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Advocates General and Grand Chamber Cases: Assistance with the Touch of Substitution
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 October 2017
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to analyse the role of Advocates General in Grand Chamber cases. The latter are supposed to be the crème de la crème of the case law. Alas, this is not always the case as some of the judgments are poorly argued and with quite limited legal reasoning. This chapter demonstrates that formally the role of Advocates General in Grand Chamber cases is the same as in other cases where the Court of Justice sits in different compositions. Several examples are given proving that assistance of the Advocates General is sometimes followed and sometimes rejected by the Grand Chamber. However, a selection of judgments discussed in the last section of the chapter demonstrates another phenomenon. When the Grand Chamber limits the judicial discourse to the minimum it enhances the role of the Advocates General as their Opinions become the only source of reasoning. If that happens we are arguably dealing with assistance with the touch of substitution.
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- Copyright © Centre for European Legal Studies, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge 2012
References
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12 Case C-34/09 Gerardo Ruiz Zambrano v Office national de l’emploi (ONEm) [2011] ECR I-00000.
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20 Art 20 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union provides: ‘Where it considers that the case raises no new point of law, the Court may decide, after hearing the Advocate-General, that the case shall be determined without a submission from the Advocate-General.’
21 For instance in 2010 the Court of Justice proceeded without Opinions of advocates general in 50% of cases, this was reduced to 46% of cases in the following year. See further Annual Report of the Court of Justice 2011, p 4, available at: http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7000/.
22 This includes the accelerated procedure and the urgent preliminary ruling procedure (PPU). In the case of the latter, publication of Advocate General Opinions led to an academic debate and ultimately change of practice at the Court of Justice. Now views of Advocates General are, as a matter of practice, published, albeit, in some cases, with a delay. See further Arts 104a–b of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice [2010] OJ C77/1. For the academic appraisal and an unprecedented letter from the representatives of the academic community see Barnard, C, ‘The PPU: Is it Worth the Candle? An Early Assessment’ (2009) 34 European Law Review 281 Google Scholar.
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25 For an academic appraisal of the Treaty of Lisbon see further, inter alia, Biondi, A, Eeckhout, P and Ripley, S (eds), EU Law After Lisbon (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Craig, P, The Lisbon Treaty: Law, Politics, and Treaty Reform (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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27 For instance Directive 2010/64/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings [2010] OJ L280/1; Directive 2012/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 on the right to information in criminal proceedings [2012] OJ L142/1.
28 The European Commission has asked the Court of Justice to annul the Decision of the Council and of the Representatives of Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council on the participation of the European Union and its Member States in negotiations for a Convention of the Council of Europe on the protection of the rights of broadcasting organisations.
29 In both cases the applicants are seeking annulment of the Council Decision 2012/19/EU of 16 December 2011 on the approval, on behalf of the European Union, of the Declaration on the granting of fishing opportunities in EU waters to fishing vessels flying the flag of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in the exclusive economic zone off the coast of French Guiana.
30 Croatia is due to join on 1 July 2013.
31 House of Lords, 14th Report of Session 2010–11: ‘The Workload of the Court of Justice of the European Union’, available at www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldselect/ldeucom/128/128.pdf.
32 Since 2007 the Grand Chamber was allocated with 11.4% of all cases at the Court of Justice. As per official statistics of the Court of Justice, it handled 51 cases in 2007, followed by 66 in 2008, 41 in 2009, 71 in 2010 and 62 in 2011.
33 The same research technique was employed by N Burrows and R Graves in their book on the advocate general. See Burrows, N and Graves, R, The Advocate General and EC Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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36 The other Grand Chamber preliminary ruling cases in this area of EU law included, inter alia, Case C-66/08 Proceedings concerning the execution of a European arrest warrant issued against Szymon Kozłowski [2008] ECR I-6041; Case C-123/08 Dominic Wolzenburg [2009] ECR I-9621. See further, inter alia, Janssens, C, ‘Case C-123/08, Dominic Wolzenburg, Judgment of the Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) of 6 October 2009, not yet reported’ (2010) 47 Common Market Law Review 831 Google Scholar; Herlin-Karnell, E, ‘European Arrest Warrant Cases and the Principles of Non-discrimination and EU Citizenship’ (2010) 73 Modern Law Review 824 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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38 Case 6/64 Flaminio Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585.
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48 For that purpose the European Competition Network was created. See further Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition 98 Authorities (2004/C 101/03) [2004] OJ C101/43.
49 Case C-196/09 Paul Miles and Others v Écoles européennes [2011] ECR I-00000.
50 Other recent Grand Chamber judgments touching upon the fundamentals of the preliminary ruling procedure include Case C-173/09 Georgi Ivanov Elchinov v Natsionalna zdravnoosiguritelna kasa [2010] ECR I-00000 and Joined Cases C-188/10 and C-189/10 Aziz Melki (C-188/10) and Sélim Abdeli (C-189/10) [2010] ECR I-5667.
51 Convention defining the Statute of the European Schools, [1994] OJ L212/3.
52 Ibid, Art 27(2):
[The Complaints Board of the European Schools] shall have sole jurisdiction in the first and final instance, once all administrative channels have been exhausted, in any dispute concerning the application of this Convention to all persons covered by it with the exception of administrative and ancillary staff, and regarding the legality of any act based on the Convention or rules made under it, adversely affecting such persons on the part of the Board of Governors of the Administrative Board of a school in the exercise of their powers as specified by this Convention. When such disputes are of a financial character, the Complaints Board shall have unlimited jurisdiction.
