935. Ceramic Clues to the Prehistory of North Central New Mexico. (Laboratory of Anthropology Technical Series Bulletin 8.) Santa Fe (NM): Museum of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Mera, H.P., 1938. Some aspects of the Largo cultural phase, northern New Mexico. American Antiquity 3, 236–43.Google Scholar
Mera, H.P., 1940. Population Changes in the Rio Grande Glaze-Paint Area. (Laboratory of Anthropology Technical Series Bulletin 9.) Santa Fe (NM): Museum of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Mindeleff, C., 1900. Localization of Tusayan clans, in 19th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1897–98, ed. Powell, J.W.. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office, 638–53.Google Scholar
Parsons, E.C., 1939. Pueblo Indian Religion, vols. 1 & 2. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Preucel, R., 1987. Settlement succession on the Pajarito plateau, New Mexico. The Kiva 53, 333.Google Scholar
Rappaport, R.A., 1971. Ritual, sanctity and cybernetics. American Anthropologist 73, 5976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappaport, R.A., 1979. Ecology, Meaning, and Religion. Berkeley (CA): North Atlantic Books.Google Scholar
Rappaport, R.A., 1992. Ritual, time, and eternity. Zygon 27, 530.Google Scholar
Reed, E., 1956. Types of village plan layouts in the south-west, in Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the New World, ed. Willey, G.R.. (Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 23.) Westport (CT): Greenwood Press, 1117.Google Scholar
Reff, D.T., 1991. Disease, Depopulation, and Culture Change in North-Western New Spain, 1518–1764. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Rushforth, S. & Upham, S., 1992. A Hopi Social History. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, C., 1994. Pueblo ceremonialism from the perspective of Spanish documents, in Schaafsma, P. (ed.) 1994c, 121–38.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P., 1979. Indian Rock Art of the Southwest. Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research; Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P., 1992a. Rock Art in New Mexico. Santa Fe (NM): Museum of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P., 1992b. War imagery and magic: petroglyphs at Comanche Gap, Galisteo Basin, New Mexico, in Archaeology, Art, and Anthropology: Papers in Honor of J.J. Brody, eds. Duran, M. & Kirkpatrick, D. (The Archaeological Society of New Mexico 18.). Albuquerque (NM): Albuquerque Archaeological Society, 157–74.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P., 1994a. Introduction, in Schaafsma, P. (ed.) 1994c, 16.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P., 1994b. The prehistoric kachina cult and its origins as suggested by southwestern rock art, in Schaafsma, P. (ed.) 1994c, 6380.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P. (ed.), 1994c. Kachinas in the Pueblo World. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P. & Schaafsma, C., 1974. Evidence for the origins of the Pueblo kachina cult as suggested by southwestern rock art. American Antiquity 39(4), 535–45.Google Scholar
Shepard, A.O., 1942. Rio Grande Glaze Paint Ware: a Study Illustrating the Place of Ceramic Technological Analysis in Archaeological Research. (Contributions to American Anthropology and History 39.) Washington (DC): Carnegie Institute of Washington.Google Scholar
Smith, W., 1952. Kiva Mural Decorations at Awatovi and Kawaika-a. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology XXXVII.) Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Spielmann, K.A., 1994. Clustered confederacies: sociopolitical organization in the protohistoric Rio Grande, in The Ancient Southwestern Community: Models and Methods for the Study of Prehistoric Social Organization, eds. Wills, W.H. & Leonard, R.D.. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press, 4554.Google Scholar
Steward, J., 1937. Ecological aspects of southwestern society. Anthropos 32, 87104.Google Scholar
Titiev, M., 1992. Old Oraibi: a Study of the Hopi Indians of Third Mesa. (Originally published in 1944.) Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Turner, V., 1974. Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors, Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Upham, S., 1982. Polities and Power: an Economic and Political History of the Western Pueblo. New York (NY): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Upham, S., 1992. Interaction and isolation: the empty spaces in panregional political and economic systems, in Resources, Power, and Interregional Interactions, eds. Schortman, E.M. & Urban, P.A.. New York (NY): Plenum Press, 139–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upham, S. & Reed, L., 1989. Regional systems in the central and northern southwest: demography, economy, and sociopolitics preceding contact, in Columbian Consequences: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands, vol. 1, ed. Thomas, D.H.. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press, 5776.Google Scholar
Wendorf, F., 1953. Salvage Archaeology in the Chama Valley, New Mexico. (Monograph 17.) Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D., 1981. Changing perspectives on the protohistoric pueblos AD 1450–1700, in The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, AD 1450–1700, eds. Wilcox, D.R. & Masse, W.B.. (Anthropological Research Paper 24.) Tempe (AZ): Arizona State University, 378409.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D., 1991. Changing contexts of pueblo adaptations, AD 1250–1600, in Farmers, Hunters, and Colonists, Interaction Between the Southwest and the Southern Plains, ed. Spielmann, K.A.. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press, 128–54.Google Scholar
Wilcox, D. & Haas, J., 1994. The reality of competition and conflict in the prehistoric southwest, in Gumerman (ed.), 211–38.Google Scholar
Woodbury, R., 1959. A reconsideration of pueblo warfare in the southwestern United States, in 33rd Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, San Jose de Costa Rica del 20 al 27 de Julio de 1958, vol. 2. San Jose, Costa Rica: Editorial Lehmann, 124–33.Google Scholar
Young, M.J., 1994. The interconnection between western puebloan and Mesoamerican ideology/cosmology, in Schaafsma, P. (ed.) 1994c, 107–20.Google Scholar