Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 September 2015
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6. These evolutionary imperatives—assumed by both the preceding authors and other proponents of neuroenhancement—tend to misuse the concept of evolution itself. Where evolutionary theory functions as an explanation of change, it is here, repeatedly, invoked as teleology. This is a significant problem in the psy-disciplines, in which bioreductionism not only is commonplace but is also based on a mishandling of the biology itself. Aristotle distinguished four causes; contemporary psychiatry wishes to shoehorn biology into each of them. It is as if there are no alternatives between the most naïve Cartesian dualism and the crude materialism favored by the present authors. Descartes was obviously wrong on the pineal gland, but he had some messages about subjectivity that the psy-disciplines would do well to heed.
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