53 Case C-54/96 Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH v Bundesbaugesellschaft Berlin mbH [1997] ECR I-4961.
54 Case C-337/95 Parfums Christian Dior SA and Parfums Christian Dior BV v Evora BV [1997] ECR I-6013.
55 Joined Cases C-424/10 and C-425/10 Tomasz Ziółkowski (C-424/10) and Barbara Szeja and Others (C-425/10) v Land Berlin [2011] ECR I-00000.
56 Case C-162/09 Secretary of State for Work and Pensions v Taous Lassal [2010] ECR I-00000.
57 Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC, OJ L2004 158/77.
58 See Case C-325/09 Secretary of State for Work and Pensions v Maria Dias [2011] ECR I-00000.
59 The Court of Justice in the Lassal case interpreted the words ‘in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Directive’ as covering also the old legislation it replaced.
60 Furthermore, as per the Accession Treaty restrictions on the free movement of workers were imposed in Germany for a period of seven years upon the accession. See further Lang, I Goldner, From Association to Accession: How Free is the Free Movement of Persons in the EU (Den Haag, Eleven International Publishing, 2011)Google Scholar.
61 ‘The provisions of this Directive shall not affect any laws, regulations or administrative provisions laid down by a Member State which would be more favourable to the persons covered by this Directive.’
62 Case C-110/05 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic [2009] ECR I-519.
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65 Case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Benoît and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR 837.
66 Case 120/78 Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein [1979] ECR 649.
67 Case C-47/08 European Commission v Kingdom of Belgium [2011] ECR I-00000; Case C-50/08 European Commission v French Republic [2011] ECR I-00000; Case C-51/08 European Commission v Grand Duchy of Luxemburg [2011] ECR I-00000; Case C-53/08 European Commission v Republic of Austria [2011] ECR I-00000; C-54/08 European Commission v Federal Republic of Germany [2011] ECR I-00000; Case C-61/08 European Commission v Hellenic Republic [2011] ECR I-00000; Case C-52/08 European Commission v Portuguese Republic [2011] ECR I-00000.
68 Para 77 of the Opinion of the AG in cases C-47/08 et al (n 67).
69 Para 121 of the Opinion of the AG in cases C-47/08 et al (n 67).
70 For instance Case 2/74 Jean Reyners v Belgian State [1974] 631.
71 Case C-434/09 Shirley McCarthy v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] ECR I-00000.
72 See Art 36 of the Statute of the Court of Justice.
73 Ynos (n 10).
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76 Case C-321/97 Andersson and Wåkerås-Andersson [1999] ECR I-3551.
77 Agreement between the EFTA States on the Establishment of a Surveillance Authority and a Court of Justice OJ 1994 L344/1.
78 Joined Cases C-297/88 and C-197/89 Massam Dzodzi v Belgian State [1990] ECR I-3763.
79 Europe Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Hungary, of the other part, OJ 1993 L347/2.
80 See further Kalėda, SL, ‘Intertemporal Legal Issues in the European Union Case Law Relating to the 2004 and 2007 Accessions’ in Łazowski, A (ed), The Application of EU Law in the New Member States. Brave New World (The Hague, TMC Asser Press, 2010) 99 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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83 Association Belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL (n 11). See further, inter alia, Tobler, C, ‘Case C-236/09, Association belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL, Yann van Vugt, Charles Basselier v. Conseil des ministres, Judgment of the Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) of 1 March 2011’ (2011) 48 Common Market Law Review 2041 Google Scholar.
84 Council Directive 2004/113/EC of 13 December 2004 implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services [2004] OJ L373/37.
85 See further on the substance of this case in T Capeta, ‘The Advocate General: Bringing Clarity to CJEU Decisions?’, ch 21 in this volume.
86 Zambrano (n 12). See further, inter alia, Hailbronner, K and Thym, D, ‘Case C-34/09, Gerardo Ruiz Zambrano v. Office national de l’emploi (ONEm), Judgment of the Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) of 8 March 2011’ (2011) 48 Common Market Law Review 1253 Google Scholar; Morris, R, ‘European Citizenship and the right to move freely: internal situations, reverse dis crimination and fundamental rights’ (2011) Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 179 Google Scholar; Van Elsuwege, P, ‘Shifting the Boundaries? European Union Citizenship and the Scope of Application of EU Law: Case No. C-34/09, Gerardo Ruiz Zambrano v. Office national de l’emploi’ (2011) 38 Legal Issues of Economic Integration 263 Google Scholar; Van Eijken, H and De Vries, SA, ‘A New Route into the Promised Land? Being a European Citizen after Ruiz Zambrano’ (2011) 36 European Law Review 704 Google Scholar; Solanke, I, ‘Using the Citizen to bring the Refugee in: Gerardo Ruiz Zambrano v Office national de l’emploi (ONEM)’ (2012) 75 Modern Law Review 101 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
87 For detailed account of facts see Zambrano (n 12) paras 14–34 of the judgment.
88 Zambrano (n 12) para 37 of the judgment.
89 Zambrano (n 12) paras 40–45 of the judgment.
90 See further Adam, S and Van Elsuwege, P, ‘Citizenship Rights and the Federal Balance between the European Union and its Member States: Comment on Dereci’ (2012) 37 European Law Review 176 Google Scholar.
91 In case of candidate and potential candidate countries case law remains a very important instrument in the tedious process of law approximation.